# Path clarity

for "uniform paths"

The module system is often one of the hardest things for people new to Rust. Everyone has their own things that take time to master, of course, but there's a root cause for why it's so confusing to many: while there are simple and consistent rules defining the module system, their consequences can feel inconsistent, counterintuitive and mysterious.

As such, the 2018 edition of Rust introduces a few new module system features, but they end up simplifying the module system, to make it more clear as to what is going on.

Here's a brief summary:

- `extern crate` is no longer needed in 99% of circumstances.
- The `crate` keyword refers to the current crate.
- Absolute paths begin with a crate name, where the keyword `crate` refers to the current crate.
- A `foo.rs` and `foo/` subdirectory may coexist; `mod.rs` is no longer needed when placing submodules in a subdirectory.

These may seem like arbitrary new rules when put this way, but the mental model is now significantly simplified overall. Read on for more details!

> Additionally, in nightly, there's an additional possible tweak to paths called "Uniform paths". This is backwards compatible with the new path changes. Uniform paths have a dedicated section at the end of this guide.

## More details

Let's talk about each new feature in turn.

### No more `extern crate`

This one is quite straightforward: you no longer need to write `extern crate` to import a crate into your project. Before:

    // Rust 2015

    extern crate futures;

    mod submodule {
        use futures::Future;
    }

After:

    // Rust 2018

    mod submodule {
        use futures::Future;
    }

Now, to add a new crate to your project, you can add it to your `Cargo.toml`, and then there is no step two. If you're not using Cargo, you already had to pass `--extern` flags to give `rustc` the location of external crates, so you'd just keep doing what you were doing there as well.

> One small note here: `cargo fix` will not currently automate this change. We may have it do this for you in the future.

#### An exception

There's one exception to this rule, and that's the "sysroot" crates. These are the crates distributed with Rust itself. We'd eventually like to remove the requirement for `extern crate` for them as well, but it hasn't shipped yet.

You'll need to use `extern crate` for:

- `proc_macro`

Additionally, you would need to use it for:

- `core`
- `std`

However, `extern crate std;` is already implicit, and with `#![no_std]`, `extern crate core;` is already implicit. You'll only need these in highly specialized situations.

Finally, on nightly, you'll need it for crates like:

- `alloc`
- `test`

#### Macros

One other use for `extern crate` was to import macros; that's no longer needed. Check the macro section for more.

If you've been using `as` to rename your crate like this:

    extern crate futures as f;

    use f::Future;

then removing the `extern crate` line on its own won't work. You'll need to do this:

    use futures as f;

    use self::f::Future;

This change will need to happen in any module that uses `f`.

### The `crate` keyword refers to the current crate.

In `use` declarations and in other code, you can refer to the root of the current crate with the `crate::` prefix. For instance, `crate::foo::bar` will always refer to the name `bar` inside the module `foo`, from anywhere else in the same crate.

The prefix `::` previously referred to either the crate root or an external crate; it now unambiguously refers to an external crate. For instance, `::foo::bar` always refers to the name `bar` inside the external crate `foo`.

### Changes to paths

In Rust 2018, paths in `use` declarations must begin with a crate name, `crate`, `self`, or `super`.

Code that looked like this:

    // Rust 2015

    extern crate futures;

    use futures::Future;

    mod foo {
        pub struct Bar;
    }

    use foo::Bar;

Now looks like this:

    // Rust 2018

    // 'futures' is the name of a crate
    use futures::Future;

    mod foo {
        pub struct Bar;
    }

    // 'crate' means the current crate
    use crate::foo::Bar;

In addition, all of these path forms are available outside of `use` declarations as well, which eliminates many sources of confusion. Consider this code in Rust 2015:

    // Rust 2015

    extern crate futures;

    mod submodule {
        // this works!
        use futures::Future;

        // so why doesn't this work?
        fn my_poll() -> futures::Poll { ... }
    }

    fn main() {
        // this works
        let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
    }

    mod submodule {
        fn function() {
            // ... so why doesn't this work
            let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
        }
    }

> In real code, you couldn't repeat `mod submodule`, and `function` would be defined in the first `mod` block.

In the `futures` example, the `my_poll` function signature is incorrect, because `submodule` contains no items named `futures`; that is, this path is considered relative. `use futures::` works even though a lone `futures::` doesn't! With `std` it can be even more confusing, as you never wrote the `extern crate std;` line at all. So why does it work in `main` but not in a submodule? Same thing: it's a relative path because it's not in a `use` declaration. `extern crate std;` is inserted at the crate root, so it's fine in `main`, but it doesn't exist in the submodule at all.

Let's look at how this change affects things:

    // Rust 2018

    // no more `extern crate futures;`

    mod submodule {
        // 'futures' is the name of a crate, so this works
        use futures::Future;

        // 'futures' is the name of a crate, so this works
        fn my_poll<T, E>() -> futures::Poll {
            unimplemented!()
        }

        fn function() {
            // 'std' is the name of a crate, so this works
            let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
        }
    }

    fn main() {
        // 'std' is the name of a crate, so this works
        let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
    }

Much more straightforward.

### No more `mod.rs`

In Rust 2015, if you have a submodule:

    ///  foo.rs
    ///  or
    ///  foo/mod.rs

    mod foo;

It can live in `foo.rs` or `foo/mod.rs`. If it has submodules of its own, it must be `foo/mod.rs`. So a `bar` submodule of `foo` would live at `foo/bar.rs`.

In Rust 2018, `mod.rs` is no longer needed.

    ///  foo.rs
    ///  foo/bar.rs

    mod foo;

    /// in foo.rs
    mod bar;

`foo.rs` can just be `foo.rs`, and the submodule is still `foo/bar.rs`. This eliminates the special name, and if you have a bunch of files open in your editor, you can clearly see their names, instead of having a bunch of tabs named `mod.rs`.

# Uniform paths

> Uniform paths are a nightly-only feature.

The uniform paths variant of Rust 2018 simplifies and unifies path handling compared to Rust 2015. In Rust 2015, paths work differently in `use` declarations than they do elsewhere. In particular, paths in `use` declarations would always start from the crate root, while paths in other code implicitly started from the current module. Those differences didn't have any effect in the top-level module, which meant that everything would seem straightforward until working on a project large enough to have submodules.

In the uniform paths variant of Rust 2018, paths in `use` declarations and in other code always work the same way, both in the top-level module and in any submodule. You can always use a relative path from the current module, a path starting from an external crate name, or a path starting with `crate`, `super`, or `self`.

Code that looked like this:

    // Rust 2015

    extern crate futures;

    use futures::Future;

    mod foo {
        pub struct Bar;
    }

    use foo::Bar;

    fn my_poll() -> futures::Poll { ... }

    enum SomeEnum {
        V1(usize),
        V2(String),
    }

    fn func() {
        let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
        use SomeEnum::*;
        match ... {
            V1(i) => { ... }
            V2(s) => { ... }
        }
    }

will look exactly the same in Rust 2018, except that you can delete the `extern crate` line:

    // Rust 2018 (uniform paths variant)

    use futures::Future;

    mod foo {
        pub struct Bar;
    }

    use foo::Bar;

    fn my_poll() -> futures::Poll { ... }

    enum SomeEnum {
        V1(usize),
        V2(String),
    }

    fn func() {
        let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
        use SomeEnum::*;
        match ... {
            V1(i) => { ... }
            V2(s) => { ... }
        }
    }

With Rust 2018, however, the same code will also work completely unmodified in a submodule:

    // Rust 2018 (uniform paths variant)

    mod submodule {
        use futures::Future;

        mod foo {
            pub struct Bar;
        }

        use foo::Bar;

        fn my_poll() -> futures::Poll { ... }

        enum SomeEnum {
            V1(usize),
            V2(String),
        }

        fn func() {
            let five = std::sync::Arc::new(5);
            use SomeEnum::*;
            match ... {
                V1(i) => { ... }
                V2(s) => { ... }
            }
        }
    }

This makes it easy to move code around in a project, and avoids introducing additional complexity to multi-module projects.

If a path is ambiguous, such as if you have an external crate and a local module or item with the same name, you'll get an error, and you'll need to either rename one of the conflicting names or explicitly disambiguate the path. To explicitly disambiguate a path, use `::name` for an external crate name, or `self::name` for a local module or item.