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    // Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
    // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
    // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
    //
    // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
    // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
    // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
    // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
    // except according to those terms.

    //! impl char {}

    use slice;
    use str::from_utf8_unchecked_mut;
    use super::*;
    use unicode::printable::is_printable;
    use unicode::tables::{conversions, derived_property, general_category, property};

    #[lang = "char"]
    impl char {
        /// Checks if a `char` is a digit in the given radix.
        ///
        /// A 'radix' here is sometimes also called a 'base'. A radix of two
        /// indicates a binary number, a radix of ten, decimal, and a radix of
        /// sixteen, hexadecimal, to give some common values. Arbitrary
        /// radices are supported.
        ///
        /// Compared to `is_numeric()`, this function only recognizes the characters
        /// `0-9`, `a-z` and `A-Z`.
        ///
        /// 'Digit' is defined to be only the following characters:
        ///
        /// * `0-9`
        /// * `a-z`
        /// * `A-Z`
        ///
        /// For a more comprehensive understanding of 'digit', see [`is_numeric`][is_numeric].
        ///
        /// [is_numeric]: #method.is_numeric
        ///
        /// # Panics
        ///
        /// Panics if given a radix larger than 36.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!('1'.is_digit(10));
        /// assert!('f'.is_digit(16));
        /// assert!(!'f'.is_digit(10));
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Passing a large radix, causing a panic:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::thread;
        ///
        /// let result = thread::spawn(|| {
        ///     // this panics
        ///     '1'.is_digit(37);
        /// }).join();
        ///
        /// assert!(result.is_err());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_digit(self, radix: u32) -> bool {
            self.to_digit(radix).is_some()
        }

        /// Converts a `char` to a digit in the given radix.
        ///
        /// A 'radix' here is sometimes also called a 'base'. A radix of two
        /// indicates a binary number, a radix of ten, decimal, and a radix of
        /// sixteen, hexadecimal, to give some common values. Arbitrary
        /// radices are supported.
        ///
        /// 'Digit' is defined to be only the following characters:
        ///
        /// * `0-9`
        /// * `a-z`
        /// * `A-Z`
        ///
        /// # Errors
        ///
        /// Returns `None` if the `char` does not refer to a digit in the given radix.
        ///
        /// # Panics
        ///
        /// Panics if given a radix larger than 36.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('1'.to_digit(10), Some(1));
        /// assert_eq!('f'.to_digit(16), Some(15));
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Passing a non-digit results in failure:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('f'.to_digit(10), None);
        /// assert_eq!('z'.to_digit(16), None);
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Passing a large radix, causing a panic:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::thread;
        ///
        /// let result = thread::spawn(|| {
        ///     '1'.to_digit(37);
        /// }).join();
        ///
        /// assert!(result.is_err());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn to_digit(self, radix: u32) -> Option<u32> {
            if radix > 36 {
                panic!("to_digit: radix is too high (maximum 36)");
            }
            let val = match self {
              '0' ..= '9' => self as u32 - '0' as u32,
              'a' ..= 'z' => self as u32 - 'a' as u32 + 10,
              'A' ..= 'Z' => self as u32 - 'A' as u32 + 10,
              _ => return None,
            };
            if val < radix { Some(val) }
            else { None }
        }

        /// Returns an iterator that yields the hexadecimal Unicode escape of a
        /// character as `char`s.
        ///
        /// This will escape characters with the Rust syntax of the form
        /// `\u{NNNNNN}` where `NNNNNN` is a hexadecimal representation.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// As an iterator:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// for c in '❤'.escape_unicode() {
        ///     print!("{}", c);
        /// }
        /// println!();
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `println!` directly:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("{}", '❤'.escape_unicode());
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Both are equivalent to:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("\\u{{2764}}");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `to_string`:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('❤'.escape_unicode().to_string(), "\\u{2764}");
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn escape_unicode(self) -> EscapeUnicode {
            let c = self as u32;

            // or-ing 1 ensures that for c==0 the code computes that one
            // digit should be printed and (which is the same) avoids the
            // (31 - 32) underflow
            let msb = 31 - (c | 1).leading_zeros();

            // the index of the most significant hex digit
            let ms_hex_digit = msb / 4;
            EscapeUnicode {
                c: self,
                state: EscapeUnicodeState::Backslash,
                hex_digit_idx: ms_hex_digit as usize,
            }
        }

        /// An extended version of `escape_debug` that optionally permits escaping
        /// Extended Grapheme codepoints. This allows us to format characters like
        /// nonspacing marks better when they're at the start of a string.
        #[doc(hidden)]
        #[unstable(feature = "str_internals", issue = "0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn escape_debug_ext(self, escape_grapheme_extended: bool) -> EscapeDebug {
            let init_state = match self {
                '\t' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash('t'),
                '\r' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash('r'),
                '\n' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash('n'),
                '\\' | '\'' | '"' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash(self),
                _ if escape_grapheme_extended && self.is_grapheme_extended() => {
                    EscapeDefaultState::Unicode(self.escape_unicode())
                }
                _ if is_printable(self) => EscapeDefaultState::Char(self),
                _ => EscapeDefaultState::Unicode(self.escape_unicode()),
            };
            EscapeDebug(EscapeDefault { state: init_state })
        }

        /// Returns an iterator that yields the literal escape code of a character
        /// as `char`s.
        ///
        /// This will escape the characters similar to the `Debug` implementations
        /// of `str` or `char`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// As an iterator:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// for c in '\n'.escape_debug() {
        ///     print!("{}", c);
        /// }
        /// println!();
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `println!` directly:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("{}", '\n'.escape_debug());
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Both are equivalent to:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("\\n");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `to_string`:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('\n'.escape_debug().to_string(), "\\n");
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "char_escape_debug", since = "1.20.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn escape_debug(self) -> EscapeDebug {
            self.escape_debug_ext(true)
        }

        /// Returns an iterator that yields the literal escape code of a character
        /// as `char`s.
        ///
        /// The default is chosen with a bias toward producing literals that are
        /// legal in a variety of languages, including C++11 and similar C-family
        /// languages. The exact rules are:
        ///
        /// * Tab is escaped as `\t`.
        /// * Carriage return is escaped as `\r`.
        /// * Line feed is escaped as `\n`.
        /// * Single quote is escaped as `\'`.
        /// * Double quote is escaped as `\"`.
        /// * Backslash is escaped as `\\`.
        /// * Any character in the 'printable ASCII' range `0x20` .. `0x7e`
        ///   inclusive is not escaped.
        /// * All other characters are given hexadecimal Unicode escapes; see
        ///   [`escape_unicode`][escape_unicode].
        ///
        /// [escape_unicode]: #method.escape_unicode
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// As an iterator:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// for c in '"'.escape_default() {
        ///     print!("{}", c);
        /// }
        /// println!();
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `println!` directly:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("{}", '"'.escape_default());
        /// ```
        ///
        ///
        /// Both are equivalent to:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("\\\"");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `to_string`:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('"'.escape_default().to_string(), "\\\"");
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn escape_default(self) -> EscapeDefault {
            let init_state = match self {
                '\t' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash('t'),
                '\r' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash('r'),
                '\n' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash('n'),
                '\\' | '\'' | '"' => EscapeDefaultState::Backslash(self),
                '\x20' ..= '\x7e' => EscapeDefaultState::Char(self),
                _ => EscapeDefaultState::Unicode(self.escape_unicode())
            };
            EscapeDefault { state: init_state }
        }

        /// Returns the number of bytes this `char` would need if encoded in UTF-8.
        ///
        /// That number of bytes is always between 1 and 4, inclusive.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let len = 'A'.len_utf8();
        /// assert_eq!(len, 1);
        ///
        /// let len = 'ß'.len_utf8();
        /// assert_eq!(len, 2);
        ///
        /// let len = 'ℝ'.len_utf8();
        /// assert_eq!(len, 3);
        ///
        /// let len = '💣'.len_utf8();
        /// assert_eq!(len, 4);
        /// ```
        ///
        /// The `&str` type guarantees that its contents are UTF-8, and so we can compare the length it
        /// would take if each code point was represented as a `char` vs in the `&str` itself:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// // as chars
        /// let eastern = '東';
        /// let capitol = '京';
        ///
        /// // both can be represented as three bytes
        /// assert_eq!(3, eastern.len_utf8());
        /// assert_eq!(3, capitol.len_utf8());
        ///
        /// // as a &str, these two are encoded in UTF-8
        /// let tokyo = "東京";
        ///
        /// let len = eastern.len_utf8() + capitol.len_utf8();
        ///
        /// // we can see that they take six bytes total...
        /// assert_eq!(6, tokyo.len());
        ///
        /// // ... just like the &str
        /// assert_eq!(len, tokyo.len());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn len_utf8(self) -> usize {
            let code = self as u32;
            if code < MAX_ONE_B {
                1
            } else if code < MAX_TWO_B {
                2
            } else if code < MAX_THREE_B {
                3
            } else {
                4
            }
        }

        /// Returns the number of 16-bit code units this `char` would need if
        /// encoded in UTF-16.
        ///
        /// See the documentation for [`len_utf8`] for more explanation of this
        /// concept. This function is a mirror, but for UTF-16 instead of UTF-8.
        ///
        /// [`len_utf8`]: #method.len_utf8
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let n = 'ß'.len_utf16();
        /// assert_eq!(n, 1);
        ///
        /// let len = '💣'.len_utf16();
        /// assert_eq!(len, 2);
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn len_utf16(self) -> usize {
            let ch = self as u32;
            if (ch & 0xFFFF) == ch { 1 } else { 2 }
        }

        /// Encodes this character as UTF-8 into the provided byte buffer,
        /// and then returns the subslice of the buffer that contains the encoded character.
        ///
        /// # Panics
        ///
        /// Panics if the buffer is not large enough.
        /// A buffer of length four is large enough to encode any `char`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// In both of these examples, 'ß' takes two bytes to encode.
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let mut b = [0; 2];
        ///
        /// let result = 'ß'.encode_utf8(&mut b);
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(result, "ß");
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
        /// ```
        ///
        /// A buffer that's too small:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::thread;
        ///
        /// let result = thread::spawn(|| {
        ///     let mut b = [0; 1];
        ///
        ///     // this panics
        ///    'ß'.encode_utf8(&mut b);
        /// }).join();
        ///
        /// assert!(result.is_err());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "unicode_encode_char", since = "1.15.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn encode_utf8(self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> &mut str {
            let code = self as u32;
            unsafe {
                let len =
                if code < MAX_ONE_B && !dst.is_empty() {
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(0) = code as u8;
                    1
                } else if code < MAX_TWO_B && dst.len() >= 2 {
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(0) = (code >> 6 & 0x1F) as u8 | TAG_TWO_B;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(1) = (code & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
                    2
                } else if code < MAX_THREE_B && dst.len() >= 3  {
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(0) = (code >> 12 & 0x0F) as u8 | TAG_THREE_B;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(1) = (code >>  6 & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(2) = (code & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
                    3
                } else if dst.len() >= 4 {
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(0) = (code >> 18 & 0x07) as u8 | TAG_FOUR_B;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(1) = (code >> 12 & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(2) = (code >>  6 & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(3) = (code & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
                    4
                } else {
                    panic!("encode_utf8: need {} bytes to encode U+{:X}, but the buffer has {}",
                        from_u32_unchecked(code).len_utf8(),
                        code,
                        dst.len())
                };
                from_utf8_unchecked_mut(dst.get_unchecked_mut(..len))
            }
        }

        /// Encodes this character as UTF-16 into the provided `u16` buffer,
        /// and then returns the subslice of the buffer that contains the encoded character.
        ///
        /// # Panics
        ///
        /// Panics if the buffer is not large enough.
        /// A buffer of length 2 is large enough to encode any `char`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// In both of these examples, '𝕊' takes two `u16`s to encode.
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let mut b = [0; 2];
        ///
        /// let result = '𝕊'.encode_utf16(&mut b);
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
        /// ```
        ///
        /// A buffer that's too small:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::thread;
        ///
        /// let result = thread::spawn(|| {
        ///     let mut b = [0; 1];
        ///
        ///     // this panics
        ///     '𝕊'.encode_utf16(&mut b);
        /// }).join();
        ///
        /// assert!(result.is_err());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "unicode_encode_char", since = "1.15.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn encode_utf16(self, dst: &mut [u16]) -> &mut [u16] {
            let mut code = self as u32;
            unsafe {
                if (code & 0xFFFF) == code && !dst.is_empty() {
                    // The BMP falls through (assuming non-surrogate, as it should)
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(0) = code as u16;
                    slice::from_raw_parts_mut(dst.as_mut_ptr(), 1)
                } else if dst.len() >= 2 {
                    // Supplementary planes break into surrogates.
                    code -= 0x1_0000;
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(0) = 0xD800 | ((code >> 10) as u16);
                    *dst.get_unchecked_mut(1) = 0xDC00 | ((code as u16) & 0x3FF);
                    slice::from_raw_parts_mut(dst.as_mut_ptr(), 2)
                } else {
                    panic!("encode_utf16: need {} units to encode U+{:X}, but the buffer has {}",
                        from_u32_unchecked(code).len_utf16(),
                        code,
                        dst.len())
                }
            }
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is an alphabetic code point, and false if not.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!('a'.is_alphabetic());
        /// assert!('京'.is_alphabetic());
        ///
        /// let c = '💝';
        /// // love is many things, but it is not alphabetic
        /// assert!(!c.is_alphabetic());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_alphabetic(self) -> bool {
            match self {
                'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' => true,
                c if c > '\x7f' => derived_property::Alphabetic(c),
                _ => false,
            }
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` satisfies the 'XID_Start' Unicode property, and false
        /// otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'XID_Start' is a Unicode Derived Property specified in
        /// [UAX #31](http://unicode.org/reports/tr31/#NFKC_Modifications),
        /// mostly similar to `ID_Start` but modified for closure under `NFKx`.
        #[unstable(feature = "rustc_private",
                   reason = "mainly needed for compiler internals",
                   issue = "27812")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_xid_start(self) -> bool {
            derived_property::XID_Start(self)
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` satisfies the 'XID_Continue' Unicode property, and false
        /// otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'XID_Continue' is a Unicode Derived Property specified in
        /// [UAX #31](http://unicode.org/reports/tr31/#NFKC_Modifications),
        /// mostly similar to 'ID_Continue' but modified for closure under NFKx.
        #[unstable(feature = "rustc_private",
                   reason = "mainly needed for compiler internals",
                   issue = "27812")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_xid_continue(self) -> bool {
            derived_property::XID_Continue(self)
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is lowercase, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Lowercase' is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core
        /// Property `Lowercase`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!('a'.is_lowercase());
        /// assert!('δ'.is_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!'A'.is_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!'Δ'.is_lowercase());
        ///
        /// // The various Chinese scripts do not have case, and so:
        /// assert!(!'中'.is_lowercase());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool {
            match self {
                'a'..='z' => true,
                c if c > '\x7f' => derived_property::Lowercase(c),
                _ => false,
            }
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is uppercase, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Uppercase' is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core
        /// Property `Uppercase`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!(!'a'.is_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!'δ'.is_uppercase());
        /// assert!('A'.is_uppercase());
        /// assert!('Δ'.is_uppercase());
        ///
        /// // The various Chinese scripts do not have case, and so:
        /// assert!(!'中'.is_uppercase());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool {
            match self {
                'A'..='Z' => true,
                c if c > '\x7f' => derived_property::Uppercase(c),
                _ => false,
            }
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is whitespace, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Whitespace' is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core
        /// Property `White_Space`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!(' '.is_whitespace());
        ///
        /// // a non-breaking space
        /// assert!('\u{A0}'.is_whitespace());
        ///
        /// assert!(!'越'.is_whitespace());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_whitespace(self) -> bool {
            match self {
                ' ' | '\x09'..='\x0d' => true,
                c if c > '\x7f' => property::White_Space(c),
                _ => false,
            }
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is alphanumeric, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Alphanumeric'-ness is defined in terms of the Unicode General Categories
        /// 'Nd', 'Nl', 'No' and the Derived Core Property 'Alphabetic'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!('٣'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('7'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('৬'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('¾'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('①'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('K'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('و'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!('藏'.is_alphanumeric());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_alphanumeric(self) -> bool {
            self.is_alphabetic() || self.is_numeric()
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is a control code point, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Control code point' is defined in terms of the Unicode General
        /// Category `Cc`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// // U+009C, STRING TERMINATOR
        /// assert!(''.is_control());
        /// assert!(!'q'.is_control());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_control(self) -> bool {
            general_category::Cc(self)
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is an extended grapheme character, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Extended grapheme character' is defined in terms of the Unicode Shaping and Rendering
        /// Category `Grapheme_Extend`.
        #[inline]
        pub(crate) fn is_grapheme_extended(self) -> bool {
            derived_property::Grapheme_Extend(self)
        }

        /// Returns true if this `char` is numeric, and false otherwise.
        ///
        /// 'Numeric'-ness is defined in terms of the Unicode General Categories
        /// 'Nd', 'Nl', 'No'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert!('٣'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!('7'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!('৬'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!('¾'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!('①'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!(!'K'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!(!'و'.is_numeric());
        /// assert!(!'藏'.is_numeric());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_numeric(self) -> bool {
            match self {
                '0'..='9' => true,
                c if c > '\x7f' => general_category::N(c),
                _ => false,
            }
        }

        /// Returns an iterator that yields the lowercase equivalent of a `char`
        /// as one or more `char`s.
        ///
        /// If a character does not have a lowercase equivalent, the same character
        /// will be returned back by the iterator.
        ///
        /// This performs complex unconditional mappings with no tailoring: it maps
        /// one Unicode character to its lowercase equivalent according to the
        /// [Unicode database] and the additional complex mappings
        /// [`SpecialCasing.txt`]. Conditional mappings (based on context or
        /// language) are not considered here.
        ///
        /// For a full reference, see [here][reference].
        ///
        /// [Unicode database]: ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt
        ///
        /// [`SpecialCasing.txt`]: ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/SpecialCasing.txt
        ///
        /// [reference]: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode7.0.0/ch03.pdf#G33992
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// As an iterator:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// for c in 'İ'.to_lowercase() {
        ///     print!("{}", c);
        /// }
        /// println!();
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `println!` directly:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("{}", 'İ'.to_lowercase());
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Both are equivalent to:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("i\u{307}");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `to_string`:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('C'.to_lowercase().to_string(), "c");
        ///
        /// // Sometimes the result is more than one character:
        /// assert_eq!('İ'.to_lowercase().to_string(), "i\u{307}");
        ///
        /// // Characters that do not have both uppercase and lowercase
        /// // convert into themselves.
        /// assert_eq!('山'.to_lowercase().to_string(), "山");
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn to_lowercase(self) -> ToLowercase {
            ToLowercase(CaseMappingIter::new(conversions::to_lower(self)))
        }

        /// Returns an iterator that yields the uppercase equivalent of a `char`
        /// as one or more `char`s.
        ///
        /// If a character does not have an uppercase equivalent, the same character
        /// will be returned back by the iterator.
        ///
        /// This performs complex unconditional mappings with no tailoring: it maps
        /// one Unicode character to its uppercase equivalent according to the
        /// [Unicode database] and the additional complex mappings
        /// [`SpecialCasing.txt`]. Conditional mappings (based on context or
        /// language) are not considered here.
        ///
        /// For a full reference, see [here][reference].
        ///
        /// [Unicode database]: ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt
        ///
        /// [`SpecialCasing.txt`]: ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/SpecialCasing.txt
        ///
        /// [reference]: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode7.0.0/ch03.pdf#G33992
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// As an iterator:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// for c in 'ß'.to_uppercase() {
        ///     print!("{}", c);
        /// }
        /// println!();
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `println!` directly:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("{}", 'ß'.to_uppercase());
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Both are equivalent to:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// println!("SS");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// Using `to_string`:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// assert_eq!('c'.to_uppercase().to_string(), "C");
        ///
        /// // Sometimes the result is more than one character:
        /// assert_eq!('ß'.to_uppercase().to_string(), "SS");
        ///
        /// // Characters that do not have both uppercase and lowercase
        /// // convert into themselves.
        /// assert_eq!('山'.to_uppercase().to_string(), "山");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// # Note on locale
        ///
        /// In Turkish, the equivalent of 'i' in Latin has five forms instead of two:
        ///
        /// * 'Dotless': I / ı, sometimes written ï
        /// * 'Dotted': İ / i
        ///
        /// Note that the lowercase dotted 'i' is the same as the Latin. Therefore:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let upper_i = 'i'.to_uppercase().to_string();
        /// ```
        ///
        /// The value of `upper_i` here relies on the language of the text: if we're
        /// in `en-US`, it should be `"I"`, but if we're in `tr_TR`, it should
        /// be `"İ"`. `to_uppercase()` does not take this into account, and so:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let upper_i = 'i'.to_uppercase().to_string();
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(upper_i, "I");
        /// ```
        ///
        /// holds across languages.
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn to_uppercase(self) -> ToUppercase {
            ToUppercase(CaseMappingIter::new(conversions::to_upper(self)))
        }

        /// Checks if the value is within the ASCII range.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let ascii = 'a';
        /// let non_ascii = '❤';
        ///
        /// assert!(ascii.is_ascii());
        /// assert!(!non_ascii.is_ascii());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
            *self as u32 <= 0x7F
        }

        /// Makes a copy of the value in its ASCII upper case equivalent.
        ///
        /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
        /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
        ///
        /// To uppercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_uppercase`].
        ///
        /// To uppercase ASCII characters in addition to non-ASCII characters, use
        /// [`to_uppercase`].
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let ascii = 'a';
        /// let non_ascii = '❤';
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('A', ascii.to_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert_eq!('❤', non_ascii.to_ascii_uppercase());
        /// ```
        ///
        /// [`make_ascii_uppercase`]: #method.make_ascii_uppercase
        /// [`to_uppercase`]: #method.to_uppercase
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> char {
            if self.is_ascii() {
                (*self as u8).to_ascii_uppercase() as char
            } else {
                *self
            }
        }

        /// Makes a copy of the value in its ASCII lower case equivalent.
        ///
        /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
        /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
        ///
        /// To lowercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_lowercase`].
        ///
        /// To lowercase ASCII characters in addition to non-ASCII characters, use
        /// [`to_lowercase`].
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let ascii = 'A';
        /// let non_ascii = '❤';
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('a', ascii.to_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert_eq!('❤', non_ascii.to_ascii_lowercase());
        /// ```
        ///
        /// [`make_ascii_lowercase`]: #method.make_ascii_lowercase
        /// [`to_lowercase`]: #method.to_lowercase
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> char {
            if self.is_ascii() {
                (*self as u8).to_ascii_lowercase() as char
            } else {
                *self
            }
        }

        /// Checks that two values are an ASCII case-insensitive match.
        ///
        /// Equivalent to `to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b)`.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let upper_a = 'A';
        /// let lower_a = 'a';
        /// let lower_z = 'z';
        ///
        /// assert!(upper_a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&lower_a));
        /// assert!(upper_a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&upper_a));
        /// assert!(!upper_a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&lower_z));
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &char) -> bool {
            self.to_ascii_lowercase() == other.to_ascii_lowercase()
        }

        /// Converts this type to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.
        ///
        /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
        /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
        ///
        /// To return a new uppercased value without modifying the existing one, use
        /// [`to_ascii_uppercase`].
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let mut ascii = 'a';
        ///
        /// ascii.make_ascii_uppercase();
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('A', ascii);
        /// ```
        ///
        /// [`to_ascii_uppercase`]: #method.to_ascii_uppercase
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) {
            *self = self.to_ascii_uppercase();
        }

        /// Converts this type to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.
        ///
        /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
        /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
        ///
        /// To return a new lowercased value without modifying the existing one, use
        /// [`to_ascii_lowercase`].
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let mut ascii = 'A';
        ///
        /// ascii.make_ascii_lowercase();
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('a', ascii);
        /// ```
        ///
        /// [`to_ascii_lowercase`]: #method.to_ascii_lowercase
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) {
            *self = self.to_ascii_lowercase();
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII alphabetic character:
        ///
        /// - U+0041 'A' ... U+005A 'Z', or
        /// - U+0061 'a' ... U+007A 'z'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(a.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(g.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(!zero.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_alphabetic(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_alphabetic()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII uppercase character:
        /// U+0041 'A' ... U+005A 'Z'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!a.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!g.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!zero.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_uppercase());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_uppercase()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII lowercase character:
        /// U+0061 'a' ... U+007A 'z'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(a.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(g.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!zero.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_lowercase());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_lowercase()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII alphanumeric character:
        ///
        /// - U+0041 'A' ... U+005A 'Z', or
        /// - U+0061 'a' ... U+007A 'z', or
        /// - U+0030 '0' ... U+0039 '9'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(a.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(g.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(zero.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_alphanumeric(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_alphanumeric()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII decimal digit:
        /// U+0030 '0' ... U+0039 '9'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!a.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!g.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(zero.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_digit());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_digit());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_digit(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_digit()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII hexadecimal digit:
        ///
        /// - U+0030 '0' ... U+0039 '9', or
        /// - U+0041 'A' ... U+0046 'F', or
        /// - U+0061 'a' ... U+0066 'f'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(a.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(!g.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(zero.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_hexdigit());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_hexdigit(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_hexdigit()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII punctuation character:
        ///
        /// - U+0021 ... U+002F `! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /`, or
        /// - U+003A ... U+0040 `: ; < = > ? @`, or
        /// - U+005B ... U+0060 ``[ \ ] ^ _ ` ``, or
        /// - U+007B ... U+007E `{ | } ~`
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!a.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!g.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!zero.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(percent.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_punctuation());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_punctuation(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_punctuation()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII graphic character:
        /// U+0021 '!' ... U+007E '~'.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(uppercase_a.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(uppercase_g.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(a.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(g.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(zero.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(percent.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(!lf.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_graphic());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_graphic(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_graphic()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII whitespace character:
        /// U+0020 SPACE, U+0009 HORIZONTAL TAB, U+000A LINE FEED,
        /// U+000C FORM FEED, or U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN.
        ///
        /// Rust uses the WhatWG Infra Standard's [definition of ASCII
        /// whitespace][infra-aw]. There are several other definitions in
        /// wide use. For instance, [the POSIX locale][pct] includes
        /// U+000B VERTICAL TAB as well as all the above characters,
        /// but—from the very same specification—[the default rule for
        /// "field splitting" in the Bourne shell][bfs] considers *only*
        /// SPACE, HORIZONTAL TAB, and LINE FEED as whitespace.
        ///
        /// If you are writing a program that will process an existing
        /// file format, check what that format's definition of whitespace is
        /// before using this function.
        ///
        /// [infra-aw]: https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#ascii-whitespace
        /// [pct]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap07.html#tag_07_03_01
        /// [bfs]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_06_05
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(!a.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(!g.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(!zero.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(space.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(lf.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// assert!(!esc.is_ascii_whitespace());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_whitespace(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_whitespace()
        }

        /// Checks if the value is an ASCII control character:
        /// U+0000 NUL ... U+001F UNIT SEPARATOR, or U+007F DELETE.
        /// Note that most ASCII whitespace characters are control
        /// characters, but SPACE is not.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// let uppercase_a = 'A';
        /// let uppercase_g = 'G';
        /// let a = 'a';
        /// let g = 'g';
        /// let zero = '0';
        /// let percent = '%';
        /// let space = ' ';
        /// let lf = '\n';
        /// let esc: char = 0x1b_u8.into();
        ///
        /// assert!(!uppercase_a.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(!uppercase_g.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(!a.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(!g.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(!zero.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(!percent.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(!space.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(lf.is_ascii_control());
        /// assert!(esc.is_ascii_control());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii_ctype_on_intrinsics", since = "1.24.0")]
        #[inline]
        pub fn is_ascii_control(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ascii() && (*self as u8).is_ascii_control()
        }
    }

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