# Enum rustc_type_ir::Variance

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    pub enum Variance {
        Covariant,
        Invariant,
        Contravariant,
        Bivariant,
    }

## Variants§

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### Covariant

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### Invariant

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### Contravariant

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### Bivariant

## Implementations§

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### impl Variance

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#### pub fn xform(self, v: Variance) -> Variance

`a.xform(b)` combines the variance of a context with the variance of a type with the following meaning. If we are in a context with variance `a`, and we encounter a type argument in a position with variance `b`, then `a.xform(b)` is the new variance with which the argument appears.

Example 1:

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    *mut Vec<i32>

Here, the “ambient” variance starts as covariant. `*mut T` is invariant with respect to `T`, so the variance in which the `Vec<i32>` appears is `Covariant.xform(Invariant)`, which yields `Invariant`. Now, the type `Vec<T>` is covariant with respect to its type argument `T`, and hence the variance of the `i32` here is `Invariant.xform(Covariant)`, which results (again) in `Invariant`.

Example 2:

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    fn(*const Vec<i32>, *mut Vec<i32)

The ambient variance is covariant. A `fn` type is contravariant with respect to its parameters, so the variance within which both pointer types appear is `Covariant.xform(Contravariant)`, or `Contravariant`. `*const T` is covariant with respect to `T`, so the variance within which the first `Vec<i32>` appears is `Contravariant.xform(Covariant)` or `Contravariant`. The same is true for its `i32` argument. In the `*mut T` case, the variance of `Vec<i32>` is `Contravariant.xform(Invariant)`, and hence the outermost type is `Invariant` with respect to `Vec<i32>` (and its `i32` argument).

Source: Figure 1 of “Taming the Wildcards: Combining Definition- and Use-Site Variance” published in PLDI’11.

## Trait Implementations§

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### impl Clone for Variance

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#### fn clone(&self) -> Variance

Returns a copy of the value. Read more
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#### fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from `source`. Read more
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### impl Debug for Variance

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#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
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### impl<__D: SpanDecoder> Decodable<__D> for Variance

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#### fn decode(__decoder: &mut __D) -> Self

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### impl<__E: SpanEncoder> Encodable<__E> for Variance

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#### fn encode(&self, __encoder: &mut __E)

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### impl Hash for Variance

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#### fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given `Hasher`. Read more
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#### fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given `Hasher`. Read more
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### impl<__CTX> HashStable<__CTX> for Variance

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#### fn hash_stable(&self, __hcx: &mut __CTX, __hasher: &mut StableHasher)

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### impl PartialEq for Variance

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#### fn eq(&self, other: &Variance) -> bool

This method tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
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#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
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### impl Copy for Variance

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### impl Eq for Variance

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### impl StructuralPartialEq for Variance

## Auto Trait Implementations§

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### impl DynSend for Variance

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### impl DynSync for Variance

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### impl Freeze for Variance

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### impl RefUnwindSafe for Variance

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### impl Send for Variance

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### impl Sync for Variance

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### impl Unpin for Variance

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### impl UnwindSafe for Variance

## Blanket Implementations§

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### impl<T> Aligned for T

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#### const ALIGN: Alignment = _

Alignment of `Self`.
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### impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

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#### fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the `TypeId` of `self`. Read more
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### impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T, R> CollectAndApply<T, R> for T

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#### fn collect_and_apply<I, F>(iter: I, f: F) -> R
where I: Iterator<Item = T>, F: FnOnce(&[T]) -> R,

Equivalent to `f(&iter.collect::<Vec<_>>())`.

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#### type Output = R

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### impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

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#### fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Checks if this value is equivalent to the given key. Read more
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### impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

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#### fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Checks if this value is equivalent to the given key. Read more
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### impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

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#### fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Compare self to `key` and return `true` if they are equal.
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### impl<T> From<T> for T

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#### fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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### impl<T> Instrument for T

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#### fn instrument(self, span: Span) -> Instrumented<Self>

Instruments this type with the provided `Span`, returning an `Instrumented` wrapper. Read more
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#### fn in_current_span(self) -> Instrumented<Self>

Instruments this type with the current `Span`, returning an `Instrumented` wrapper. Read more
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### impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

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#### fn into(self) -> U

Calls `U::from(self)`.

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of `From<T> for U` chooses to do.

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### impl<T> Pointable for T

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#### const ALIGN: usize = _

The alignment of pointer.
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#### type Init = T

The type for initializers.
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#### unsafe fn init(init: <T as Pointable>::Init) -> usize

Initializes a with the given initializer. Read more
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#### unsafe fn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a T

Dereferences the given pointer. Read more
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#### unsafe fn deref_mut<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a mut T

Mutably dereferences the given pointer. Read more
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#### unsafe fn drop(ptr: usize)

Drops the object pointed to by the given pointer. Read more
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### impl<T> Same for T

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#### type Output = T

Should always be `Self`
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### impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

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#### type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
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#### fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
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#### fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
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### impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

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#### type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

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#### type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T> WithSubscriber for T

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#### fn with_subscriber<S>(self, subscriber: S) -> WithDispatch<Self>
where S: Into<Dispatch>,

Attaches the provided `Subscriber` to this type, returning a `WithDispatch` wrapper. Read more
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#### fn with_current_subscriber(self) -> WithDispatch<Self>

Attaches the current default `Subscriber` to this type, returning a `WithDispatch` wrapper. Read more
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### impl<'a, T> Captures<'a> for T
where T: ?Sized,

## Layout§

Note: Most layout information is completely unstable and may even differ between compilations. The only exception is types with certain `repr(...)` attributes. Please see the Rust Reference's “Type Layout” chapter for details on type layout guarantees.

Size: 1 byte

Size for each variant:

- `Covariant`: 0 bytes
- `Invariant`: 0 bytes
- `Contravariant`: 0 bytes
- `Bivariant`: 0 bytes