# 1.0.0[−][src]Module alloc::boxed

A pointer type for heap allocation.

`Box<T>`, casually referred to as a 'box', provides the simplest form of heap allocation in Rust. Boxes provide ownership for this allocation, and drop their contents when they go out of scope.

# Examples

Move a value from the stack to the heap by creating a `Box`:

    let val: u8 = 5;
    let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(val);

Move a value from a `Box` back to the stack by dereferencing:

    let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(5);
    let val: u8 = *boxed;

Creating a recursive data structure:

    #[derive(Debug)]
    enum List<T> {
        Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),
        Nil,
    }

    let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));
    println!("{:?}", list);

This will print `Cons(1, Cons(2, Nil))`.

Recursive structures must be boxed, because if the definition of `Cons` looked like this:

ⓘThis example deliberately fails to compile

    Cons(T, List<T>),

It wouldn't work. This is because the size of a `List` depends on how many elements are in the list, and so we don't know how much memory to allocate for a `Cons`. By introducing a `Box<T>`, which has a defined size, we know how big `Cons` needs to be.

# Memory layout

For non-zero-sized values, a `Box` will use the `Global` allocator for its allocation. It is valid to convert both ways between a `Box` and a raw pointer allocated with the `Global` allocator, given that the `Layout` used with the allocator is correct for the type. More precisely, a `value: *mut T` that has been allocated with the `Global` allocator with `Layout::for_value(&*value)` may be converted into a box using `Box::<T>::from_raw(value)`. Conversely, the memory backing a `value: *mut T` obtained from `Box::<T>::into_raw` may be deallocated using the `Global` allocator with `Layout::for_value(&*value)`.

So long as `T: Sized`, a `Box<T>` is guaranteed to be represented as a single pointer and is also ABI-compatible with C pointers (i.e. the C type `T*`). This means that if you have extern "C" Rust functions that will be called from C, you can define those Rust functions using `Box<T>` types, and use `T*` as corresponding type on the C side. As an example, consider this C header which declares functions that create and destroy some kind of `Foo` value:

    /* C header */

    /* Returns ownership to the caller */
    struct Foo* foo_new(void);

    /* Takes ownership from the caller; no-op when invoked with NULL */
    void foo_delete(struct Foo*);

These two functions might be implemented in Rust as follows. Here, the `struct Foo*` type from C is translated to `Box<Foo>`, which captures the ownership constraints. Note also that the nullable argument to `foo_delete` is represented in Rust as `Option<Box<Foo>>`, since `Box<Foo>` cannot be null.

    #[repr(C)]
    pub struct Foo;

    #[no_mangle]
    pub extern "C" fn foo_new() -> Box<Foo> {
        Box::new(Foo)
    }

    #[no_mangle]
    pub extern "C" fn foo_delete(_: Option<Box<Foo>>) {}

Even though `Box<T>` has the same representation and C ABI as a C pointer, this does not mean that you can convert an arbitrary `T*` into a `Box<T>` and expect things to work. `Box<T>` values will always be fully aligned, non-null pointers. Moreover, the destructor for `Box<T>` will attempt to free the value with the global allocator. In general, the best practice is to only use `Box<T>` for pointers that originated from the global allocator.

Important. At least at present, you should avoid using `Box<T>` types for functions that are defined in C but invoked from Rust. In those cases, you should directly mirror the C types as closely as possible. Using types like `Box<T>` where the C definition is just using `T*` can lead to undefined behavior, as described in rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines#198.

## Structs

Box | A pointer type for heap allocation.