std/sys/fs/

unix.rs

#![allow(nonstandard_style)]
#![allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

// Import the file operations under consistent names.
cfg_select! {
    not(any(
        all(target_os = "linux", not(target_env = "musl")),
        target_os = "android",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "l4re",
    )) => {
        use libc::{
            dirent as dirent64, fstat as fstat64, ftruncate as ftruncate64, lseek as lseek64,
            lstat as lstat64, off_t as off64_t, open as open64, stat as stat64,
        };
    }
    target_os = "android" => {
        // Android's `stat`, `dirent`, and related functions are always 64-bit LFS compatible, and
        // `open` already implies `O_LARGEFILE`, so all those don't need to follow Linux.
        // However, we still need off64_t, ftruncate64, and lseek64.
        use libc::{
            dirent as dirent64, fstat as fstat64, ftruncate64, lseek64, lstat as lstat64, off64_t,
            open as open64, stat as stat64,
        };
    }
    target_os = "l4re" => {
        use libc::{
            dirent64, fstat as fstat64, ftruncate as ftruncate64, lseek as lseek64,
            lstat as lstat64, off_t as off64_t, open as open64, stat as stat64,
        };
    }
    _ => {
        use libc::{dirent64, fstat64, ftruncate64, lseek64, lstat64, off64_t, open64, stat64};
    }
}

#[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu"))]
use libc::c_char;
#[cfg(any(
    all(target_os = "linux", not(target_env = "musl")),
    target_os = "android",
    target_os = "fuchsia",
    target_os = "hurd",
    target_os = "illumos",
    target_vendor = "apple",
))]
use libc::dirfd;
use libc::{c_int, mode_t};

use crate::ffi::{CStr, OsStr, OsString};
use crate::fmt::{self, Write as _};
use crate::fs::TryLockError;
use crate::io::{self, BorrowedCursor, Error, IoSlice, IoSliceMut, SeekFrom};
use crate::os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd};
#[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
pub use crate::os::unix::fs::dirs::{ExtraHomeDirs, ExtraMediaDirs};
#[cfg(target_family = "unix")]
use crate::os::unix::prelude::*;
#[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
use crate::os::wasi::prelude::*;
use crate::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use crate::sync::Arc;
use crate::sys::fd::FileDesc;
pub use crate::sys::fs::common::exists;
#[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
pub use crate::sys::fs::common::{ExtraHomeDirs, ExtraMediaDirs};
use crate::sys::helpers::run_path_with_cstr;
use crate::sys::time::SystemTime;
#[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu"))]
use crate::sys::weak::syscall;
#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
use crate::sys::weak::weak;
use crate::sys::{AsInner, AsInnerMut, FromInner, IntoInner, cvt, cvt_r};
use crate::{mem, ptr};

// Used by rustc for checking the definitions of other function with the same symbol names
//
// See the `invalid_runtime_symbols_definitions` lint.
#[cfg(not(test))]
mod runtime_symbols {
    use core::ffi::{c_char, c_int, c_size_t, c_ssize_t, c_void};

    unsafe extern "C" {
        #[rustc_canonical_symbol]
        fn open(pathname: *const c_char, flags: c_int, ...) -> c_int;

        #[rustc_canonical_symbol]
        fn read(fd: c_int, buf: *mut c_void, count: c_size_t) -> c_ssize_t;

        #[rustc_canonical_symbol]
        fn write(fd: c_int, buf: *const c_void, count: c_size_t) -> c_ssize_t;

        #[rustc_canonical_symbol]
        fn close(fd: c_int) -> c_int;
    }
}

pub struct File(FileDesc);

// FIXME: This should be available on Linux with all `target_env`.
// But currently only glibc exposes `statx` fn and structs.
// We don't want to import unverified raw C structs here directly.
// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/67774
macro_rules! cfg_has_statx {
    ({ $($then_tt:tt)* } else { $($else_tt:tt)* }) => {
        cfg_select! {
            all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu") => {
                $($then_tt)*
            }
            _ => {
                $($else_tt)*
            }
        }
    };
    ($($block_inner:tt)*) => {
        #[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu"))]
        {
            $($block_inner)*
        }
    };
}

cfg_has_statx! {{
    #[derive(Clone)]
    pub struct FileAttr {
        stat: stat64,
        statx_extra_fields: Option<StatxExtraFields>,
    }

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct StatxExtraFields {
        // This is needed to check if btime is supported by the filesystem.
        stx_mask: u32,
        stx_btime: libc::statx_timestamp,
        // With statx, we can overcome 32-bit `time_t` too.
        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        stx_atime: libc::statx_timestamp,
        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        stx_ctime: libc::statx_timestamp,
        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        stx_mtime: libc::statx_timestamp,

    }

    // We prefer `statx` on Linux if available, which contains file creation time,
    // as well as 64-bit timestamps of all kinds.
    // Default `stat64` contains no creation time and may have 32-bit `time_t`.
    unsafe fn try_statx(
        fd: c_int,
        path: *const c_char,
        flags: i32,
        mask: u32,
    ) -> Option<io::Result<FileAttr>> {
        use crate::sync::atomic::{Atomic, AtomicU8, Ordering};

        // Linux kernel prior to 4.11 or glibc prior to glibc 2.28 don't support `statx`.
        // We check for it on first failure and remember availability to avoid having to
        // do it again.
        #[repr(u8)]
        enum STATX_STATE{ Unknown = 0, Present, Unavailable }
        static STATX_SAVED_STATE: Atomic<u8> = AtomicU8::new(STATX_STATE::Unknown as u8);

        syscall!(
            fn statx(
                fd: c_int,
                pathname: *const c_char,
                flags: c_int,
                mask: libc::c_uint,
                statxbuf: *mut libc::statx,
            ) -> c_int;
        );

        let statx_availability = STATX_SAVED_STATE.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        if statx_availability == STATX_STATE::Unavailable as u8 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut buf: libc::statx = mem::zeroed();
        if let Err(err) = cvt(statx(fd, path, flags, mask, &mut buf)) {
            if STATX_SAVED_STATE.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == STATX_STATE::Present as u8 {
                return Some(Err(err));
            }

            // We're not yet entirely sure whether `statx` is usable on this kernel
            // or not. Syscalls can return errors from things other than the kernel
            // per se, e.g. `EPERM` can be returned if seccomp is used to block the
            // syscall, or `ENOSYS` might be returned from a faulty FUSE driver.
            //
            // Availability is checked by performing a call which expects `EFAULT`
            // if the syscall is usable.
            //
            // See: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/65662
            //
            // FIXME what about transient conditions like `ENOMEM`?
            let err2 = cvt(statx(0, ptr::null(), 0, libc::STATX_BASIC_STATS | libc::STATX_BTIME, ptr::null_mut()))
                .err()
                .and_then(|e| e.raw_os_error());
            if err2 == Some(libc::EFAULT) {
                STATX_SAVED_STATE.store(STATX_STATE::Present as u8, Ordering::Relaxed);
                return Some(Err(err));
            } else {
                STATX_SAVED_STATE.store(STATX_STATE::Unavailable as u8, Ordering::Relaxed);
                return None;
            }
        }
        if statx_availability == STATX_STATE::Unknown as u8 {
            STATX_SAVED_STATE.store(STATX_STATE::Present as u8, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }

        // We cannot fill `stat64` exhaustively because of private padding fields.
        let mut stat: stat64 = mem::zeroed();
        // `c_ulong` on gnu-mips, `dev_t` otherwise
        stat.st_dev = libc::makedev(buf.stx_dev_major, buf.stx_dev_minor) as _;
        stat.st_ino = buf.stx_ino as libc::ino64_t;
        stat.st_nlink = buf.stx_nlink as libc::nlink_t;
        stat.st_mode = buf.stx_mode as libc::mode_t;
        stat.st_uid = buf.stx_uid as libc::uid_t;
        stat.st_gid = buf.stx_gid as libc::gid_t;
        stat.st_rdev = libc::makedev(buf.stx_rdev_major, buf.stx_rdev_minor) as _;
        stat.st_size = buf.stx_size as off64_t;
        stat.st_blksize = buf.stx_blksize as libc::blksize_t;
        stat.st_blocks = buf.stx_blocks as libc::blkcnt64_t;
        stat.st_atime = buf.stx_atime.tv_sec as libc::time_t;
        // `i64` on gnu-x86_64-x32, `c_ulong` otherwise.
        stat.st_atime_nsec = buf.stx_atime.tv_nsec as _;
        stat.st_mtime = buf.stx_mtime.tv_sec as libc::time_t;
        stat.st_mtime_nsec = buf.stx_mtime.tv_nsec as _;
        stat.st_ctime = buf.stx_ctime.tv_sec as libc::time_t;
        stat.st_ctime_nsec = buf.stx_ctime.tv_nsec as _;

        let extra = StatxExtraFields {
            stx_mask: buf.stx_mask,
            stx_btime: buf.stx_btime,
            // Store full times to avoid 32-bit `time_t` truncation.
            #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
            stx_atime: buf.stx_atime,
            #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
            stx_ctime: buf.stx_ctime,
            #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
            stx_mtime: buf.stx_mtime,
        };

        Some(Ok(FileAttr { stat, statx_extra_fields: Some(extra) }))
    }

} else {
    #[derive(Clone)]
    pub struct FileAttr {
        stat: stat64,
    }
}}

// all DirEntry's will have a reference to this struct
struct InnerReadDir {
    dirp: DirStream,
    root: PathBuf,
}

pub struct ReadDir {
    inner: Arc<InnerReadDir>,
    end_of_stream: bool,
}

impl ReadDir {
    fn new(inner: InnerReadDir) -> Self {
        Self { inner: Arc::new(inner), end_of_stream: false }
    }
}

struct DirStream(*mut libc::DIR);

// dir::Dir requires openat support
cfg_select! {
    any(
        target_os = "redox",
        target_os = "espidf",
        target_os = "horizon",
        target_os = "vita",
        target_os = "nto",
        target_os = "qnx",
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "l4re",
    ) => {
        pub use crate::sys::fs::common::Dir;
    }
    _ => {
        mod dir;
        pub use dir::Dir;
    }
}

fn debug_path_fd<'a, 'b>(
    fd: c_int,
    f: &'a mut fmt::Formatter<'b>,
    name: &str,
) -> fmt::DebugStruct<'a, 'b> {
    let mut b = f.debug_struct(name);

    fn get_mode(fd: c_int) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
        let mode = unsafe { libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_GETFL) };
        if mode == -1 {
            return None;
        }
        match mode & libc::O_ACCMODE {
            libc::O_RDONLY => Some((true, false)),
            libc::O_RDWR => Some((true, true)),
            libc::O_WRONLY => Some((false, true)),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    b.field("fd", &fd);
    if let Some(path) = get_path_from_fd(fd) {
        b.field("path", &path);
    }
    if let Some((read, write)) = get_mode(fd) {
        b.field("read", &read).field("write", &write);
    }

    b
}

fn get_path_from_fd(fd: c_int) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "illumos", target_os = "solaris"))]
    fn get_path(fd: c_int) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        let mut p = PathBuf::from("/proc/self/fd");
        p.push(&fd.to_string());
        run_path_with_cstr(&p, &readlink).ok()
    }

    #[cfg(any(target_vendor = "apple", target_os = "netbsd"))]
    fn get_path(fd: c_int) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        // FIXME: The use of PATH_MAX is generally not encouraged, but it
        // is inevitable in this case because Apple targets and NetBSD define `fcntl`
        // with `F_GETPATH` in terms of `MAXPATHLEN`, and there are no
        // alternatives. If a better method is invented, it should be used
        // instead.
        let mut buf = vec![0; libc::PATH_MAX as usize];
        let n = unsafe { libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_GETPATH, buf.as_mut_ptr()) };
        if n == -1 {
            cfg_select! {
                target_os = "netbsd" => {
                    // fallback to procfs as last resort
                    let mut p = PathBuf::from("/proc/self/fd");
                    p.push(&fd.to_string());
                    return run_path_with_cstr(&p, &readlink).ok();
                }
                _ => {
                    return None;
                }
            }
        }
        let l = buf.iter().position(|&c| c == 0).unwrap();
        buf.truncate(l as usize);
        buf.shrink_to_fit();
        Some(PathBuf::from(OsString::from_vec(buf)))
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
    fn get_path(fd: c_int) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        let info = Box::<libc::kinfo_file>::new_zeroed();
        let mut info = unsafe { info.assume_init() };
        info.kf_structsize = size_of::<libc::kinfo_file>() as libc::c_int;
        let n = unsafe { libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_KINFO, &mut *info) };
        if n == -1 {
            return None;
        }
        let buf = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(info.kf_path.as_mut_ptr()).to_bytes().to_vec() };
        Some(PathBuf::from(OsString::from_vec(buf)))
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "vxworks")]
    fn get_path(fd: c_int) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        let mut buf = vec![0; libc::PATH_MAX as usize];
        let n = unsafe { libc::ioctl(fd, libc::FIOGETNAME, buf.as_mut_ptr()) };
        if n == -1 {
            return None;
        }
        let l = buf.iter().position(|&c| c == 0).unwrap();
        buf.truncate(l as usize);
        Some(PathBuf::from(OsString::from_vec(buf)))
    }

    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "freebsd",
        target_os = "netbsd",
        target_os = "illumos",
        target_os = "solaris",
        target_vendor = "apple",
    )))]
    fn get_path(_fd: c_int) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        // FIXME(#24570): implement this for other Unix platforms
        None
    }

    get_path(fd)
}

pub struct DirEntry {
    dir: Arc<InnerReadDir>,
    entry: dirent64_min,
    // We need to store an owned copy of the entry name on platforms that use
    // readdir() (not readdir_r()), because a) struct dirent may use a flexible
    // array to store the name, b) it lives only until the next readdir() call.
    name: crate::ffi::CString,
}

// Define a minimal subset of fields we need from `dirent64`, especially since
// we're not using the immediate `d_name` on these targets. Keeping this as an
// `entry` field in `DirEntry` helps reduce the `cfg` boilerplate elsewhere.
struct dirent64_min {
    d_ino: u64,
    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_os = "solaris",
        target_os = "illumos",
        target_os = "haiku",
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "aix",
        target_os = "nto",
        target_os = "qnx",
        target_os = "vita",
    )))]
    d_type: u8,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct OpenOptions {
    // generic
    read: bool,
    write: bool,
    append: bool,
    truncate: bool,
    create: bool,
    create_new: bool,
    // system-specific
    custom_flags: i32,
    mode: mode_t,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct FilePermissions {
    mode: mode_t,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub struct FileTimes {
    accessed: Option<SystemTime>,
    modified: Option<SystemTime>,
    #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
    created: Option<SystemTime>,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq)]
pub struct FileType {
    mode: mode_t,
}

impl PartialEq for FileType {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.masked() == other.masked()
    }
}

impl core::hash::Hash for FileType {
    fn hash<H: core::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.masked().hash(state);
    }
}

pub struct DirBuilder {
    mode: mode_t,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Mode(mode_t);

cfg_has_statx! {{
    impl FileAttr {
        fn from_stat64(stat: stat64) -> Self {
            Self { stat, statx_extra_fields: None }
        }

        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        pub fn stx_mtime(&self) -> Option<&libc::statx_timestamp> {
            if let Some(ext) = &self.statx_extra_fields {
                if (ext.stx_mask & libc::STATX_MTIME) != 0 {
                    return Some(&ext.stx_mtime);
                }
            }
            None
        }

        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        pub fn stx_atime(&self) -> Option<&libc::statx_timestamp> {
            if let Some(ext) = &self.statx_extra_fields {
                if (ext.stx_mask & libc::STATX_ATIME) != 0 {
                    return Some(&ext.stx_atime);
                }
            }
            None
        }

        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        pub fn stx_ctime(&self) -> Option<&libc::statx_timestamp> {
            if let Some(ext) = &self.statx_extra_fields {
                if (ext.stx_mask & libc::STATX_CTIME) != 0 {
                    return Some(&ext.stx_ctime);
                }
            }
            None
        }
    }
} else {
    impl FileAttr {
        fn from_stat64(stat: stat64) -> Self {
            Self { stat }
        }
    }
}}

impl FileAttr {
    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.stat.st_size as u64
    }
    pub fn perm(&self) -> FilePermissions {
        FilePermissions { mode: (self.stat.st_mode as mode_t) }
    }

    pub fn file_type(&self) -> FileType {
        FileType { mode: self.stat.st_mode as mode_t }
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "netbsd")]
impl FileAttr {
    pub fn modified(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_mtime as i64, self.stat.st_mtimensec as i64)
    }

    pub fn accessed(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_atime as i64, self.stat.st_atimensec as i64)
    }

    pub fn created(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_birthtime as i64, self.stat.st_birthtimensec as i64)
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "aix")]
impl FileAttr {
    pub fn modified(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_mtim.tv_sec as i64, self.stat.st_mtim.tv_nsec as i64)
    }

    pub fn accessed(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_atim.tv_sec as i64, self.stat.st_atim.tv_nsec as i64)
    }

    pub fn created(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_ctim.tv_sec as i64, self.stat.st_ctim.tv_nsec as i64)
    }
}

#[cfg(not(any(
    target_os = "netbsd",
    target_os = "nto",
    target_os = "qnx",
    target_os = "aix",
    target_os = "wasi",
    target_os = "l4re"
)))]
impl FileAttr {
    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "espidf",
        target_os = "horizon",
        target_os = "vita",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "rtems",
        target_os = "nuttx",
    )))]
    pub fn modified(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        cfg_has_statx! {
            if let Some(mtime) = self.stx_mtime() {
                return SystemTime::new(mtime.tv_sec, mtime.tv_nsec as i64);
            }
        }

        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_mtime as i64, self.stat.st_mtime_nsec as i64)
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        all(target_os = "vxworks", vxworks_lt_25_09),
        target_os = "espidf",
        target_os = "vita",
        target_os = "rtems",
    ))]
    pub fn modified(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_mtime as i64, 0)
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "horizon",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "nuttx",
        all(target_os = "vxworks", not(vxworks_lt_25_09))
    ))]
    pub fn modified(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_mtim.tv_sec as i64, self.stat.st_mtim.tv_nsec as i64)
    }

    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "espidf",
        target_os = "horizon",
        target_os = "vita",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "rtems",
        target_os = "nuttx",
    )))]
    pub fn accessed(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
        cfg_has_statx! {
            if let Some(atime) = self.stx_atime() {
                return SystemTime::new(atime.tv_sec, atime.tv_nsec as i64);
            }
        }

        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_atime as i64, self.stat.st_atime_nsec as i64)
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        all(target_os = "vxworks", vxworks_lt_25_09),
        target_os = "espidf",
        target_os = "vita",
        target_os = "rtems"
    ))]
    pub fn accessed(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_atime as i64, 0)
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "horizon",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "nuttx",
        all(target_os = "vxworks", not(vxworks_lt_25_09))
    ))]
    pub fn accessed(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_atim.tv_sec as i64, self.stat.st_atim.tv_nsec as i64)
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "freebsd",
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_vendor = "apple",
        target_os = "cygwin",
    ))]
    pub fn created(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_birthtime as i64, self.stat.st_birthtime_nsec as i64)
    }

    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_os = "freebsd",
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "vita",
        target_vendor = "apple",
        target_os = "cygwin",
    )))]
    pub fn created(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        cfg_has_statx! {
            if let Some(ext) = &self.statx_extra_fields {
                return if (ext.stx_mask & libc::STATX_BTIME) != 0 {
                    SystemTime::new(ext.stx_btime.tv_sec, ext.stx_btime.tv_nsec as i64)
                } else {
                    Err(io::const_error!(
                        io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
                        "creation time is not available for the filesystem",
                    ))
                };
            }
        }

        Err(io::const_error!(
            io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
            "creation time is not available on this platform currently",
        ))
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "vita")]
    pub fn created(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_ctime as i64, 0)
    }
}

#[cfg(any(target_os = "nto", target_os = "qnx", target_os = "wasi", target_os = "l4re"))]
impl FileAttr {
    pub fn modified(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_mtim.tv_sec, self.stat.st_mtim.tv_nsec.into())
    }

    pub fn accessed(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_atim.tv_sec, self.stat.st_atim.tv_nsec.into())
    }

    pub fn created(&self) -> io::Result<SystemTime> {
        SystemTime::new(self.stat.st_ctim.tv_sec, self.stat.st_ctim.tv_nsec.into())
    }
}

impl AsInner<stat64> for FileAttr {
    #[inline]
    fn as_inner(&self) -> &stat64 {
        &self.stat
    }
}

impl FilePermissions {
    pub fn readonly(&self) -> bool {
        // check if any class (owner, group, others) has write permission
        self.mode & 0o222 == 0
    }

    pub fn set_readonly(&mut self, readonly: bool) {
        if readonly {
            // remove write permission for all classes; equivalent to `chmod a-w <file>`
            self.mode &= !0o222;
        } else {
            // add write permission for all classes; equivalent to `chmod a+w <file>`
            self.mode |= 0o222;
        }
    }
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
    pub fn mode(&self) -> u32 {
        self.mode as u32
    }
}

impl FileTimes {
    pub fn set_accessed(&mut self, t: SystemTime) {
        self.accessed = Some(t);
    }

    pub fn set_modified(&mut self, t: SystemTime) {
        self.modified = Some(t);
    }

    #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
    pub fn set_created(&mut self, t: SystemTime) {
        self.created = Some(t);
    }
}

impl FileType {
    pub fn is_dir(&self) -> bool {
        self.is(libc::S_IFDIR)
    }
    pub fn is_file(&self) -> bool {
        self.is(libc::S_IFREG)
    }
    pub fn is_symlink(&self) -> bool {
        self.is(libc::S_IFLNK)
    }

    pub fn is(&self, mode: mode_t) -> bool {
        self.masked() == mode
    }

    fn masked(&self) -> mode_t {
        self.mode & libc::S_IFMT
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for FileType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let FileType { mode } = self;
        f.debug_struct("FileType").field("mode", &Mode(*mode)).finish()
    }
}

impl FromInner<u32> for FilePermissions {
    fn from_inner(mode: u32) -> FilePermissions {
        FilePermissions { mode: mode as mode_t }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for FilePermissions {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let FilePermissions { mode } = self;
        f.debug_struct("FilePermissions").field("mode", &Mode(*mode)).finish()
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for ReadDir {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        // This will only be called from std::fs::ReadDir, which will add a "ReadDir()" frame.
        // Thus the result will be e g 'ReadDir("/home")'
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&*self.inner.root, f)
    }
}

impl Iterator for ReadDir {
    type Item = io::Result<DirEntry>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<io::Result<DirEntry>> {
        if self.end_of_stream {
            return None;
        }

        unsafe {
            loop {
                // POSIX.1-2024 formalized what was already guaranteed by a lot
                // of implementations and required readdir() to be thread-safe as
                // long as an individual DIR* is not accessed concurrently. Taking
                // a mutable reference to the `ReadDir` iterator prevents that.
                // Even POSIX.1-1994 specified that the data in the returned
                // dirent
                // > is not overwritten by another call to readdir() on a
                // > different directory stream.
                //
                // and that guarantee together with the requirement that the
                // underlying syscalls need to be thread-safe because of readdir_r
                // make it very unlikely for an implementation to be non-conforming.
                // Nevertheless, there are still some platforms where we either
                // cannot confirm `readdir` to be thread-safe or know that it
                // isn't.
                cfg_select! {
                    any(
                        target_os = "espidf", // readdir truly isn't thread-safe.
                        target_os = "lynxos178",
                        target_os = "qurt",
                        target_os = "rtems",
                        target_os = "vxworks",
                    ) => {
                        use crate::mem::MaybeUninit;

                        let mut entry = MaybeUninit::uninit();
                        let mut entry_ptr: *mut dirent64 = ptr::null_mut();
                        let err =
                            libc::readdir_r(self.inner.dirp.0, entry.as_mut_ptr(), &mut entry_ptr);
                        if err != 0 {
                            if entry_ptr.is_null() {
                                // We encountered an error (which will be returned in this iteration), but
                                // we also reached the end of the directory stream. The `end_of_stream`
                                // flag is enabled to make sure that we return `None` in the next iteration
                                // (instead of looping forever)
                                self.end_of_stream = true;
                            }
                            return Some(Err(Error::from_raw_os_error(err)));
                        }
                        if entry_ptr.is_null() {
                            return None;
                        }

                        let entry_ptr = entry_ptr.cast_const();
                    }
                    _ => {
                        #[cfg(not(any(
                            all(target_os = "linux", not(target_env = "musl")),
                            target_os = "hurd",
                            target_os = "l4re",
                        )))]
                        use libc::readdir as readdir64;
                        #[cfg(any(
                            all(target_os = "linux", not(target_env = "musl")),
                            target_os = "hurd",
                            target_os = "l4re"
                        ))]
                        use libc::readdir64;

                        use crate::sys::io::{errno, set_errno};

                        set_errno(0);
                        let entry_ptr: *const dirent64 = readdir64(self.inner.dirp.0);
                        if entry_ptr.is_null() {
                            // We either encountered an error, or reached the end. Either way,
                            // the next call to next() should return None.
                            self.end_of_stream = true;

                            // To distinguish between errors and end-of-directory, we had to clear
                            // errno beforehand to check for an error now.
                            return match errno() {
                                0 => None,
                                e => Some(Err(Error::from_raw_os_error(e))),
                            };
                        }
                    }
                }

                // The dirent64 struct is a weird imaginary thing that isn't ever supposed
                // to be worked with by value. Its trailing d_name field is declared
                // variously as [c_char; 256] or [c_char; 1] on different systems but
                // either way that size is meaningless; only the offset of d_name is
                // meaningful. The dirent64 pointers that libc returns from readdir64 are
                // allowed to point to allocations smaller _or_ LARGER than implied by the
                // definition of the struct.
                //
                // As such, we need to be even more careful with dirent64 than if its
                // contents were "simply" partially initialized data.
                //
                // Like for uninitialized contents, converting entry_ptr to `&dirent64`
                // would not be legal. However, we can use `&raw const (*entry_ptr).d_name`
                // to refer the fields individually, because that operation is equivalent
                // to `byte_offset` and thus does not require the full extent of `*entry_ptr`
                // to be in bounds of the same allocation, only the offset of the field
                // being referenced.

                // d_name is guaranteed to be null-terminated.
                let name = CStr::from_ptr((&raw const (*entry_ptr).d_name).cast());
                let name_bytes = name.to_bytes();
                if name_bytes == b"." || name_bytes == b".." {
                    continue;
                }

                // When loading from a field, we can skip the `&raw const`; `(*entry_ptr).d_ino` as
                // a value expression will do the right thing: `byte_offset` to the field and then
                // only access those bytes.
                let entry = dirent64_min {
                    #[cfg(any(
                        target_os = "dragonfly",
                        target_os = "freebsd",
                        target_os = "netbsd",
                        target_os = "openbsd",
                    ))]
                    d_ino: (*entry_ptr).d_fileno,
                    #[cfg(any(target_os = "nuttx", target_os = "vita",))]
                    d_ino: 0,
                    #[cfg(not(any(
                        target_os = "dragonfly",
                        target_os = "freebsd",
                        target_os = "netbsd",
                        target_os = "nuttx",
                        target_os = "openbsd",
                        target_os = "vita",
                    )))]
                    d_ino: (*entry_ptr).d_ino as u64,
                    #[cfg(not(any(
                        target_os = "solaris",
                        target_os = "illumos",
                        target_os = "haiku",
                        target_os = "vxworks",
                        target_os = "aix",
                        target_os = "nto",
                        target_os = "qnx",
                        target_os = "vita",
                    )))]
                    d_type: (*entry_ptr).d_type as u8,
                };

                return Some(Ok(DirEntry {
                    entry,
                    name: name.to_owned(),
                    dir: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
                }));
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Aborts the process if a file descriptor is not open, if debug asserts are enabled
///
/// Many IO syscalls can't be fully trusted about EBADF error codes because those
/// might get bubbled up from a remote FUSE server rather than the file descriptor
/// in the current process being invalid.
///
/// So we check file flags instead which live on the file descriptor and not the underlying file.
/// The downside is that it costs an extra syscall, so we only do it for debug.
#[inline]
pub(crate) fn debug_assert_fd_is_open(fd: RawFd) {
    use crate::sys::io::errno;

    // this is similar to assert_unsafe_precondition!() but it doesn't require const
    if core::ub_checks::check_library_ub() {
        if unsafe { libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_GETFD) } == -1 && errno() == libc::EBADF {
            rtabort!("IO Safety violation: owned file descriptor already closed");
        }
    }
}

impl Drop for DirStream {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // dirfd isn't supported everywhere
        #[cfg(not(any(
            target_os = "redox",
            target_os = "nto",
            target_os = "qnx",
            target_os = "vita",
            target_os = "hurd",
            target_os = "espidf",
            target_os = "horizon",
            target_os = "vxworks",
            target_os = "rtems",
            target_os = "nuttx",
        )))]
        {
            let fd = unsafe { libc::dirfd(self.0) };
            debug_assert_fd_is_open(fd);
        }
        let r = unsafe { libc::closedir(self.0) };
        assert!(
            r == 0 || crate::io::Error::last_os_error().is_interrupted(),
            "unexpected error during closedir: {:?}",
            crate::io::Error::last_os_error()
        );
    }
}

// SAFETY: `int dirfd (DIR *dirstream)` is MT-safe, implying that the pointer
// may be safely sent among threads.
unsafe impl Send for DirStream {}
unsafe impl Sync for DirStream {}

impl DirEntry {
    pub fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.dir.root.join(self.file_name_os_str())
    }

    pub fn file_name(&self) -> OsString {
        self.file_name_os_str().to_os_string()
    }

    pub fn metadata(&self) -> io::Result<FileAttr> {
        cfg_select! {
            // Use directory handle where possible
            any(
                all(target_os = "linux", not(target_env = "musl")),
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "illumos",
                target_vendor = "apple",
            ) => {
                let fd = cvt(unsafe { dirfd(self.dir.dirp.0) })?;

                // Make this FD into a directory handle. We don't actually drop it,
                // so having an `OwnedFd` is fine.
                let dir_handle =
                    mem::ManuallyDrop::new(dir::Dir(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd) }));

                dir_handle.metadata_c(&self.name, /* symlink_nofollow */ true)
            }

            // Fallback based on path
            _ => run_path_with_cstr(&self.path(), &lstat),
        }
    }

    pub fn file_type(&self) -> io::Result<FileType> {
        // Use `entry.d_type` if available.
        #[cfg(not(any(
            target_os = "solaris",
            target_os = "illumos",
            target_os = "haiku",
            target_os = "vxworks",
            target_os = "aix",
            target_os = "nto",
            target_os = "qnx",
            target_os = "vita",
            target_os = "l4re",
        )))]
        match self.entry.d_type {
            libc::DT_CHR => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFCHR }),
            libc::DT_FIFO => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFIFO }),
            libc::DT_LNK => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFLNK }),
            libc::DT_REG => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFREG }),
            libc::DT_SOCK => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFSOCK }),
            libc::DT_DIR => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFDIR }),
            libc::DT_BLK => return Ok(FileType { mode: libc::S_IFBLK }),
            _ => {}
        }

        // Fall back to loading the metadata.
        self.metadata().map(|m| m.file_type())
    }

    pub fn ino(&self) -> u64 {
        self.entry.d_ino
    }

    pub fn file_name_os_str(&self) -> &OsStr {
        OsStr::from_bytes(self.name.as_bytes())
    }
}

impl OpenOptions {
    pub fn new() -> OpenOptions {
        OpenOptions {
            // generic
            read: false,
            write: false,
            append: false,
            truncate: false,
            create: false,
            create_new: false,
            // system-specific
            custom_flags: 0,
            mode: 0o666,
        }
    }

    pub fn read(&mut self, read: bool) {
        self.read = read;
    }
    pub fn write(&mut self, write: bool) {
        self.write = write;
    }
    pub fn append(&mut self, append: bool) {
        self.append = append;
    }
    pub fn truncate(&mut self, truncate: bool) {
        self.truncate = truncate;
    }
    pub fn create(&mut self, create: bool) {
        self.create = create;
    }
    pub fn create_new(&mut self, create_new: bool) {
        self.create_new = create_new;
    }

    pub fn custom_flags(&mut self, flags: i32) {
        self.custom_flags = flags;
    }
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
    pub fn mode(&mut self, mode: u32) {
        self.mode = mode as mode_t;
    }

    fn get_access_mode(&self) -> io::Result<c_int> {
        match (self.read, self.write, self.append) {
            (true, false, false) => Ok(libc::O_RDONLY),
            (false, true, false) => Ok(libc::O_WRONLY),
            (true, true, false) => Ok(libc::O_RDWR),
            (false, _, true) => Ok(libc::O_WRONLY | libc::O_APPEND),
            (true, _, true) => Ok(libc::O_RDWR | libc::O_APPEND),
            (false, false, false) => {
                // If no access mode is set, check if any creation flags are set
                // to provide a more descriptive error message
                if self.create || self.create_new || self.truncate {
                    Err(io::Error::new(
                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                        "creating or truncating a file requires write or append access",
                    ))
                } else {
                    Err(io::Error::new(
                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                        "must specify at least one of read, write, or append access",
                    ))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn get_creation_mode(&self) -> io::Result<c_int> {
        match (self.write, self.append) {
            (true, false) => {}
            (false, false) => {
                if self.truncate || self.create || self.create_new {
                    return Err(io::Error::new(
                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                        "creating or truncating a file requires write or append access",
                    ));
                }
            }
            (_, true) => {
                if self.truncate && !self.create_new {
                    return Err(io::Error::new(
                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                        "append and truncate cannot both be enabled",
                    ));
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(match (self.create, self.truncate, self.create_new) {
            (false, false, false) => 0,
            (true, false, false) => libc::O_CREAT,
            (false, true, false) => libc::O_TRUNC,
            (true, true, false) => libc::O_CREAT | libc::O_TRUNC,
            (_, _, true) => libc::O_CREAT | libc::O_EXCL,
        })
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for OpenOptions {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let OpenOptions { read, write, append, truncate, create, create_new, custom_flags, mode } =
            self;
        f.debug_struct("OpenOptions")
            .field("read", read)
            .field("write", write)
            .field("append", append)
            .field("truncate", truncate)
            .field("create", create)
            .field("create_new", create_new)
            .field("custom_flags", custom_flags)
            .field("mode", &Mode(*mode))
            .finish()
    }
}

impl File {
    pub fn open(path: &Path, opts: &OpenOptions) -> io::Result<File> {
        run_path_with_cstr(path, &|path| File::open_c(path, opts))
    }

    pub fn open_c(path: &CStr, opts: &OpenOptions) -> io::Result<File> {
        let flags = libc::O_CLOEXEC
            | opts.get_access_mode()?
            | opts.get_creation_mode()?
            | (opts.custom_flags as c_int & !libc::O_ACCMODE);
        // The third argument of `open64` is documented to have type `mode_t`. On
        // some platforms (like macOS, where `open64` is actually `open`), `mode_t` is `u16`.
        // However, since this is a variadic function, C integer promotion rules mean that on
        // the ABI level, this still gets passed as `c_int` (aka `u32` on Unix platforms).
        let fd = cvt_r(|| unsafe { open64(path.as_ptr(), flags, opts.mode as c_int) })?;
        Ok(File(unsafe { FileDesc::from_raw_fd(fd) }))
    }

    pub fn file_attr(&self) -> io::Result<FileAttr> {
        let fd = self.as_raw_fd();

        cfg_has_statx! {
            if let Some(ret) = unsafe { try_statx(
                fd,
                c"".as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                libc::AT_EMPTY_PATH | libc::AT_STATX_SYNC_AS_STAT,
                libc::STATX_BASIC_STATS | libc::STATX_BTIME,
            ) } {
                return ret;
            }
        }

        let mut stat: stat64 = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
        cvt(unsafe { fstat64(fd, &mut stat) })?;
        Ok(FileAttr::from_stat64(stat))
    }

    pub fn fsync(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        cvt_r(|| unsafe { os_fsync(self.as_raw_fd()) })?;
        return Ok(());

        #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
        unsafe fn os_fsync(fd: c_int) -> c_int {
            libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_FULLFSYNC)
        }
        #[cfg(not(target_vendor = "apple"))]
        unsafe fn os_fsync(fd: c_int) -> c_int {
            libc::fsync(fd)
        }
    }

    pub fn datasync(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        cvt_r(|| unsafe { os_datasync(self.as_raw_fd()) })?;
        return Ok(());

        #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
        unsafe fn os_datasync(fd: c_int) -> c_int {
            libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_FULLFSYNC)
        }
        #[cfg(any(
            target_os = "freebsd",
            target_os = "fuchsia",
            target_os = "linux",
            target_os = "cygwin",
            target_os = "android",
            target_os = "netbsd",
            target_os = "openbsd",
            target_os = "nto",
            target_os = "qnx",
            target_os = "hurd",
            target_os = "l4re",
        ))]
        unsafe fn os_datasync(fd: c_int) -> c_int {
            libc::fdatasync(fd)
        }
        #[cfg(not(any(
            target_os = "android",
            target_os = "fuchsia",
            target_os = "freebsd",
            target_os = "linux",
            target_os = "cygwin",
            target_os = "netbsd",
            target_os = "openbsd",
            target_os = "nto",
            target_os = "qnx",
            target_os = "hurd",
            target_os = "l4re",
            target_vendor = "apple",
        )))]
        unsafe fn os_datasync(fd: c_int) -> c_int {
            libc::fsync(fd)
        }
    }

    pub fn lock(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        cfg_select! {
            any(
                target_os = "freebsd",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "linux",
                target_os = "netbsd",
                target_os = "openbsd",
                target_os = "cygwin",
                target_os = "illumos",
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "redox",
                target_vendor = "apple",
            ) => {
                cvt(unsafe { libc::flock(self.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_EX) })?;
                Ok(())
            }
            _ => Err(io::const_error!(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "lock() not supported")),
        }
    }

    pub fn lock_shared(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        cfg_select! {
            any(
                target_os = "freebsd",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "linux",
                target_os = "netbsd",
                target_os = "openbsd",
                target_os = "cygwin",
                target_os = "illumos",
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "redox",
                target_vendor = "apple",
            ) => {
                cvt(unsafe { libc::flock(self.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_SH) })?;
                Ok(())
            }
            _ => Err(io::const_error!(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "lock_shared() not supported")),
        }
    }

    pub fn try_lock(&self) -> Result<(), TryLockError> {
        cfg_select! {
            any(
                target_os = "freebsd",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "linux",
                target_os = "netbsd",
                target_os = "openbsd",
                target_os = "cygwin",
                target_os = "illumos",
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "redox",
                target_vendor = "apple",
            ) => {
                let result =
                    cvt(unsafe { libc::flock(self.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_EX | libc::LOCK_NB) });
                if let Err(err) = result {
                    if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
                        Err(TryLockError::WouldBlock)
                    } else {
                        Err(TryLockError::Error(err))
                    }
                } else {
                    Ok(())
                }
            }
            _ => Err(TryLockError::Error(io::const_error!(
                io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
                "try_lock() not supported"
            ))),
        }
    }

    pub fn try_lock_shared(&self) -> Result<(), TryLockError> {
        cfg_select! {
            any(
                target_os = "freebsd",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "linux",
                target_os = "netbsd",
                target_os = "openbsd",
                target_os = "cygwin",
                target_os = "illumos",
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "redox",
                target_vendor = "apple",
            ) => {
                let result =
                    cvt(unsafe { libc::flock(self.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_SH | libc::LOCK_NB) });
                if let Err(err) = result {
                    if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
                        Err(TryLockError::WouldBlock)
                    } else {
                        Err(TryLockError::Error(err))
                    }
                } else {
                    Ok(())
                }
            }
            _ => Err(TryLockError::Error(io::const_error!(
                io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
                "try_lock_shared() not supported"
            ))),
        }
    }

    pub fn unlock(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        cfg_select! {
            any(
                target_os = "freebsd",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "linux",
                target_os = "netbsd",
                target_os = "openbsd",
                target_os = "cygwin",
                target_os = "illumos",
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "android",
                target_os = "redox",
                target_vendor = "apple",
            ) => {
                cvt(unsafe { libc::flock(self.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_UN) })?;
                Ok(())
            }
            _ => Err(io::const_error!(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "unlock() not supported")),
        }
    }

    pub fn truncate(&self, size: u64) -> io::Result<()> {
        let size: off64_t =
            size.try_into().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, e))?;
        cvt_r(|| unsafe { ftruncate64(self.as_raw_fd(), size) }).map(drop)
    }

    pub fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.read(buf)
    }

    pub fn read_vectored(&self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.read_vectored(bufs)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool {
        self.0.is_read_vectored()
    }

    pub fn read_at(&self, buf: &mut [u8], offset: u64) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.read_at(buf, offset)
    }

    pub fn read_buf(&self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_, u8>) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.0.read_buf(cursor)
    }

    pub fn read_buf_at(&self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_, u8>, offset: u64) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.0.read_buf_at(cursor, offset)
    }

    pub fn read_vectored_at(&self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>], offset: u64) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.read_vectored_at(bufs, offset)
    }

    pub fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.write(buf)
    }

    pub fn write_vectored(&self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.write_vectored(bufs)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
        self.0.is_write_vectored()
    }

    pub fn write_at(&self, buf: &[u8], offset: u64) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.write_at(buf, offset)
    }

    pub fn write_vectored_at(&self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], offset: u64) -> io::Result<usize> {
        self.0.write_vectored_at(bufs, offset)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn flush(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn seek(&self, pos: SeekFrom) -> io::Result<u64> {
        let (whence, pos) = match pos {
            // Casting to `i64` is fine, too large values will end up as
            // negative which will cause an error in `lseek64`.
            SeekFrom::Start(off) => (libc::SEEK_SET, off as i64),
            SeekFrom::End(off) => (libc::SEEK_END, off),
            SeekFrom::Current(off) => (libc::SEEK_CUR, off),
        };
        let n = cvt(unsafe { lseek64(self.as_raw_fd(), pos as off64_t, whence) })?;
        Ok(n as u64)
    }

    pub fn size(&self) -> Option<io::Result<u64>> {
        match self.file_attr().map(|attr| attr.size()) {
            // Fall back to default implementation if the returned size is 0,
            // we might be in a proc mount.
            Ok(0) => None,
            result => Some(result),
        }
    }

    pub fn tell(&self) -> io::Result<u64> {
        self.seek(SeekFrom::Current(0))
    }

    pub fn duplicate(&self) -> io::Result<File> {
        self.0.duplicate().map(File)
    }

    pub fn set_permissions(&self, perm: FilePermissions) -> io::Result<()> {
        cvt_r(|| unsafe { libc::fchmod(self.as_raw_fd(), perm.mode) })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn set_times(&self, times: FileTimes) -> io::Result<()> {
        cfg_select! {
            any(
                target_os = "redox",
                target_os = "espidf",
                target_os = "horizon",
                target_os = "nuttx",
                target_os = "l4re"
            ) => {
                // Redox doesn't appear to support `UTIME_OMIT`.
                // ESP-IDF and HorizonOS do not support `futimens` at all and the behavior for those OS is therefore
                // the same as for Redox.
                let _ = times;
                Err(io::const_error!(
                    io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
                    "setting file times not supported",
                ))
            }
            target_vendor = "apple" => {
                let ta = TimesAttrlist::from_times(&times)?;
                cvt(unsafe {
                    libc::fsetattrlist(
                        self.as_raw_fd(),
                        ta.attrlist(),
                        ta.times_buf(),
                        ta.times_buf_size(),
                        0,
                    )
                })?;
                Ok(())
            }
            target_os = "android" => {
                let times = [
                    file_time_to_timespec(times.accessed)?,
                    file_time_to_timespec(times.modified)?,
                ];
                // futimens requires Android API level 19
                cvt(unsafe {
                    weak!(
                        fn futimens(fd: c_int, times: *const libc::timespec) -> c_int;
                    );
                    match futimens.get() {
                        Some(futimens) => futimens(self.as_raw_fd(), times.as_ptr()),
                        None => {
                            return Err(io::const_error!(
                                io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
                                "setting file times requires Android API level >= 19",
                            ));
                        }
                    }
                })?;
                Ok(())
            }
            _ => {
                #[cfg(all(
                    target_os = "linux",
                    target_env = "gnu",
                    target_pointer_width = "32",
                    not(target_arch = "riscv32")
                ))]
                {
                    use crate::sys::pal::time::__timespec64;
                    use crate::sys::pal::weak::weak;

                    // Added in glibc 2.34
                    weak!(
                        fn __futimens64(fd: c_int, times: *const __timespec64) -> c_int;
                    );

                    if let Some(futimens64) = __futimens64.get() {
                        let to_timespec = |time: Option<SystemTime>| {
                            time.map(|time| time.t.to_timespec64())
                                .unwrap_or(__timespec64::new(0, libc::UTIME_OMIT as _))
                        };
                        let times = [to_timespec(times.accessed), to_timespec(times.modified)];
                        cvt(unsafe { futimens64(self.as_raw_fd(), times.as_ptr()) })?;
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                }
                let times = [
                    file_time_to_timespec(times.accessed)?,
                    file_time_to_timespec(times.modified)?,
                ];
                cvt(unsafe { libc::futimens(self.as_raw_fd(), times.as_ptr()) })?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(not(any(
    target_os = "redox",
    target_os = "espidf",
    target_os = "horizon",
    target_os = "nuttx",
)))]
fn file_time_to_timespec(time: Option<SystemTime>) -> io::Result<libc::timespec> {
    match time {
        Some(time) if let Some(ts) = time.t.to_timespec() => Ok(ts),
        Some(time) if time > crate::sys::time::UNIX_EPOCH => Err(io::const_error!(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "timestamp is too large to set as a file time",
        )),
        Some(_) => Err(io::const_error!(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "timestamp is too small to set as a file time",
        )),
        None => Ok({
            let mut ts = libc::timespec::default();
            ts.tv_sec = 0;
            ts.tv_nsec = libc::UTIME_OMIT as _;
            ts
        }),
    }
}

#[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
struct TimesAttrlist {
    buf: [mem::MaybeUninit<libc::timespec>; 3],
    attrlist: libc::attrlist,
    num_times: usize,
}

#[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
impl TimesAttrlist {
    fn from_times(times: &FileTimes) -> io::Result<Self> {
        let mut this = Self {
            buf: [mem::MaybeUninit::<libc::timespec>::uninit(); 3],
            attrlist: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
            num_times: 0,
        };
        this.attrlist.bitmapcount = libc::ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT;
        if times.created.is_some() {
            this.buf[this.num_times].write(file_time_to_timespec(times.created)?);
            this.num_times += 1;
            this.attrlist.commonattr |= libc::ATTR_CMN_CRTIME;
        }
        if times.modified.is_some() {
            this.buf[this.num_times].write(file_time_to_timespec(times.modified)?);
            this.num_times += 1;
            this.attrlist.commonattr |= libc::ATTR_CMN_MODTIME;
        }
        if times.accessed.is_some() {
            this.buf[this.num_times].write(file_time_to_timespec(times.accessed)?);
            this.num_times += 1;
            this.attrlist.commonattr |= libc::ATTR_CMN_ACCTIME;
        }
        Ok(this)
    }

    fn attrlist(&self) -> *mut libc::c_void {
        (&raw const self.attrlist).cast::<libc::c_void>().cast_mut()
    }

    fn times_buf(&self) -> *mut libc::c_void {
        self.buf.as_ptr().cast::<libc::c_void>().cast_mut()
    }

    fn times_buf_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.num_times * size_of::<libc::timespec>()
    }
}

impl DirBuilder {
    pub fn new() -> DirBuilder {
        DirBuilder { mode: 0o777 }
    }

    pub fn mkdir(&self, p: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
        run_path_with_cstr(p, &|p| cvt(unsafe { libc::mkdir(p.as_ptr(), self.mode) }).map(|_| ()))
    }

    #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
    pub fn set_mode(&mut self, mode: u32) {
        self.mode = mode as mode_t;
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for DirBuilder {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let DirBuilder { mode } = self;
        f.debug_struct("DirBuilder").field("mode", &Mode(*mode)).finish()
    }
}

impl AsInner<FileDesc> for File {
    #[inline]
    fn as_inner(&self) -> &FileDesc {
        &self.0
    }
}

impl AsInnerMut<FileDesc> for File {
    #[inline]
    fn as_inner_mut(&mut self) -> &mut FileDesc {
        &mut self.0
    }
}

impl IntoInner<FileDesc> for File {
    fn into_inner(self) -> FileDesc {
        self.0
    }
}

impl FromInner<FileDesc> for File {
    fn from_inner(file_desc: FileDesc) -> Self {
        Self(file_desc)
    }
}

impl AsFd for File {
    #[inline]
    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
        self.0.as_fd()
    }
}

impl AsRawFd for File {
    #[inline]
    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
        self.0.as_raw_fd()
    }
}

impl IntoRawFd for File {
    fn into_raw_fd(self) -> RawFd {
        self.0.into_raw_fd()
    }
}

impl FromRawFd for File {
    unsafe fn from_raw_fd(raw_fd: RawFd) -> Self {
        Self(FromRawFd::from_raw_fd(raw_fd))
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for File {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let fd = self.as_raw_fd();
        let mut b = debug_path_fd(fd, f, "File");
        b.finish()
    }
}

// Format in octal, followed by the mode format used in `ls -l`.
//
// References:
//   https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/ls.html
//   https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testing-File-Type.html
//   https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Permission-Bits.html
//
// Example:
//   0o100664 (-rw-rw-r--)
impl fmt::Debug for Mode {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let Self(mode) = *self;
        write!(f, "0o{mode:06o}")?;

        let entry_type = match mode & libc::S_IFMT {
            libc::S_IFDIR => 'd',
            libc::S_IFBLK => 'b',
            libc::S_IFCHR => 'c',
            libc::S_IFLNK => 'l',
            libc::S_IFIFO => 'p',
            libc::S_IFREG => '-',
            _ => return Ok(()),
        };

        f.write_str(" (")?;
        f.write_char(entry_type)?;

        // Owner permissions
        f.write_char(if mode & libc::S_IRUSR != 0 { 'r' } else { '-' })?;
        f.write_char(if mode & libc::S_IWUSR != 0 { 'w' } else { '-' })?;
        let owner_executable = mode & libc::S_IXUSR != 0;
        let setuid = mode as c_int & libc::S_ISUID as c_int != 0;
        f.write_char(match (owner_executable, setuid) {
            (true, true) => 's',  // executable and setuid
            (false, true) => 'S', // setuid
            (true, false) => 'x', // executable
            (false, false) => '-',
        })?;

        // Group permissions
        f.write_char(if mode & libc::S_IRGRP != 0 { 'r' } else { '-' })?;
        f.write_char(if mode & libc::S_IWGRP != 0 { 'w' } else { '-' })?;
        let group_executable = mode & libc::S_IXGRP != 0;
        let setgid = mode as c_int & libc::S_ISGID as c_int != 0;
        f.write_char(match (group_executable, setgid) {
            (true, true) => 's',  // executable and setgid
            (false, true) => 'S', // setgid
            (true, false) => 'x', // executable
            (false, false) => '-',
        })?;

        // Other permissions
        f.write_char(if mode & libc::S_IROTH != 0 { 'r' } else { '-' })?;
        f.write_char(if mode & libc::S_IWOTH != 0 { 'w' } else { '-' })?;
        let other_executable = mode & libc::S_IXOTH != 0;
        let sticky = mode as c_int & libc::S_ISVTX as c_int != 0;
        f.write_char(match (entry_type, other_executable, sticky) {
            ('d', true, true) => 't',  // searchable and restricted deletion
            ('d', false, true) => 'T', // restricted deletion
            (_, true, _) => 'x',       // executable
            (_, false, _) => '-',
        })?;

        f.write_char(')')
    }
}

pub fn readdir(path: &Path) -> io::Result<ReadDir> {
    let ptr = run_path_with_cstr(path, &|p| unsafe { Ok(libc::opendir(p.as_ptr())) })?;
    if ptr.is_null() {
        Err(Error::last_os_error())
    } else {
        let root = path.to_path_buf();
        let inner = InnerReadDir { dirp: DirStream(ptr), root };
        Ok(ReadDir::new(inner))
    }
}

pub fn unlink(p: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
    cvt(unsafe { libc::unlink(p.as_ptr()) }).map(|_| ())
}

pub fn rename(old: &CStr, new: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
    cvt(unsafe { libc::rename(old.as_ptr(), new.as_ptr()) }).map(|_| ())
}

pub fn set_perm(p: &CStr, perm: FilePermissions) -> io::Result<()> {
    cvt_r(|| unsafe { libc::chmod(p.as_ptr(), perm.mode) }).map(|_| ())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "vxworks")]
pub fn set_perm_nofollow(_p: &CStr, _perm: FilePermissions) -> io::Result<()> {
    // VxWorks has no `O_NOFOLLOW`, and its `fchmodat` rejects
    // `AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW` with `ENOTSUP`, so a no-follow chmod is unsupported.
    Err(crate::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported.into())
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "vxworks"))]
pub fn set_perm_nofollow(p: &CStr, perm: FilePermissions) -> io::Result<()> {
    /// Helper function for fallback open with `O_NOFOLLOW` + `fchmod` behavior. This will
    /// successfully change the permissions of non-symlinks and fail when there's a symlink.
    #[inline]
    fn open_and_set_permissions(p: &CStr, perm: FilePermissions) -> io::Result<()> {
        use crate::fs::{OpenOptions, Permissions};

        let mut options = OpenOptions::new();
        options.read(true);

        // ESP-IDF and Horizon do not support O_NOFOLLOW, so we skip setting it.
        // Their filesystems do not have symbolic links, so no special handling is required.
        #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "espidf", target_os = "horizon")))]
        {
            #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
            use crate::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
            #[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
            use crate::os::wasi::fs::OpenOptionsExt;

            options.custom_flags(libc::O_NOFOLLOW);
        }

        // SAFETY: Since this function is called with `with_native_path`
        // and that successfully converted the `&Path` to a `CString`,
        // it should be safe to convert the `&CStr` back to a `Path`.
        let os_str = unsafe { OsStr::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(p.to_bytes()) };
        options.open(Path::new(os_str))?.set_permissions(Permissions::from_inner(perm))
    }

    // This res value is modified for platforms that support the `fchmodat` syscall.
    #[allow(unused)]
    let mut res: Result<(), core::io::Error> = Err(crate::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported.into());

    // These platforms support `fchmodat`, so utilize this syscall over `open` + `fchmod`.
    // We can *not* use this on Android due to <https://github.com/android/ndk/issues/1258>.
    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "macos",
        target_os = "freebsd",
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "netbsd",
        target_os = "dragonfly",
        target_os = "nto",
        target_os = "qnx"
    ))]
    {
        res = cvt_r(|| unsafe {
            libc::fchmodat(libc::AT_FDCWD, p.as_ptr(), perm.mode, libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
        })
        .map(|_| ());
    }

    // If fchmodat fails with `ErrorKind::Unsupported` fallback to using open + fchmod. This is just in case
    // for older systems like Ubuntu 20.04 where fchmodat fails with EOPNOTSUPP on both regular files and
    // symlinks when AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW is passed in.
    match res {
        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
        Err(err) => {
            if err.kind() == crate::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported {
                match open_and_set_permissions(p, perm) {
                    Ok(_) => return Ok(()),
                    Err(e) => {
                        if e.kind() == crate::io::ErrorKind::FilesystemLoop {
                            // When open is used with O_NOFOLLOW flag, if the trailing component of
                            // a path is a symbolic link, it should fail with ELOOP error. Instead of
                            // returning `FilesystemLoop`, this returns `Unsupported` to keep it consistent
                            // with what `fchmodat` would return when chmoding a symlink using AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                        return Err(e);
                    }
                }
            }

            Err(err)
        }
    }
}

pub fn rmdir(p: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
    cvt(unsafe { libc::rmdir(p.as_ptr()) }).map(|_| ())
}

pub fn readlink(c_path: &CStr) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
    let p = c_path.as_ptr();

    let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(256);

    loop {
        let buf_read =
            cvt(unsafe { libc::readlink(p, buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, buf.capacity()) })? as usize;

        unsafe {
            buf.set_len(buf_read);
        }

        if buf_read != buf.capacity() {
            buf.shrink_to_fit();

            return Ok(PathBuf::from(OsString::from_vec(buf)));
        }

        // Trigger the internal buffer resizing logic of `Vec` by requiring
        // more space than the current capacity. The length is guaranteed to be
        // the same as the capacity due to the if statement above.
        buf.reserve(1);
    }
}

pub fn symlink(original: &CStr, link: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
    cvt(unsafe { libc::symlink(original.as_ptr(), link.as_ptr()) }).map(|_| ())
}

pub fn link(original: &CStr, link: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
    cfg_select! {
        any(
            // VxWorks, Redox and ESP-IDF lack `linkat`, so use `link` instead.
            // POSIX leaves it implementation-defined whether `link` follows
            // symlinks, so rely on the `symlink_hard_link` test in
            // library/std/src/fs/tests.rs to check the behavior.
            target_os = "vxworks",
            target_os = "redox",
            target_os = "espidf",
            // Other misc platforms
            target_os = "horizon",
            target_os = "vita",
            target_os = "l4re",
            target_env = "nto70",
        ) => {
            cvt(unsafe { libc::link(original.as_ptr(), link.as_ptr()) })?;
        }
        _ => {
            // Where we can, use `linkat` instead of `link`; see the comment above
            // this one for details on why.
            cvt(unsafe {
                libc::linkat(libc::AT_FDCWD, original.as_ptr(), libc::AT_FDCWD, link.as_ptr(), 0)
            })?;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

pub fn stat(p: &CStr) -> io::Result<FileAttr> {
    cfg_has_statx! {
        if let Some(ret) = unsafe { try_statx(
            libc::AT_FDCWD,
            p.as_ptr(),
            libc::AT_STATX_SYNC_AS_STAT,
            libc::STATX_BASIC_STATS | libc::STATX_BTIME,
        ) } {
            return ret;
        }
    }

    let mut stat: stat64 = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    cvt(unsafe { stat64(p.as_ptr(), &mut stat) })?;
    Ok(FileAttr::from_stat64(stat))
}

pub fn lstat(p: &CStr) -> io::Result<FileAttr> {
    cfg_has_statx! {
        if let Some(ret) = unsafe { try_statx(
            libc::AT_FDCWD,
            p.as_ptr(),
            libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW | libc::AT_STATX_SYNC_AS_STAT,
            libc::STATX_BASIC_STATS | libc::STATX_BTIME,
        ) } {
            return ret;
        }
    }

    let mut stat: stat64 = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    cvt(unsafe { lstat64(p.as_ptr(), &mut stat) })?;
    Ok(FileAttr::from_stat64(stat))
}

pub fn canonicalize(path: &CStr) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
    let r = unsafe { libc::realpath(path.as_ptr(), ptr::null_mut()) };
    if r.is_null() {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    Ok(PathBuf::from(OsString::from_vec(unsafe {
        let buf = CStr::from_ptr(r).to_bytes().to_vec();
        libc::free(r as *mut _);
        buf
    })))
}

fn open_from(from: &Path) -> io::Result<(crate::fs::File, crate::fs::Metadata)> {
    use crate::fs::File;
    use crate::sys::fs::common::NOT_FILE_ERROR;

    let reader = File::open(from)?;
    let metadata = reader.metadata()?;
    if !metadata.is_file() {
        return Err(NOT_FILE_ERROR);
    }
    Ok((reader, metadata))
}

fn set_times_impl(p: &CStr, times: FileTimes, follow_symlinks: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
    cfg_select! {
        any(
            target_os = "redox",
            target_os = "espidf",
            target_os = "horizon",
            target_os = "nuttx",
            target_os = "vita",
            target_os = "rtems"
        ) => {
            let _ = (p, times, follow_symlinks);
            Err(io::const_error!(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "setting file times not supported"))
        }
        target_vendor = "apple" => {
            // Apple platforms use setattrlist which supports setting times on symlinks
            let ta = TimesAttrlist::from_times(&times)?;
            let options = if follow_symlinks { 0 } else { libc::FSOPT_NOFOLLOW };

            cvt(unsafe {
                libc::setattrlist(
                    p.as_ptr(),
                    ta.attrlist(),
                    ta.times_buf(),
                    ta.times_buf_size(),
                    options as u32,
                )
            })?;
            Ok(())
        }
        target_os = "android" => {
            let times =
                [file_time_to_timespec(times.accessed)?, file_time_to_timespec(times.modified)?];
            let flags = if follow_symlinks { 0 } else { libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW };
            // utimensat requires Android API level 19
            cvt(unsafe {
                weak!(
                    fn utimensat(
                        dirfd: c_int,
                        path: *const libc::c_char,
                        times: *const libc::timespec,
                        flags: c_int,
                    ) -> c_int;
                );
                match utimensat.get() {
                    Some(utimensat) => utimensat(libc::AT_FDCWD, p.as_ptr(), times.as_ptr(), flags),
                    None => {
                        return Err(io::const_error!(
                            io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
                            "setting file times requires Android API level >= 19",
                        ));
                    }
                }
            })?;
            Ok(())
        }
        _ => {
            let flags = if follow_symlinks { 0 } else { libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW };
            #[cfg(all(
                target_os = "linux",
                target_env = "gnu",
                target_pointer_width = "32",
                not(target_arch = "riscv32")
            ))]
            {
                use crate::sys::pal::time::__timespec64;
                use crate::sys::pal::weak::weak;

                // Added in glibc 2.34
                weak!(
                    fn __utimensat64(
                        dirfd: c_int,
                        path: *const c_char,
                        times: *const __timespec64,
                        flags: c_int,
                    ) -> c_int;
                );

                if let Some(utimensat64) = __utimensat64.get() {
                    let to_timespec = |time: Option<SystemTime>| {
                        time.map(|time| time.t.to_timespec64())
                            .unwrap_or(__timespec64::new(0, libc::UTIME_OMIT as _))
                    };
                    let times = [to_timespec(times.accessed), to_timespec(times.modified)];
                    cvt(unsafe { utimensat64(libc::AT_FDCWD, p.as_ptr(), times.as_ptr(), flags) })?;
                    return Ok(());
                }
            }
            let times =
                [file_time_to_timespec(times.accessed)?, file_time_to_timespec(times.modified)?];
            cvt(unsafe { libc::utimensat(libc::AT_FDCWD, p.as_ptr(), times.as_ptr(), flags) })?;
            Ok(())
        }
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn set_times(p: &CStr, times: FileTimes) -> io::Result<()> {
    set_times_impl(p, times, true)
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn set_times_nofollow(p: &CStr, times: FileTimes) -> io::Result<()> {
    set_times_impl(p, times, false)
}

#[cfg(any(target_os = "espidf", target_os = "wasi"))]
fn open_to_and_set_permissions(
    to: &Path,
    _reader_metadata: &crate::fs::Metadata,
) -> io::Result<(crate::fs::File, crate::fs::Metadata)> {
    use crate::fs::OpenOptions;
    let writer = OpenOptions::new().write(true).create(true).truncate(true).open(to)?;
    let writer_metadata = writer.metadata()?;
    Ok((writer, writer_metadata))
}

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "espidf", target_os = "wasi")))]
fn open_to_and_set_permissions(
    to: &Path,
    reader_metadata: &crate::fs::Metadata,
) -> io::Result<(crate::fs::File, crate::fs::Metadata)> {
    use crate::fs::OpenOptions;
    use crate::os::unix::fs::{OpenOptionsExt, PermissionsExt};

    let perm = reader_metadata.permissions();
    let writer = OpenOptions::new()
        // create the file with the correct mode right away
        .mode(perm.mode())
        .write(true)
        .create(true)
        .truncate(true)
        .open(to)?;
    let writer_metadata = writer.metadata()?;
    // fchmod is broken on vita
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "vita"))]
    if writer_metadata.is_file() {
        // Set the correct file permissions, in case the file already existed.
        // Don't set the permissions on already existing non-files like
        // pipes/FIFOs or device nodes.
        writer.set_permissions(perm)?;
    }
    Ok((writer, writer_metadata))
}

mod cfm {
    use crate::fs::{File, Metadata};
    use crate::io::{BorrowedCursor, IoSlice, IoSliceMut, Read, Result, Write};

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub struct CachedFileMetadata(pub File, pub Metadata);

    impl Read for CachedFileMetadata {
        fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
            self.0.read(buf)
        }
        fn read_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> Result<usize> {
            self.0.read_vectored(bufs)
        }
        fn read_buf(&mut self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_, u8>) -> Result<()> {
            self.0.read_buf(cursor)
        }
        #[inline]
        fn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool {
            self.0.is_read_vectored()
        }
        fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<usize> {
            self.0.read_to_end(buf)
        }
        fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize> {
            self.0.read_to_string(buf)
        }
    }
    impl Write for CachedFileMetadata {
        fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
            self.0.write(buf)
        }
        fn write_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<usize> {
            self.0.write_vectored(bufs)
        }
        #[inline]
        fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
            self.0.is_write_vectored()
        }
        #[inline]
        fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
            self.0.flush()
        }
    }
}
#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
pub(in crate::sys) use cfm::CachedFileMetadata;

#[cfg(not(target_vendor = "apple"))]
pub fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> io::Result<u64> {
    let (reader, reader_metadata) = open_from(from)?;
    let (writer, writer_metadata) = open_to_and_set_permissions(to, &reader_metadata)?;

    io::copy(
        &mut cfm::CachedFileMetadata(reader, reader_metadata),
        &mut cfm::CachedFileMetadata(writer, writer_metadata),
    )
}

#[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
pub fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> io::Result<u64> {
    const COPYFILE_ALL: libc::copyfile_flags_t = libc::COPYFILE_METADATA | libc::COPYFILE_DATA;

    struct FreeOnDrop(libc::copyfile_state_t);
    impl Drop for FreeOnDrop {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            // The code below ensures that `FreeOnDrop` is never a null pointer
            unsafe {
                // `copyfile_state_free` returns -1 if the `to` or `from` files
                // cannot be closed. However, this is not considered an error.
                libc::copyfile_state_free(self.0);
            }
        }
    }

    let (reader, reader_metadata) = open_from(from)?;

    let clonefile_result = run_path_with_cstr(to, &|to| {
        cvt(unsafe { libc::fclonefileat(reader.as_raw_fd(), libc::AT_FDCWD, to.as_ptr(), 0) })
    });
    match clonefile_result {
        Ok(_) => return Ok(reader_metadata.len()),
        Err(e) => match e.raw_os_error() {
            // `fclonefileat` will fail on non-APFS volumes, if the
            // destination already exists, or if the source and destination
            // are on different devices. In all these cases `fcopyfile`
            // should succeed.
            Some(libc::ENOTSUP) | Some(libc::EEXIST) | Some(libc::EXDEV) => (),
            _ => return Err(e),
        },
    }

    // Fall back to using `fcopyfile` if `fclonefileat` does not succeed.
    let (writer, writer_metadata) = open_to_and_set_permissions(to, &reader_metadata)?;

    // We ensure that `FreeOnDrop` never contains a null pointer so it is
    // always safe to call `copyfile_state_free`
    let state = unsafe {
        let state = libc::copyfile_state_alloc();
        if state.is_null() {
            return Err(crate::io::Error::last_os_error());
        }
        FreeOnDrop(state)
    };

    let flags = if writer_metadata.is_file() { COPYFILE_ALL } else { libc::COPYFILE_DATA };

    cvt(unsafe { libc::fcopyfile(reader.as_raw_fd(), writer.as_raw_fd(), state.0, flags) })?;

    let mut bytes_copied: libc::off_t = 0;
    cvt(unsafe {
        libc::copyfile_state_get(
            state.0,
            libc::COPYFILE_STATE_COPIED as u32,
            (&raw mut bytes_copied) as *mut libc::c_void,
        )
    })?;
    Ok(bytes_copied as u64)
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
pub fn chown(path: &Path, uid: u32, gid: u32) -> io::Result<()> {
    run_path_with_cstr(path, &|path| {
        cvt(unsafe { libc::chown(path.as_ptr(), uid as libc::uid_t, gid as libc::gid_t) })
            .map(|_| ())
    })
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
pub fn fchown(fd: c_int, uid: u32, gid: u32) -> io::Result<()> {
    cvt(unsafe { libc::fchown(fd, uid as libc::uid_t, gid as libc::gid_t) })?;
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "vxworks", target_os = "wasi")))]
pub fn lchown(path: &Path, uid: u32, gid: u32) -> io::Result<()> {
    run_path_with_cstr(path, &|path| {
        cvt(unsafe { libc::lchown(path.as_ptr(), uid as libc::uid_t, gid as libc::gid_t) })
            .map(|_| ())
    })
}

#[cfg(target_os = "vxworks")]
pub fn lchown(path: &Path, uid: u32, gid: u32) -> io::Result<()> {
    let (_, _, _) = (path, uid, gid);
    Err(io::const_error!(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "lchown not supported by vxworks"))
}

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "fuchsia", target_os = "vxworks", target_os = "wasi")))]
pub fn chroot(dir: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    run_path_with_cstr(dir, &|dir| cvt(unsafe { libc::chroot(dir.as_ptr()) }).map(|_| ()))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "vxworks")]
pub fn chroot(dir: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    let _ = dir;
    Err(io::const_error!(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "chroot not supported by vxworks"))
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
pub fn mkfifo(path: &Path, mode: u32) -> io::Result<()> {
    run_path_with_cstr(path, &|path| {
        cvt(unsafe { libc::mkfifo(path.as_ptr(), mode.try_into().unwrap()) }).map(|_| ())
    })
}

pub use remove_dir_impl::remove_dir_all;

// Fallback for REDOX, ESP-ID, Horizon, Vita, Vxworks and Miri
#[cfg(any(
    target_os = "redox",
    target_os = "espidf",
    target_os = "horizon",
    target_os = "vita",
    target_os = "nto",
    target_os = "qnx",
    target_os = "vxworks",
    target_os = "l4re",
    miri
))]
mod remove_dir_impl {
    pub use crate::sys::fs::common::remove_dir_all;
}

// Modern implementation using openat(), unlinkat() and fdopendir()
#[cfg(not(any(
    target_os = "redox",
    target_os = "espidf",
    target_os = "horizon",
    target_os = "vita",
    target_os = "nto",
    target_os = "qnx",
    target_os = "vxworks",
    target_os = "l4re",
    miri
)))]
mod remove_dir_impl {
    #[cfg(not(all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu")))]
    use libc::{fdopendir, openat, unlinkat};
    #[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu"))]
    use libc::{fdopendir, openat64 as openat, unlinkat};

    use super::{
        AsRawFd, DirEntry, DirStream, FromRawFd, InnerReadDir, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd, RawFd, ReadDir,
        lstat,
    };
    use crate::ffi::CStr;
    use crate::io;
    use crate::path::{Path, PathBuf};
    use crate::sys::helpers::{ignore_notfound, run_path_with_cstr};
    use crate::sys::{cvt, cvt_r};

    pub fn openat_nofollow_dironly(parent_fd: Option<RawFd>, p: &CStr) -> io::Result<OwnedFd> {
        let fd = cvt_r(|| unsafe {
            openat(
                parent_fd.unwrap_or(libc::AT_FDCWD),
                p.as_ptr(),
                libc::O_CLOEXEC | libc::O_RDONLY | libc::O_NOFOLLOW | libc::O_DIRECTORY,
            )
        })?;
        Ok(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd) })
    }

    fn fdreaddir(dir_fd: OwnedFd) -> io::Result<(ReadDir, RawFd)> {
        let ptr = unsafe { fdopendir(dir_fd.as_raw_fd()) };
        if ptr.is_null() {
            return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
        }
        let dirp = DirStream(ptr);
        // file descriptor is automatically closed by libc::closedir() now, so give up ownership
        let new_parent_fd = dir_fd.into_raw_fd();
        // a valid root is not needed because we do not call any functions involving the full path
        // of the `DirEntry`s.
        let dummy_root = PathBuf::new();
        let inner = InnerReadDir { dirp, root: dummy_root };
        Ok((ReadDir::new(inner), new_parent_fd))
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "solaris",
        target_os = "illumos",
        target_os = "haiku",
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "aix",
    ))]
    fn is_dir(_ent: &DirEntry) -> Option<bool> {
        None
    }

    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_os = "solaris",
        target_os = "illumos",
        target_os = "haiku",
        target_os = "vxworks",
        target_os = "aix",
    )))]
    fn is_dir(ent: &DirEntry) -> Option<bool> {
        match ent.entry.d_type {
            libc::DT_UNKNOWN => None,
            libc::DT_DIR => Some(true),
            _ => Some(false),
        }
    }

    fn is_enoent(result: &io::Result<()>) -> bool {
        if let Err(err) = result
            && matches!(err.raw_os_error(), Some(libc::ENOENT))
        {
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    fn remove_dir_all_recursive(parent_fd: Option<RawFd>, path: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
        // try opening as directory
        let fd = match openat_nofollow_dironly(parent_fd, path) {
            Err(err) if matches!(err.raw_os_error(), Some(libc::ENOTDIR | libc::ELOOP)) => {
                // not a directory - don't traverse further
                // (for symlinks, older Linux kernels may return ELOOP instead of ENOTDIR)
                return match parent_fd {
                    // unlink...
                    Some(parent_fd) => {
                        cvt(unsafe { unlinkat(parent_fd, path.as_ptr(), 0) }).map(drop)
                    }
                    // ...unless this was supposed to be the deletion root directory
                    None => Err(err),
                };
            }
            result => result?,
        };

        // open the directory passing ownership of the fd
        let (dir, fd) = fdreaddir(fd)?;

        // For WASI all directory entries for this directory are read first
        // before any removal is done. This works around the fact that the
        // WASIp1 API for reading directories is not well-designed for handling
        // mutations between invocations of reading a directory. By reading all
        // the entries at once this ensures that, at least without concurrent
        // modifications, it should be possible to delete everything.
        #[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
        let dir = dir.collect::<Vec<_>>();

        for child in dir {
            let child = child?;
            // we need an inner try block, because if one of these
            // directories has already been deleted, then we need to
            // continue the loop, not return ok.
            let result: io::Result<()> = try {
                match is_dir(&child) {
                    Some(true) => {
                        remove_dir_all_recursive(Some(fd), &child.name)?;
                    }
                    Some(false) => {
                        cvt(unsafe { unlinkat(fd, child.name.as_ptr(), 0) })?;
                    }
                    None => {
                        // POSIX specifies that calling unlink()/unlinkat(..., 0) on a directory can succeed
                        // if the process has the appropriate privileges. This however can causing orphaned
                        // directories requiring an fsck e.g. on Solaris and Illumos. So we try recursing
                        // into it first instead of trying to unlink() it.
                        remove_dir_all_recursive(Some(fd), &child.name)?;
                    }
                }
            };
            if result.is_err() && !is_enoent(&result) {
                return result;
            }
        }

        // unlink the directory after removing its contents
        ignore_notfound(cvt(unsafe {
            unlinkat(parent_fd.unwrap_or(libc::AT_FDCWD), path.as_ptr(), libc::AT_REMOVEDIR)
        }))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn remove_dir_all_modern(p: &CStr) -> io::Result<()> {
        // We cannot just call remove_dir_all_recursive() here because that would not delete a passed
        // symlink. No need to worry about races, because remove_dir_all_recursive() does not recurse
        // into symlinks.
        let attr = lstat(p)?;
        if attr.file_type().is_symlink() {
            super::unlink(p)
        } else {
            remove_dir_all_recursive(None, p)
        }
    }

    pub fn remove_dir_all(p: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
        run_path_with_cstr(p, &remove_dir_all_modern)
    }
}