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    //! Memory allocation APIs

    #![stable(feature = "alloc_module", since = "1.28.0")]

    #[cfg(not(test))]
    use core::intrinsics;
    use core::intrinsics::{min_align_of_val, size_of_val};

    use core::ptr::Unique;
    #[cfg(not(test))]
    use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};

    #[stable(feature = "alloc_module", since = "1.28.0")]
    #[doc(inline)]
    pub use core::alloc::*;

    #[cfg(test)]
    mod tests;

    extern "Rust" {
        // These are the magic symbols to call the global allocator.  rustc generates
        // them to call `__rg_alloc` etc. if there is a `#[global_allocator]` attribute
        // (the code expanding that attribute macro generates those functions), or to call
        // the default implementations in libstd (`__rdl_alloc` etc. in `library/std/src/alloc.rs`)
        // otherwise.
        // The rustc fork of LLVM also special-cases these function names to be able to optimize them
        // like `malloc`, `realloc`, and `free`, respectively.
        #[rustc_allocator]
        #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
        fn __rust_alloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
        #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
        fn __rust_dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, size: usize, align: usize);
        #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
        fn __rust_realloc(ptr: *mut u8, old_size: usize, align: usize, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8;
        #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
        fn __rust_alloc_zeroed(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
    }

    /// The global memory allocator.
    ///
    /// This type implements the [`Allocator`] trait by forwarding calls
    /// to the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
    /// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
    ///
    /// Note: while this type is unstable, the functionality it provides can be
    /// accessed through the [free functions in `alloc`](self#functions).
    #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug)]
    #[cfg(not(test))]
    pub struct Global;

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub use std::alloc::Global;

    /// Allocate memory with the global allocator.
    ///
    /// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::alloc`] method
    /// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
    /// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
    ///
    /// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `alloc` method
    /// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// See [`GlobalAlloc::alloc`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, Layout};
    ///
    /// unsafe {
    ///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
    ///     let ptr = alloc(layout);
    ///
    ///     *(ptr as *mut u16) = 42;
    ///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 42);
    ///
    ///     dealloc(ptr, layout);
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn alloc(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
        unsafe { __rust_alloc(layout.size(), layout.align()) }
    }

    /// Deallocate memory with the global allocator.
    ///
    /// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::dealloc`] method
    /// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
    /// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
    ///
    /// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `dealloc` method
    /// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// See [`GlobalAlloc::dealloc`].
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
        unsafe { __rust_dealloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align()) }
    }

    /// Reallocate memory with the global allocator.
    ///
    /// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::realloc`] method
    /// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
    /// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
    ///
    /// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `realloc` method
    /// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// See [`GlobalAlloc::realloc`].
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn realloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8 {
        unsafe { __rust_realloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align(), new_size) }
    }

    /// Allocate zero-initialized memory with the global allocator.
    ///
    /// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::alloc_zeroed`] method
    /// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
    /// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
    ///
    /// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `alloc_zeroed` method
    /// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// See [`GlobalAlloc::alloc_zeroed`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::alloc::{alloc_zeroed, dealloc, Layout};
    ///
    /// unsafe {
    ///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
    ///     let ptr = alloc_zeroed(layout);
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 0);
    ///
    ///     dealloc(ptr, layout);
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
        unsafe { __rust_alloc_zeroed(layout.size(), layout.align()) }
    }

    #[cfg(not(test))]
    impl Global {
        #[inline]
        fn alloc_impl(&self, layout: Layout, zeroed: bool) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            match layout.size() {
                0 => Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(layout.dangling(), 0)),
                // SAFETY: `layout` is non-zero in size,
                size => unsafe {
                    let raw_ptr = if zeroed { alloc_zeroed(layout) } else { alloc(layout) };
                    let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
                    Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, size))
                },
            }
        }

        // SAFETY: Same as `Allocator::grow`
        #[inline]
        unsafe fn grow_impl(
            &self,
            ptr: NonNull<u8>,
            old_layout: Layout,
            new_layout: Layout,
            zeroed: bool,
        ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            debug_assert!(
                new_layout.size() >= old_layout.size(),
                "`new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
            );

            match old_layout.size() {
                0 => self.alloc_impl(new_layout, zeroed),

                // SAFETY: `new_size` is non-zero as `old_size` is greater than or equal to `new_size`
                // as required by safety conditions. Other conditions must be upheld by the caller
                old_size if old_layout.align() == new_layout.align() => unsafe {
                    let new_size = new_layout.size();

                    // `realloc` probably checks for `new_size >= old_layout.size()` or something similar.
                    intrinsics::assume(new_size >= old_layout.size());

                    let raw_ptr = realloc(ptr.as_ptr(), old_layout, new_size);
                    let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
                    if zeroed {
                        raw_ptr.add(old_size).write_bytes(0, new_size - old_size);
                    }
                    Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, new_size))
                },

                // SAFETY: because `new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_size`,
                // both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and writes for `old_size`
                // bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap
                // `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
                // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
                old_size => unsafe {
                    let new_ptr = self.alloc_impl(new_layout, zeroed)?;
                    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_mut_ptr(), old_size);
                    self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
                    Ok(new_ptr)
                },
            }
        }
    }

    #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
    #[cfg(not(test))]
    unsafe impl Allocator for Global {
        #[inline]
        fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            self.alloc_impl(layout, false)
        }

        #[inline]
        fn allocate_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            self.alloc_impl(layout, true)
        }

        #[inline]
        unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout) {
            if layout.size() != 0 {
                // SAFETY: `layout` is non-zero in size,
                // other conditions must be upheld by the caller
                unsafe { dealloc(ptr.as_ptr(), layout) }
            }
        }

        #[inline]
        unsafe fn grow(
            &self,
            ptr: NonNull<u8>,
            old_layout: Layout,
            new_layout: Layout,
        ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            // SAFETY: all conditions must be upheld by the caller
            unsafe { self.grow_impl(ptr, old_layout, new_layout, false) }
        }

        #[inline]
        unsafe fn grow_zeroed(
            &self,
            ptr: NonNull<u8>,
            old_layout: Layout,
            new_layout: Layout,
        ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            // SAFETY: all conditions must be upheld by the caller
            unsafe { self.grow_impl(ptr, old_layout, new_layout, true) }
        }

        #[inline]
        unsafe fn shrink(
            &self,
            ptr: NonNull<u8>,
            old_layout: Layout,
            new_layout: Layout,
        ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
            debug_assert!(
                new_layout.size() <= old_layout.size(),
                "`new_layout.size()` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
            );

            match new_layout.size() {
                // SAFETY: conditions must be upheld by the caller
                0 => unsafe {
                    self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
                    Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(new_layout.dangling(), 0))
                },

                // SAFETY: `new_size` is non-zero. Other conditions must be upheld by the caller
                new_size if old_layout.align() == new_layout.align() => unsafe {
                    // `realloc` probably checks for `new_size <= old_layout.size()` or something similar.
                    intrinsics::assume(new_size <= old_layout.size());

                    let raw_ptr = realloc(ptr.as_ptr(), old_layout, new_size);
                    let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
                    Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, new_size))
                },

                // SAFETY: because `new_size` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`,
                // both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and writes for `new_size`
                // bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap
                // `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
                // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
                new_size => unsafe {
                    let new_ptr = self.allocate(new_layout)?;
                    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_mut_ptr(), new_size);
                    self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
                    Ok(new_ptr)
                },
            }
        }
    }

    /// The allocator for unique pointers.
    // This function must not unwind. If it does, MIR codegen will fail.
    #[cfg(not(test))]
    #[lang = "exchange_malloc"]
    #[inline]
    unsafe fn exchange_malloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8 {
        let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
        match Global.allocate(layout) {
            Ok(ptr) => ptr.as_mut_ptr(),
            Err(_) => handle_alloc_error(layout),
        }
    }

    #[cfg_attr(not(test), lang = "box_free")]
    #[inline]
    // This signature has to be the same as `Box`, otherwise an ICE will happen.
    // When an additional parameter to `Box` is added (like `A: Allocator`), this has to be added here as
    // well.
    // For example if `Box` is changed to  `struct Box<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(Unique<T>, A)`,
    // this function has to be changed to `fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(Unique<T>, A)` as well.
    pub(crate) unsafe fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(ptr: Unique<T>, alloc: A) {
        unsafe {
            let size = size_of_val(ptr.as_ref());
            let align = min_align_of_val(ptr.as_ref());
            let layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align);
            alloc.deallocate(ptr.cast().into(), layout)
        }
    }

    // # Allocation error handler

    extern "Rust" {
        // This is the magic symbol to call the global alloc error handler.  rustc generates
        // it to call `__rg_oom` if there is a `#[alloc_error_handler]`, or to call the
        // default implementations below (`__rdl_oom`) otherwise.
        #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
        fn __rust_alloc_error_handler(size: usize, align: usize) -> !;
    }

    /// Abort on memory allocation error or failure.
    ///
    /// Callers of memory allocation APIs wishing to abort computation
    /// in response to an allocation error are encouraged to call this function,
    /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// The default behavior of this function is to print a message to standard error
    /// and abort the process.
    /// It can be replaced with [`set_alloc_error_hook`] and [`take_alloc_error_hook`].
    ///
    /// [`set_alloc_error_hook`]: ../../std/alloc/fn.set_alloc_error_hook.html
    /// [`take_alloc_error_hook`]: ../../std/alloc/fn.take_alloc_error_hook.html
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    #[cfg(not(test))]
    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
    #[cold]
    pub fn handle_alloc_error(layout: Layout) -> ! {
        unsafe {
            __rust_alloc_error_handler(layout.size(), layout.align());
        }
    }

    // For alloc test `std::alloc::handle_alloc_error` can be used directly.
    #[cfg(test)]
    pub use std::alloc::handle_alloc_error;

    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "hermit", test)))]
    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[allow(unused_attributes)]
    #[unstable(feature = "alloc_internals", issue = "none")]
    pub mod __alloc_error_handler {
        use crate::alloc::Layout;

        // called via generated `__rust_alloc_error_handler`

        // if there is no `#[alloc_error_handler]`
        #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
        pub unsafe extern "C" fn __rdl_oom(size: usize, _align: usize) -> ! {
            panic!("memory allocation of {} bytes failed", size)
        }

        // if there is a `#[alloc_error_handler]`
        #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
        pub unsafe extern "C" fn __rg_oom(size: usize, align: usize) -> ! {
            let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
            extern "Rust" {
                #[lang = "oom"]
                fn oom_impl(layout: Layout) -> !;
            }
            unsafe { oom_impl(layout) }
        }
    }

    /// Specialize clones into pre-allocated, uninitialized memory.
    /// Used by `Box::clone` and `Rc`/`Arc::make_mut`.
    pub(crate) trait WriteCloneIntoRaw: Sized {
        unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self);
    }

    impl<T: Clone> WriteCloneIntoRaw for T {
        #[inline]
        default unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self) {
            // Having allocated *first* may allow the optimizer to create
            // the cloned value in-place, skipping the local and move.
            unsafe { target.write(self.clone()) };
        }
    }

    impl<T: Copy> WriteCloneIntoRaw for T {
        #[inline]
        unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self) {
            // We can always copy in-place, without ever involving a local value.
            unsafe { target.copy_from_nonoverlapping(self, 1) };
        }
    }