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# File System#

    Stability: 2 - Stable

File I/O is provided by simple wrappers around standard POSIX functions. To use this module do `require('fs')`. All the methods have asynchronous and synchronous forms.

The asynchronous form always takes a completion callback as its last argument. The arguments passed to the completion callback depend on the method, but the first argument is always reserved for an exception. If the operation was completed successfully, then the first argument will be `null` or `undefined`.

When using the synchronous form any exceptions are immediately thrown. You can use try/catch to handle exceptions or allow them to bubble up.

Here is an example of the asynchronous version:

    const fs = require('fs');

    fs.unlink('/tmp/hello', (err) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('successfully deleted /tmp/hello');
    });

Here is the synchronous version:

    const fs = require('fs');

    fs.unlinkSync('/tmp/hello');
    console.log('successfully deleted /tmp/hello');

With the asynchronous methods there is no guaranteed ordering. So the following is prone to error:

    fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', (err) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('renamed complete');
    });
    fs.stat('/tmp/world', (err, stats) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(`stats: ${JSON.stringify(stats)}`);
    });

It could be that `fs.stat` is executed before `fs.rename`. The correct way to do this is to chain the callbacks.

    fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', (err) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      fs.stat('/tmp/world', (err, stats) => {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(`stats: ${JSON.stringify(stats)}`);
      });
    });

In busy processes, the programmer is strongly encouraged to use the asynchronous versions of these calls. The synchronous versions will block the entire process until they complete--halting all connections.

The relative path to a filename can be used. Remember, however, that this path will be relative to `process.cwd()`.

Most fs functions let you omit the callback argument. If you do, a default callback is used that rethrows errors. To get a trace to the original call site, set the `NODE_DEBUG` environment variable:

    $ cat script.js
    function bad() {
      require('fs').readFile('/');
    }
    bad();

    $ env NODE_DEBUG=fs node script.js
    fs.js:88
            throw backtrace;
            ^
    Error: EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, read
        <stack trace.>

## Buffer API#

Added in: v6.0.0

`fs` functions support passing and receiving paths as both strings and Buffers. The latter is intended to make it possible to work with filesystems that allow for non-UTF-8 filenames. For most typical uses, working with paths as Buffers will be unnecessary, as the string API converts to and from UTF-8 automatically.

Note that on certain file systems (such as NTFS and HFS+) filenames will always be encoded as UTF-8. On such file systems, passing non-UTF-8 encoded Buffers to `fs` functions will not work as expected.

## Class: fs.FSWatcher#

Added in: v0.5.8

Objects returned from `fs.watch()` are of this type.

The `listener` callback provided to `fs.watch()` receives the returned FSWatcher's `change` events.

The object itself emits these events:

### Event: 'change'#

Added in: v0.5.8

- `eventType` <String> The type of fs change
- `filename` <String> | <Buffer> The filename that changed (if relevant/available)

Emitted when something changes in a watched directory or file. See more details in `fs.watch()`.

The `filename` argument may not be provided depending on operating system support. If `filename` is provided, it will be provided as a `Buffer` if `fs.watch()` is called with its `encoding` option set to `'buffer'`, otherwise `filename` will be a string.

    // Example when handled through fs.watch listener
    fs.watch('./tmp', {encoding: 'buffer'}, (eventType, filename) => {
      if (filename)
        console.log(filename);
        // Prints: <Buffer ...>
    });

### Event: 'error'#

Added in: v0.5.8

- `error` <Error>

Emitted when an error occurs.

### watcher.close()#

Added in: v0.5.8

Stop watching for changes on the given `fs.FSWatcher`.

## Class: fs.ReadStream#

Added in: v0.1.93

`ReadStream` is a Readable Stream.

### Event: 'open'#

Added in: v0.1.93

- `fd` <Integer> Integer file descriptor used by the ReadStream.

Emitted when the ReadStream's file is opened.

### Event: 'close'#

Added in: v0.1.93

Emitted when the `ReadStream`'s underlying file descriptor has been closed using the `fs.close()` method.

### readStream.bytesRead#

Added in: 6.4.0

The number of bytes read so far.

### readStream.path#

Added in: v0.1.93

The path to the file the stream is reading from as specified in the first argument to `fs.createReadStream()`. If `path` is passed as a string, then `readStream.path` will be a string. If `path` is passed as a `Buffer`, then `readStream.path` will be a `Buffer`.

## Class: fs.Stats#

Added in: v0.1.21

Objects returned from `fs.stat()`, `fs.lstat()` and `fs.fstat()` and their synchronous counterparts are of this type.

- `stats.isFile()`
- `stats.isDirectory()`
- `stats.isBlockDevice()`
- `stats.isCharacterDevice()`
- `stats.isSymbolicLink()` (only valid with `fs.lstat()`)
- `stats.isFIFO()`
- `stats.isSocket()`

For a regular file `util.inspect(stats)` would return a string very similar to this:

    {
      dev: 2114,
      ino: 48064969,
      mode: 33188,
      nlink: 1,
      uid: 85,
      gid: 100,
      rdev: 0,
      size: 527,
      blksize: 4096,
      blocks: 8,
      atime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
      mtime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
      ctime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT,
      birthtime: Mon, 10 Oct 2011 23:24:11 GMT
    }

Please note that `atime`, `mtime`, `birthtime`, and `ctime` are instances of `Date` object and to compare the values of these objects you should use appropriate methods. For most general uses `getTime()` will return the number of milliseconds elapsed since 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC and this integer should be sufficient for any comparison, however there are additional methods which can be used for displaying fuzzy information. More details can be found in the MDN JavaScript Reference page.

### Stat Time Values#

The times in the stat object have the following semantics:

- `atime` "Access Time" - Time when file data last accessed. Changed by the `mknod(2)`, `utimes(2)`, and `read(2)` system calls.
- `mtime` "Modified Time" - Time when file data last modified. Changed by the `mknod(2)`, `utimes(2)`, and `write(2)` system calls.
- `ctime` "Change Time" - Time when file status was last changed (inode data modification). Changed by the `chmod(2)`, `chown(2)`, `link(2)`, `mknod(2)`, `rename(2)`, `unlink(2)`, `utimes(2)`, `read(2)`, and `write(2)` system calls.
- `birthtime` "Birth Time" - Time of file creation. Set once when the file is created. On filesystems where birthtime is not available, this field may instead hold either the `ctime` or `1970-01-01T00:00Z` (ie, unix epoch timestamp `0`). Note that this value may be greater than `atime` or `mtime` in this case. On Darwin and other FreeBSD variants, also set if the `atime` is explicitly set to an earlier value than the current `birthtime` using the `utimes(2)` system call.

Prior to Node v0.12, the `ctime` held the `birthtime` on Windows systems. Note that as of v0.12, `ctime` is not "creation time", and on Unix systems, it never was.

## Class: fs.WriteStream#

Added in: v0.1.93

`WriteStream` is a Writable Stream.

### Event: 'open'#

Added in: v0.1.93

- `fd` <Integer> Integer file descriptor used by the WriteStream.

Emitted when the WriteStream's file is opened.

### Event: 'close'#

Added in: v0.1.93

Emitted when the `WriteStream`'s underlying file descriptor has been closed using the `fs.close()` method.

### writeStream.bytesWritten#

Added in: v0.4.7

The number of bytes written so far. Does not include data that is still queued for writing.

### writeStream.path#

Added in: v0.1.93

The path to the file the stream is writing to as specified in the first argument to `fs.createWriteStream()`. If `path` is passed as a string, then `writeStream.path` will be a string. If `path` is passed as a `Buffer`, then `writeStream.path` will be a `Buffer`.

## fs.access(path[, mode], callback)#

Added in: v0.11.15

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Tests a user's permissions for the file or directory specified by `path`. The `mode` argument is an optional integer that specifies the accessibility checks to be performed. The following constants define the possible values of `mode`. It is possible to create a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of two or more values.

- `fs.constants.F_OK` - `path` is visible to the calling process. This is useful for determining if a file exists, but says nothing about `rwx` permissions. Default if no `mode` is specified.
- `fs.constants.R_OK` - `path` can be read by the calling process.
- `fs.constants.W_OK` - `path` can be written by the calling process.
- `fs.constants.X_OK` - `path` can be executed by the calling process. This has no effect on Windows (will behave like `fs.constants.F_OK`).

The final argument, `callback`, is a callback function that is invoked with a possible error argument. If any of the accessibility checks fail, the error argument will be populated. The following example checks if the file `/etc/passwd` can be read and written by the current process.

    fs.access('/etc/passwd', fs.constants.R_OK | fs.constants.W_OK, (err) => {
      console.log(err ? 'no access!' : 'can read/write');
    });

Using `fs.access()` to check for the accessibility of a file before calling `fs.open()`, `fs.readFile()` or `fs.writeFile()` is not recommended. Doing so introduces a race condition, since other processes may change the file's state between the two calls. Instead, user code should open/read/write the file directly and handle the error raised if the file is not accessible.

For example:

write (NOT RECOMMENDED)

    fs.access('myfile', (err) => {
      if (!err) {
        console.error('myfile already exists');
        return;
      }

      fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
        if (err) throw err;
        writeMyData(fd);
      });
    });

write (RECOMMENDED)

    fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
      if (err) {
        if (err.code === "EEXIST") {
          console.error('myfile already exists');
          return;
        } else {
          throw err;
        }
      }

      writeMyData(fd);
    });

read (NOT RECOMMENDED)

    fs.access('myfile', (err) => {
      if (err) {
        if (err.code === "ENOENT") {
          console.error('myfile does not exist');
          return;
        } else {
          throw err;
        }
      }

      fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
        if (err) throw err;
        readMyData(fd);
      });
    });

read (RECOMMENDED)

    fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
      if (err) {
        if (err.code === "ENOENT") {
          console.error('myfile does not exist');
          return;
        } else {
          throw err;
        }
      }

      readMyData(fd);
    });

The "not recommended" examples above check for accessibility and then use the file; the "recommended" examples are better because they use the file directly and handle the error, if any.

In general, check for the accessibility of a file only if the file won’t be used directly, for example when its accessibility is a signal from another process.

## fs.accessSync(path[, mode])#

Added in: v0.11.15

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>

Synchronous version of `fs.access()`. This throws if any accessibility checks fail, and does nothing otherwise.

## fs.appendFile(file, data[, options], callback)#

Added in: v0.6.7

- `file` <String> | <Buffer> | <Number> filename or file descriptor
- `data` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <Object> | <String>
  - `encoding` <String> | <Null> default = `'utf8'`
  - `mode` <Integer> default = `0o666`
  - `flag` <String> default = `'a'`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronously append data to a file, creating the file if it does not yet exist. `data` can be a string or a buffer.

Example:

    fs.appendFile('message.txt', 'data to append', (err) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('The "data to append" was appended to file!');
    });

If `options` is a string, then it specifies the encoding. Example:

    fs.appendFile('message.txt', 'data to append', 'utf8', callback);

Any specified file descriptor has to have been opened for appending.

Note: If a file descriptor is specified as the `file`, it will not be closed automatically.

## fs.appendFileSync(file, data[, options])#

Added in: v0.6.7

- `file` <String> | <Buffer> | <Number> filename or file descriptor
- `data` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <Object> | <String>
  - `encoding` <String> | <Null> default = `'utf8'`
  - `mode` <Integer> default = `0o666`
  - `flag` <String> default = `'a'`

The synchronous version of `fs.appendFile()`. Returns `undefined`.

## fs.chmod(path, mode, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.30

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous chmod(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.chmodSync(path, mode)#

Added in: v0.6.7

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>

Synchronous chmod(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.chown(path, uid, gid, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.97

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `uid` <Integer>
- `gid` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous chown(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.chownSync(path, uid, gid)#

Added in: v0.1.97

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `uid` <Integer>
- `gid` <Integer>

Synchronous chown(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.close(fd, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `fd` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous close(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.closeSync(fd)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `fd` <Integer>

Synchronous close(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.constants#

Returns an object containing commonly used constants for file system operations. The specific constants currently defined are described in FS Constants.

## fs.createReadStream(path[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `flags` <String>
  - `encoding` <String>
  - `fd` <Integer>
  - `mode` <Integer>
  - `autoClose` <Boolean>
  - `start` <Integer>
  - `end` <Integer>

Returns a new `ReadStream` object. (See Readable Stream).

Be aware that, unlike the default value set for `highWaterMark` on a readable stream (16 kb), the stream returned by this method has a default value of 64 kb for the same parameter.

`options` is an object or string with the following defaults:

    {
      flags: 'r',
      encoding: null,
      fd: null,
      mode: 0o666,
      autoClose: true
    }

`options` can include `start` and `end` values to read a range of bytes from the file instead of the entire file. Both `start` and `end` are inclusive and start at 0. The `encoding` can be any one of those accepted by `Buffer`.

If `fd` is specified, `ReadStream` will ignore the `path` argument and will use the specified file descriptor. This means that no `'open'` event will be emitted. Note that `fd` should be blocking; non-blocking `fd`s should be passed to `net.Socket`.

If `autoClose` is false, then the file descriptor won't be closed, even if there's an error. It is your responsibility to close it and make sure there's no file descriptor leak. If `autoClose` is set to true (default behavior), on `error` or `end` the file descriptor will be closed automatically.

`mode` sets the file mode (permission and sticky bits), but only if the file was created.

An example to read the last 10 bytes of a file which is 100 bytes long:

    fs.createReadStream('sample.txt', {start: 90, end: 99});

If `options` is a string, then it specifies the encoding.

## fs.createWriteStream(path[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `flags` <String>
  - `defaultEncoding` <String>
  - `fd` <Integer>
  - `mode` <Integer>
  - `autoClose` <Boolean>
  - `start` <Integer>

Returns a new `WriteStream` object. (See Writable Stream).

`options` is an object or string with the following defaults:

    {
      flags: 'w',
      defaultEncoding: 'utf8',
      fd: null,
      mode: 0o666,
      autoClose: true
    }

`options` may also include a `start` option to allow writing data at some position past the beginning of the file. Modifying a file rather than replacing it may require a `flags` mode of `r+` rather than the default mode `w`. The `defaultEncoding` can be any one of those accepted by `Buffer`.

If `autoClose` is set to true (default behavior) on `error` or `end` the file descriptor will be closed automatically. If `autoClose` is false, then the file descriptor won't be closed, even if there's an error. It is your responsibility to close it and make sure there's no file descriptor leak.

Like `ReadStream`, if `fd` is specified, `WriteStream` will ignore the `path` argument and will use the specified file descriptor. This means that no `'open'` event will be emitted. Note that `fd` should be blocking; non-blocking `fd`s should be passed to `net.Socket`.

If `options` is a string, then it specifies the encoding.

## fs.exists(path, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2 Deprecated since: v1.0.0

    Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use fs.stat() or fs.access() instead.

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Test whether or not the given path exists by checking with the file system. Then call the `callback` argument with either true or false. Example:

    fs.exists('/etc/passwd', (exists) => {
      console.log(exists ? 'it\'s there' : 'no passwd!');
    });

Note that the parameter to this callback is not consistent with other Node.js callbacks. Normally, the first parameter to a Node.js callback is an `err` parameter, optionally followed by other parameters. The `fs.exists()` callback has only one boolean parameter. This is one reason `fs.access()` is recommended instead of `fs.exists()`.

Using `fs.exists()` to check for the existence of a file before calling `fs.open()`, `fs.readFile()` or `fs.writeFile()` is not recommended. Doing so introduces a race condition, since other processes may change the file's state between the two calls. Instead, user code should open/read/write the file directly and handle the error raised if the file does not exist.

For example:

write (NOT RECOMMENDED)

    fs.exists('myfile', (exists) => {
      if (exists) {
        console.error('myfile already exists');
      } else {
        fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
          if (err) throw err;
          writeMyData(fd);
        });
      }
    });

write (RECOMMENDED)

    fs.open('myfile', 'wx', (err, fd) => {
      if (err) {
        if (err.code === "EEXIST") {
          console.error('myfile already exists');
          return;
        } else {
          throw err;
        }
      }
      writeMyData(fd);
    });

read (NOT RECOMMENDED)

    fs.exists('myfile', (exists) => {
      if (exists) {
        fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
          readMyData(fd);
        });
      } else {
        console.error('myfile does not exist');
      }
    });

read (RECOMMENDED)

    fs.open('myfile', 'r', (err, fd) => {
      if (err) {
        if (err.code === "ENOENT") {
          console.error('myfile does not exist');
          return;
        } else {
          throw err;
        }
      } else {
        readMyData(fd);
      }
    });

The "not recommended" examples above check for existence and then use the file; the "recommended" examples are better because they use the file directly and handle the error, if any.

In general, check for the existence of a file only if the file won’t be used directly, for example when its existence is a signal from another process.

## fs.existsSync(path)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous version of `fs.exists()`. Returns `true` if the file exists, `false` otherwise.

Note that `fs.exists()` is deprecated, but `fs.existsSync()` is not. (The `callback` parameter to `fs.exists()` accepts parameters that are inconsistent with other Node.js callbacks. `fs.existsSync()` does not use a callback.)

## fs.fchmod(fd, mode, callback)#

Added in: v0.4.7

- `fd` <Integer>
- `mode` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous fchmod(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.fchmodSync(fd, mode)#

Added in: v0.4.7

- `fd` <Integer>
- `mode` <Integer>

Synchronous fchmod(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback)#

Added in: v0.4.7

- `fd` <Integer>
- `uid` <Integer>
- `gid` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous fchown(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.fchownSync(fd, uid, gid)#

Added in: v0.4.7

- `fd` <Integer>
- `uid` <Integer>
- `gid` <Integer>

Synchronous fchown(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.fdatasync(fd, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.96

- `fd` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous fdatasync(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.fdatasyncSync(fd)#

Added in: v0.1.96

- `fd` <Integer>

Synchronous fdatasync(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.fstat(fd, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.95

- `fd` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous fstat(2). The callback gets two arguments `(err, stats)` where `stats` is an `fs.Stats` object. `fstat()` is identical to `stat()`, except that the file to be stat-ed is specified by the file descriptor `fd`.

## fs.fstatSync(fd)#

Added in: v0.1.95

- `fd` <Integer>

Synchronous fstat(2). Returns an instance of `fs.Stats`.

## fs.fsync(fd, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.96

- `fd` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous fsync(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.fsyncSync(fd)#

Added in: v0.1.96

- `fd` <Integer>

Synchronous fsync(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.ftruncate(fd, len, callback)#

Added in: v0.8.6

- `fd` <Integer>
- `len` <Integer> default = `0`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous ftruncate(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

If the file referred to by the file descriptor was larger than `len` bytes, only the first `len` bytes will be retained in the file.

For example, the following program retains only the first four bytes of the file

    console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
      // prints Node.js

    // get the file descriptor of the file to be truncated
    const fd = fs.openSync('temp.txt', 'r+');

    // truncate the file to first four bytes
    fs.ftruncate(fd, 4, (err) => {
      assert.ifError(err);
      console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf8'));
    });
      // prints Node

If the file previously was shorter than `len` bytes, it is extended, and the extended part is filled with null bytes ('\0'). For example,

    console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt', 'utf-8'));
      // prints Node.js

    // get the file descriptor of the file to be truncated
    const fd = fs.openSync('temp.txt', 'r+');

    // truncate the file to 10 bytes, whereas the actual size is 7 bytes
    fs.ftruncate(fd, 10, (err) => {
      assert.ifError(!err);
      console.log(fs.readFileSync('temp.txt'));
    });
      // prints <Buffer 4e 6f 64 65 2e 6a 73 00 00 00>
      // ('Node.js\0\0\0' in UTF8)

The last three bytes are null bytes ('\0'), to compensate the over-truncation.

## fs.ftruncateSync(fd, len)#

Added in: v0.8.6

- `fd` <Integer>
- `len` <Integer> default = `0`

Synchronous ftruncate(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback)#

Added in: v0.4.2

- `fd` <Integer>
- `atime` <Integer>
- `mtime` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Change the file timestamps of a file referenced by the supplied file descriptor.

## fs.futimesSync(fd, atime, mtime)#

Added in: v0.4.2

- `fd` <Integer>
- `atime` <Integer>
- `mtime` <Integer>

Synchronous version of `fs.futimes()`. Returns `undefined`.

## fs.lchmod(path, mode, callback)#

Deprecated since: v0.4.7

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous lchmod(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

Only available on Mac OS X.

## fs.lchmodSync(path, mode)#

Deprecated since: v0.4.7

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>

Synchronous lchmod(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.lchown(path, uid, gid, callback)#

Deprecated since: v0.4.7

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `uid` <Integer>
- `gid` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous lchown(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.lchownSync(path, uid, gid)#

Deprecated since: v0.4.7

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `uid` <Integer>
- `gid` <Integer>

Synchronous lchown(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.link(srcpath, dstpath, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `srcpath` <String> | <Buffer>
- `dstpath` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous link(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.linkSync(srcpath, dstpath)#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `srcpath` <String> | <Buffer>
- `dstpath` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous link(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.lstat(path, callback)#

Added in: v0.1.30

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous lstat(2). The callback gets two arguments `(err, stats)` where `stats` is a `fs.Stats` object. `lstat()` is identical to `stat()`, except that if `path` is a symbolic link, then the link itself is stat-ed, not the file that it refers to.

## fs.lstatSync(path)#

Added in: v0.1.30

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous lstat(2). Returns an instance of `fs.Stats`.

## fs.mkdir(path[, mode], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.8

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous mkdir(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback. `mode` defaults to `0o777`.

## fs.mkdirSync(path[, mode])#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `mode` <Integer>

Synchronous mkdir(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.mkdtemp(prefix[, options], callback)#

Added in: v5.10.0

- `prefix` <String>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`
- `callback` <Function>

Creates a unique temporary directory.

Generates six random characters to be appended behind a required `prefix` to create a unique temporary directory.

The created folder path is passed as a string to the callback's second parameter.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use.

Example:

    fs.mkdtemp('/tmp/foo-', (err, folder) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(folder);
        // Prints: /tmp/foo-itXde2
    });

Note: The `fs.mkdtemp()` method will append the six randomly selected characters directly to the `prefix` string. For instance, given a directory `/tmp`, if the intention is to create a temporary directory within `/tmp`, the `prefix` must end with a trailing platform-specific path separator (`require('path').sep`).

    // The parent directory for the new temporary directory
    const tmpDir = '/tmp';

    // This method is *INCORRECT*:
    fs.mkdtemp(tmpDir, (err, folder) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(folder);
        // Will print something similar to `/tmpabc123`.
        // Note that a new temporary directory is created
        // at the file system root rather than *within*
        // the /tmp directory.
    });

    // This method is *CORRECT*:
    const path = require('path');
    fs.mkdtemp(tmpDir + path.sep, (err, folder) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(folder);
        // Will print something similar to `/tmp/abc123`.
        // A new temporary directory is created within
        // the /tmp directory.
    });

## fs.mkdtempSync(prefix[, options])#

Added in: v5.10.0

- `prefix` <String>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`

The synchronous version of `fs.mkdtemp()`. Returns the created folder path.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use.

## fs.open(path, flags[, mode], callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `flags` <String> | <Number>
- `mode` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous file open. See open(2). `flags` can be:

- `'r'` - Open file for reading. An exception occurs if the file does not exist.

- `'r+'` - Open file for reading and writing. An exception occurs if the file does not exist.

- `'rs+'` - Open file for reading and writing in synchronous mode. Instructs the operating system to bypass the local file system cache.

  This is primarily useful for opening files on NFS mounts as it allows you to skip the potentially stale local cache. It has a very real impact on I/O performance so don't use this flag unless you need it.

  Note that this doesn't turn `fs.open()` into a synchronous blocking call. If that's what you want then you should be using `fs.openSync()`

- `'w'` - Open file for writing. The file is created (if it does not exist) or truncated (if it exists).

- `'wx'` - Like `'w'` but fails if `path` exists.

- `'w+'` - Open file for reading and writing. The file is created (if it does not exist) or truncated (if it exists).

- `'wx+'` - Like `'w+'` but fails if `path` exists.

- `'a'` - Open file for appending. The file is created if it does not exist.

- `'ax'` - Like `'a'` but fails if `path` exists.

- `'a+'` - Open file for reading and appending. The file is created if it does not exist.

- `'ax+'` - Like `'a+'` but fails if `path` exists.

`mode` sets the file mode (permission and sticky bits), but only if the file was created. It defaults to `0666`, readable and writable.

The callback gets two arguments `(err, fd)`.

The exclusive flag `'x'` (`O_EXCL` flag in open(2)) ensures that `path` is newly created. On POSIX systems, `path` is considered to exist even if it is a symlink to a non-existent file. The exclusive flag may or may not work with network file systems.

`flags` can also be a number as documented by open(2); commonly used constants are available from `fs.constants`. On Windows, flags are translated to their equivalent ones where applicable, e.g. `O_WRONLY` to `FILE_GENERIC_WRITE`, or `O_EXCL|O_CREAT` to `CREATE_NEW`, as accepted by CreateFileW.

On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode. The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to the end of the file.

Note: The behavior of `fs.open()` is platform specific for some flags. As such, opening a directory on OS X and Linux with the `'a+'` flag - see example below - will return an error. In contrast, on Windows and FreeBSD, a file descriptor will be returned.

    // OS X and Linux
    fs.open('<directory>', 'a+', (err, fd) => {
      // => [Error: EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, open <directory>]
    });

    // Windows and FreeBSD
    fs.open('<directory>', 'a+', (err, fd) => {
      // => null, <fd>
    });

## fs.openSync(path, flags[, mode])#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `flags` <String> | <Number>
- `mode` <Integer>

Synchronous version of `fs.open()`. Returns an integer representing the file descriptor.

## fs.read(fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `fd` <Integer>
- `buffer` <String> | <Buffer>
- `offset` <Integer>
- `length` <Integer>
- `position` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Read data from the file specified by `fd`.

`buffer` is the buffer that the data will be written to.

`offset` is the offset in the buffer to start writing at.

`length` is an integer specifying the number of bytes to read.

`position` is an integer specifying where to begin reading from in the file. If `position` is `null`, data will be read from the current file position.

The callback is given the three arguments, `(err, bytesRead, buffer)`.

## fs.readdir(path[, options], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.8

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous readdir(3). Reads the contents of a directory. The callback gets two arguments `(err, files)` where `files` is an array of the names of the files in the directory excluding `'.'` and `'..'`.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use for the filenames passed to the callback. If the `encoding` is set to `'buffer'`, the filenames returned will be passed as `Buffer` objects.

## fs.readdirSync(path[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`

Synchronous readdir(3). Returns an array of filenames excluding `'.'` and `'..'`.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use for the filenames passed to the callback. If the `encoding` is set to `'buffer'`, the filenames returned will be passed as `Buffer` objects.

## fs.readFile(file[, options], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.29

- `file` <String> | <Buffer> | <Integer> filename or file descriptor
- `options` <Object> | <String>
  - `encoding` <String> | <Null> default = `null`
  - `flag` <String> default = `'r'`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronously reads the entire contents of a file. Example:

    fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', (err, data) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(data);
    });

The callback is passed two arguments `(err, data)`, where `data` is the contents of the file.

If no encoding is specified, then the raw buffer is returned.

If `options` is a string, then it specifies the encoding. Example:

    fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', 'utf8', callback);

Any specified file descriptor has to support reading.

Note: If a file descriptor is specified as the `file`, it will not be closed automatically.

## fs.readFileSync(file[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.8

- `file` <String> | <Buffer> | <Integer> filename or file descriptor
- `options` <Object> | <String>
  - `encoding` <String> | <Null> default = `null`
  - `flag` <String> default = `'r'`

Synchronous version of `fs.readFile`. Returns the contents of the `file`.

If the `encoding` option is specified then this function returns a string. Otherwise it returns a buffer.

## fs.readlink(path[, options], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous readlink(2). The callback gets two arguments `(err, linkString)`.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use for the link path passed to the callback. If the `encoding` is set to `'buffer'`, the link path returned will be passed as a `Buffer` object.

## fs.readlinkSync(path[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`

Synchronous readlink(2). Returns the symbolic link's string value.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use for the link path passed to the callback. If the `encoding` is set to `'buffer'`, the link path returned will be passed as a `Buffer` object.

## fs.readSync(fd, buffer, offset, length, position)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `fd` <Integer>
- `buffer` <String> | <Buffer>
- `offset` <Integer>
- `length` <Integer>
- `position` <Integer>

Synchronous version of `fs.read()`. Returns the number of `bytesRead`.

## fs.realpath(path[, options], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous realpath(3). The `callback` gets two arguments `(err, resolvedPath)`. May use `process.cwd` to resolve relative paths.

Only paths that can be converted to UTF8 strings are supported.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use for the path passed to the callback. If the `encoding` is set to `'buffer'`, the path returned will be passed as a `Buffer` object.

## fs.realpathSync(path[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>;
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `encoding` <String> default = `'utf8'`

Synchronous realpath(3). Returns the resolved path.

Only paths that can be converted to UTF8 strings are supported.

The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use for the returned value. If the `encoding` is set to `'buffer'`, the path returned will be passed as a `Buffer` object.

## fs.rename(oldPath, newPath, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `oldPath` <String> | <Buffer>
- `newPath` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous rename(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.renameSync(oldPath, newPath)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `oldPath` <String> | <Buffer>
- `newPath` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous rename(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.rmdir(path, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous rmdir(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.rmdirSync(path)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous rmdir(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.stat(path, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous stat(2). The callback gets two arguments `(err, stats)` where `stats` is an `fs.Stats` object.

In case of an error, the `err.code` will be one of Common System Errors.

Using `fs.stat()` to check for the existence of a file before calling `fs.open()`, `fs.readFile()` or `fs.writeFile()` is not recommended. Instead, user code should open/read/write the file directly and handle the error raised if the file is not available.

To check if a file exists without manipulating it afterwards, `fs.access()` is recommended.

## fs.statSync(path)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous stat(2). Returns an instance of `fs.Stats`.

## fs.symlink(target, path[, type], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `target` <String> | <Buffer>
- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `type` <String>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous symlink(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback. The `type` argument can be set to `'dir'`, `'file'`, or `'junction'` (default is `'file'`) and is only available on Windows (ignored on other platforms). Note that Windows junction points require the destination path to be absolute. When using `'junction'`, the `target` argument will automatically be normalized to absolute path.

Here is an example below:

    fs.symlink('./foo', './new-port');

It creates a symbolic link named "new-port" that points to "foo".

## fs.symlinkSync(target, path[, type])#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `target` <String> | <Buffer>
- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `type` <String>

Synchronous symlink(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.truncate(path, len, callback)#

Added in: v0.8.6

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `len` <Integer> default = `0`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous truncate(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback. A file descriptor can also be passed as the first argument. In this case, `fs.ftruncate()` is called.

## fs.truncateSync(path, len)#

Added in: v0.8.6

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `len` <Integer> default = `0`

Synchronous truncate(2). Returns `undefined`. A file descriptor can also be passed as the first argument. In this case, `fs.ftruncateSync()` is called.

## fs.unlink(path, callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronous unlink(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.

## fs.unlinkSync(path)#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>

Synchronous unlink(2). Returns `undefined`.

## fs.unwatchFile(filename[, listener])#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `filename` <String> | <Buffer>
- `listener` <Function>

Stop watching for changes on `filename`. If `listener` is specified, only that particular listener is removed. Otherwise, all listeners are removed and you have effectively stopped watching `filename`.

Calling `fs.unwatchFile()` with a filename that is not being watched is a no-op, not an error.

Note: `fs.watch()` is more efficient than `fs.watchFile()` and `fs.unwatchFile()`. `fs.watch()` should be used instead of `fs.watchFile()` and `fs.unwatchFile()` when possible.

## fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback)#

Added in: v0.4.2

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `atime` <Integer>
- `mtime` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Change file timestamps of the file referenced by the supplied path.

Note: the arguments `atime` and `mtime` of the following related functions follow these rules:

- The value should be a Unix timestamp in seconds. For example, `Date.now()` returns milliseconds, so it should be divided by 1000 before passing it in.
- If the value is a numeric string like `'123456789'`, the value will get converted to the corresponding number.
- If the value is `NaN` or `Infinity`, the value will get converted to `Date.now() / 1000`.

## fs.utimesSync(path, atime, mtime)#

Added in: v0.4.2

- `path` <String> | <Buffer>
- `atime` <Integer>
- `mtime` <Integer>

Synchronous version of `fs.utimes()`. Returns `undefined`.

## fs.watch(filename[, options][, listener])#

Added in: v0.5.10

- `filename` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <String> | <Object>
  - `persistent` <Boolean> Indicates whether the process should continue to run as long as files are being watched. default = `true`
  - `recursive` <Boolean> Indicates whether all subdirectories should be watched, or only the current directory. The applies when a directory is specified, and only on supported platforms (See Caveats). default = `false`
  - `encoding` <String> Specifies the character encoding to be used for the filename passed to the listener. default = `'utf8'`
- `listener` <Function>

Watch for changes on `filename`, where `filename` is either a file or a directory. The returned object is a `fs.FSWatcher`.

The second argument is optional. If `options` is provided as a string, it specifies the `encoding`. Otherwise `options` should be passed as an object.

The listener callback gets two arguments `(eventType, filename)`. `eventType` is either `'rename'` or `'change'`, and `filename` is the name of the file which triggered the event.

Please note the listener callback is attached to the `'change'` event fired by `fs.FSWatcher`, but they are not the same thing.

### Caveats#

The `fs.watch` API is not 100% consistent across platforms, and is unavailable in some situations.

The recursive option is only supported on OS X and Windows.

#### Availability#

This feature depends on the underlying operating system providing a way to be notified of filesystem changes.

- On Linux systems, this uses `inotify`
- On BSD systems, this uses `kqueue`
- On OS X, this uses `kqueue` for files and `FSEvents` for directories.
- On SunOS systems (including Solaris and SmartOS), this uses `event ports`.
- On Windows systems, this feature depends on `ReadDirectoryChangesW`.
- On Aix systems, this feature depends on `AHAFS`, which must be enabled.

If the underlying functionality is not available for some reason, then `fs.watch` will not be able to function. For example, watching files or directories can be unreliable, and in some cases impossible, on network file systems (NFS, SMB, etc), or host file systems when using virtualization software such as Vagrant, Docker, etc.

You can still use `fs.watchFile`, which uses stat polling, but it is slower and less reliable.

#### Inodes#

On Linux and OS X systems, `fs.watch()` resolves the path to an inode and watches the inode. If the watched path is deleted and recreated, it is assigned a new inode. The watch will emit an event for the delete but will continue watching the original inode. Events for the new inode will not be emitted. This is expected behavior.

#### Filename Argument#

Providing `filename` argument in the callback is only supported on Linux and Windows. Even on supported platforms, `filename` is not always guaranteed to be provided. Therefore, don't assume that `filename` argument is always provided in the callback, and have some fallback logic if it is null.

    fs.watch('somedir', (eventType, filename) => {
      console.log(`event type is: ${eventType}`);
      if (filename) {
        console.log(`filename provided: ${filename}`);
      } else {
        console.log('filename not provided');
      }
    });

## fs.watchFile(filename[, options], listener)#

Added in: v0.1.31

- `filename` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <Object>
  - `persistent` <Boolean>
  - `interval` <Integer>
- `listener` <Function>

Watch for changes on `filename`. The callback `listener` will be called each time the file is accessed.

The `options` argument may be omitted. If provided, it should be an object. The `options` object may contain a boolean named `persistent` that indicates whether the process should continue to run as long as files are being watched. The `options` object may specify an `interval` property indicating how often the target should be polled in milliseconds. The default is `{ persistent: true, interval: 5007 }`.

The `listener` gets two arguments the current stat object and the previous stat object:

    fs.watchFile('message.text', (curr, prev) => {
      console.log(`the current mtime is: ${curr.mtime}`);
      console.log(`the previous mtime was: ${prev.mtime}`);
    });

These stat objects are instances of `fs.Stat`.

If you want to be notified when the file was modified, not just accessed, you need to compare `curr.mtime` and `prev.mtime`.

Note: when an `fs.watchFile` operation results in an `ENOENT` error, it will invoke the listener once, with all the fields zeroed (or, for dates, the Unix Epoch). In Windows, `blksize` and `blocks` fields will be `undefined`, instead of zero. If the file is created later on, the listener will be called again, with the latest stat objects. This is a change in functionality since v0.10.

Note: `fs.watch()` is more efficient than `fs.watchFile` and `fs.unwatchFile`. `fs.watch` should be used instead of `fs.watchFile` and `fs.unwatchFile` when possible.

## fs.write(fd, buffer, offset, length[, position], callback)#

Added in: v0.0.2

- `fd` <Integer>
- `buffer` <String> | <Buffer>
- `offset` <Integer>
- `length` <Integer>
- `position` <Integer>
- `callback` <Function>

Write `buffer` to the file specified by `fd`.

`offset` and `length` determine the part of the buffer to be written.

`position` refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data should be written. If `typeof position !== 'number'`, the data will be written at the current position. See pwrite(2).

The callback will be given three arguments `(err, written, buffer)` where `written` specifies how many bytes were written from `buffer`.

Note that it is unsafe to use `fs.write` multiple times on the same file without waiting for the callback. For this scenario, `fs.createWriteStream` is strongly recommended.

On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode. The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to the end of the file.

## fs.write(fd, data[, position[, encoding]], callback)#

Added in: v0.11.5

- `fd` <Integer>
- `data` <String> | <Buffer>
- `position` <Integer>
- `encoding` <String>
- `callback` <Function>

Write `data` to the file specified by `fd`. If `data` is not a Buffer instance then the value will be coerced to a string.

`position` refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data should be written. If `typeof position !== 'number'` the data will be written at the current position. See pwrite(2).

`encoding` is the expected string encoding.

The callback will receive the arguments `(err, written, string)` where `written` specifies how many bytes the passed string required to be written. Note that bytes written is not the same as string characters. See `Buffer.byteLength`.

Unlike when writing `buffer`, the entire string must be written. No substring may be specified. This is because the byte offset of the resulting data may not be the same as the string offset.

Note that it is unsafe to use `fs.write` multiple times on the same file without waiting for the callback. For this scenario, `fs.createWriteStream` is strongly recommended.

On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode. The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to the end of the file.

## fs.writeFile(file, data[, options], callback)#

Added in: v0.1.29

- `file` <String> | <Buffer> | <Integer> filename or file descriptor
- `data` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <Object> | <String>
  - `encoding` <String> | <Null> default = `'utf8'`
  - `mode` <Integer> default = `0o666`
  - `flag` <String> default = `'w'`
- `callback` <Function>

Asynchronously writes data to a file, replacing the file if it already exists. `data` can be a string or a buffer.

The `encoding` option is ignored if `data` is a buffer. It defaults to `'utf8'`.

Example:

    fs.writeFile('message.txt', 'Hello Node.js', (err) => {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('It\'s saved!');
    });

If `options` is a string, then it specifies the encoding. Example:

    fs.writeFile('message.txt', 'Hello Node.js', 'utf8', callback);

Any specified file descriptor has to support writing.

Note that it is unsafe to use `fs.writeFile` multiple times on the same file without waiting for the callback. For this scenario, `fs.createWriteStream` is strongly recommended.

Note: If a file descriptor is specified as the `file`, it will not be closed automatically.

## fs.writeFileSync(file, data[, options])#

Added in: v0.1.29

- `file` <String> | <Buffer> | <Integer> filename or file descriptor
- `data` <String> | <Buffer>
- `options` <Object> | <String>
  - `encoding` <String> | <Null> default = `'utf8'`
  - `mode` <Integer> default = `0o666`
  - `flag` <String> default = `'w'`

The synchronous version of `fs.writeFile()`. Returns `undefined`.

## fs.writeSync(fd, buffer, offset, length[, position])#

Added in: v0.1.21

- `fd` <Integer>
- `buffer` <String> | <Buffer>
- `offset` <Integer>
- `length` <Integer>
- `position` <Integer>

## fs.writeSync(fd, data[, position[, encoding]])#

Added in: v0.11.5

- `fd` <Integer>
- `data` <String> | <Buffer>
- `position` <Integer>
- `encoding` <String>

Synchronous versions of `fs.write()`. Returns the number of bytes written.

## FS Constants#

The following constants are exported by `fs.constants`. Note: Not every constant will be available on every operating system.

### File Access Constants#

The following constants are meant for use with `fs.access()`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`F_OK` | Flag indicating that the file is visible to the calling process.
`R_OK` | Flag indicating that the file can be read by the calling process.
`W_OK` | Flag indicating that the file can be written by the calling process.
`X_OK` | Flag indicating that the file can be executed by the calling process.

### File Open Constants#

The following constants are meant for use with `fs.open()`.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`O_RDONLY` | Flag indicating to open a file for read-only access.
`O_WRONLY` | Flag indicating to open a file for write-only access.
`O_RDWR` | Flag indicating to open a file for read-write access.
`O_CREAT` | Flag indicating to create the file if it does not already exist.
`O_EXCL` | Flag indicating that opening a file should fail if the `O_CREAT` flag is set and the file already exists.
`O_NOCTTY` | Flag indicating that if path identifies a terminal device, opening the path shall not cause that terminal to become the controlling terminal for the process (if the process does not already have one).
`O_TRUNC` | Flag indicating that if the file exists and is a regular file, and the file is opened successfully for write access, its length shall be truncated to zero.
`O_APPEND` | Flag indicating that data will be appended to the end of the file.
`O_DIRECTORY` | Flag indicating that the open should fail if the path is not a directory.
`O_NOATIME` | Flag indicating reading accesses to the file system will no longer result in an update to the `atime` information associated with the file. This flag is available on Linux operating systems only.
`O_NOFOLLOW` | Flag indicating that the open should fail if the path is a symbolic link.
`O_SYNC` | Flag indicating that the file is opened for synchronous I/O.
`O_SYMLINK` | Flag indicating to open the symbolic link itself rather than the resource it is pointing to.
`O_DIRECT` | When set, an attempt will be made to minimize caching effects of file I/O.
`O_NONBLOCK` | Flag indicating to open the file in nonblocking mode when possible.

### File Type Constants#

The following constants are meant for use with the `fs.Stats` object's `mode` property for determining a file's type.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`S_IFMT` | Bit mask used to extract the file type code.
`S_IFREG` | File type constant for a regular file.
`S_IFDIR` | File type constant for a directory.
`S_IFCHR` | File type constant for a character-oriented device file.
`S_IFBLK` | File type constant for a block-oriented device file.
`S_IFIFO` | File type constant for a FIFO/pipe.
`S_IFLNK` | File type constant for a symbolic link.
`S_IFSOCK` | File type constant for a socket.

### File Mode Constants#

The following constants are meant for use with the `fs.Stats` object's `mode` property for determining the access permissions for a file.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`S_IRWXU` | File mode indicating readable, writable and executable by owner.
`S_IRUSR` | File mode indicating readable by owner.
`S_IWUSR` | File mode indicating writable by owner.
`S_IXUSR` | File mode indicating executable by owner.
`S_IRWXG` | File mode indicating readable, writable and executable by group.
`S_IRGRP` | File mode indicating readable by group.
`S_IWGRP` | File mode indicating writable by group.
`S_IXGRP` | File mode indicating executable by group.
`S_IRWXO` | File mode indicating readable, writable and executable by others.
`S_IROTH` | File mode indicating readable by others.
`S_IWOTH` | File mode indicating writable by others.
`S_IXOTH` | File mode indicating executable by others.