# Services and Service Injection

version 9.8.0-milestone-2

Gradle exposes a set of services, covering things like file and archive operations, process execution, dependency creation, worker scheduling, problem reporting, build-feature flags, and dataflow scheduling.

A service is a collaborator object whose lifecycle Gradle manages; a single instance is shared across the build and supplied to your code on demand. These services aren’t meant to be constructed directly, since they rely on internal Gradle state.

To use a service, your custom type declares a dependency on it and Gradle supplies the instance. This pattern is called service injection, and it works uniformly across every type Gradle instantiates for you, including tasks, plugins, extensions, value sources, build services, and worker actions.

The most common form is constructor injection on an abstract type. The same `CleanTempTask` is shown below as a Kotlin DSL class, a Groovy DSL class, and a stand-alone Java class that you would typically place in `buildSrc` or a binary plugin:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class CleanTempTask
    @Inject constructor(private val fs: FileSystemOperations) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun run() {
            fs.delete { delete("build/tmp") }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("cleanTemp", CleanTempTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class CleanTempTask extends DefaultTask {
        private FileSystemOperations fs

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        CleanTempTask(FileSystemOperations fs) {
            this.fs = fs
        }

        @TaskAction
        void run() {
            fs.delete { spec -> spec.delete("build/tmp") }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("cleanTemp", CleanTempTask) {}

CleanTempTask.java

    public abstract class CleanTempTask extends DefaultTask {
        private final FileSystemOperations fs;

        @Inject
        public CleanTempTask(FileSystemOperations fs) {
            this.fs = fs;
        }

        @TaskAction
        public void run() {
            fs.delete(spec -> spec.delete("build/tmp"));
        }
    }

A task that needs to run work in parallel injects the `WorkerExecutor` service in the same way, as shown in the worker API section.

Reaching for service injection rather than `project.copy(…​)`, `project.exec(…​)`, or other ad-hoc `Project` accessors helps keep your code compatible with the Configuration Cache and Isolated Projects, and makes your types easier to unit-test by passing stub services. See Service injection patterns for the full set of `@Inject` forms used in the rest of this page.

## Available services

| You should avoid injecting types not listed below. Internal services can sometimes technically be injected, but this practice is not supported and may lead to breaking changes in the future. Only inject the services explicitly listed below to ensure stability and compatibility.

The following services are available for injection in all Gradle instantiated objects:

Service | Description
--- | ---
`ObjectFactory` | Creates model objects, properties, collections, and file-related objects. Use it when defining custom Gradle types or nested DSL objects in a plugin or extension.
`ProviderFactory` | Creates `Provider` instances and exposes environment, system-property, and Gradle-property values. Use it to read environment variables, system properties, or to wrap a computed value as a lazy `Provider`.
`FileSystemOperations` | Runs filesystem operations such as deleting, copying, or syncing files and directories. Use it from a task or worker action that needs to delete, copy, or sync files.
`ArchiveOperations` | Runs operations on archive files such as ZIP or TAR. Use it to read or extract the contents of an archive.
`ExecOperations` | Runs external processes, with dedicated support for running external `java` programs. Use it to run an external program or `java` process from a task or worker action.
`Problems` Incubating | Reports structured problems that surface in the console, the HTML problems report, and the Tooling API. Use it to surface errors or warnings consistently to the IDE, the problems report, and Build Scan.

### Additional services in workers

The following services are available for injection in worker API actions and parameters:

Service | Description
--- | ---
`WorkerExecutor` | Schedules work to run in parallel via the Worker API. Use it from a task that needs to run CPU-bound work in parallel or in an isolated classloader.

### Additional services in projects and settings

The following services are available for injection in both project and settings plugins, extensions and objects:

Service | Description
--- | ---
`ToolingModelBuilderRegistry` | Registers a Gradle Tooling API model builder. Use it to expose a custom model to the Tooling API so IDEs and other tools can consume it.
`DependencyFactory` | Creates `Dependency` instances in a type-safe way. Use it to programmatically construct `Dependency` instances in a plugin without a `Project` reference.
`DependencyConstraintFactory` Incubating | Creates `DependencyConstraint` instances in a type-safe way. Use it to programmatically construct dependency constraints in a plugin without a `Project` reference.
`BuildFeatures` | Reports whether features such as Configuration Cache and Isolated Projects are requested and active. Use it to branch plugin logic on whether the Configuration Cache or Isolated Projects is active.
`FlowScope` and `FlowProviders` Incubating | Register dataflow actions that run on build lifecycle events such as build completion. Use them to run cleanup, notification, or reporting work at the end of every build.
`BuildInvocationDetails` Incubating | Exposes information about the current build invocation, such as its wall-clock start time. Use it to read the build’s start time for timing or reporting.

### Additional services in projects

The following services are available for injection in project plugins, extensions and objects created in a project:

Service | Description
--- | ---
`ProjectLayout` | Provides access to key project locations such as the project directory and build directory. Use it to resolve paths relative to the project directory or build directory.
`WorkerExecutor` | Schedules work to run in parallel via the Worker API. Use it from a task that needs to run CPU-bound work in parallel or in an isolated classloader.
`TestEventReporterFactory` Incubating | Provides access to Gradle’s test event reporting API. Use it to emit test events from a custom task that runs tests itself.
`SoftwareComponentFactory` | Creates adhoc software components for publishing. Use it to define a custom publishable software component without a full component model.

### Additional services in settings

The following services are available for injection in settings plugins, extensions and objects created in a settings script:

Service | Description
--- | ---
`BuildLayout` | Provides access to important locations for a Gradle build, such as the root directory and settings file. Use it from a settings plugin to resolve paths relative to the root settings directory.

## Looking up services in scripts Incubating

Instead of declaring an `@Inject` point, build, settings, and init scripts, as well as task actions, can look up a curated set of Gradle services directly with `service(Class)` in the Groovy DSL or `service<Type>()` in the Kotlin DSL. This avoids the ad-hoc `objects.newInstance(…​)` ceremony shown in the per-service sections below, while remaining compatible with the Configuration Cache and Isolated Projects.

The most common use is from a task action:

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("checkJavaVersion") {
        doLast {
            service<ExecOperations>().exec {
                commandLine("java", "-version")
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register('checkJavaVersion') {
        doLast {
            service(ExecOperations).exec {
                commandLine 'java', '-version'
            }
        }
    }

A looked-up service can also be captured at configuration time and used later from a task action; the captured instance is safe to store in the Configuration Cache:

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("cleanReports") {
        val fs = service<FileSystemOperations>() // looked up and captured at configuration time
        doLast {
            fs.delete { delete("build/reports") }
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register('cleanReports') {
        def fs = service(FileSystemOperations) // looked up and captured at configuration time
        doLast {
            fs.delete { delete('build/reports') }
        }
    }

### Services available for lookup

The set of services you can look up depends on where the lookup happens:

Service | Project scripts & project plugins | Tasks | Settings scripts & settings plugins | Init scripts & init plugins
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`ObjectFactory` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
`ProviderFactory` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
`FileSystemOperations` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
`ArchiveOperations` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓
`ExecOperations` |  | ✓ |  |
`ProjectLayout` | ✓ | ✓ |  |
`BuildLayout` |  |  | ✓ |

In the Kotlin and Java DSLs each `service(…​)` is bounded to the scopes above, so requesting a service that is not available in the current scope — or a type that is not a Gradle service at all — is a compile error. In the Groovy DSL, where the bound is not enforced (or when the type is supplied reflectively as a `Class`), the same request instead fails at runtime with an `InvalidUserDataException`: for a service requested outside its scope the message names the scopes where it is available, and for a type that is not a Gradle service at all it lists the services available in the current scope; for a shared build service it points you to `@ServiceReference` and `gradle.sharedServices` instead. This check covers only where a service can be looked up; it does not distinguish configuration-time from execution-time use, nor does it police cross-project access (see below).

Relative paths passed to a looked-up `FileSystemOperations` or `ArchiveOperations` are resolved the same way as for the enclosing scope: against the project directory for a project script or task action, and against the build’s root directory for a settings or init script.

### Cross-project access and Isolated Projects

`service(…​)` resolves against the scope in which it is called. Calling it on another project — for example `project(":other").service(ObjectFactory)` — reaches across the project boundary and is reported as a problem under Isolated Projects, exactly like `project(":other").getObjects()`. Look services up from the owning project instead.

| A service that is only available in the settings scope (such as `BuildLayout`) can be captured in a settings script and referenced from a task action, and the captured instance is preserved when that task runs from the Configuration Cache.

### When to use a lookup

Prefer a looked-up `FileSystemOperations`, `ArchiveOperations`, or `ExecOperations` over hand-rolled `java.io`/`java.nio` code or `Runtime.exec(…​)`. The Gradle services give you path resolution, copy and sync specs, and robust deletion, and they keep your code compatible with the Configuration Cache.

`ExecOperations` can be looked up only through a task (via `Task.service`), not from a project, settings, or init script.

## `ObjectFactory`

`ObjectFactory` is a service for creating custom Gradle types, allowing you to define nested objects and DSLs in your build logic. It provides methods for creating instances of different types, such as properties (`Property<T>`), collections (`ListProperty<T>`, `SetProperty<T>`, `MapProperty<K, V>`), file-related objects (`RegularFileProperty`, `DirectoryProperty`, `ConfigurableFileCollection`, `ConfigurableFileTree`), and more.

You can obtain an instance of `ObjectFactory` using the `project.objects` property. Here’s a simple example demonstrating how to use `ObjectFactory` to create a property and set its value:

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("myObjectFactoryTask") {
        doLast {
            val objectFactory = project.objects
            val myProperty = objectFactory.property(String::class)
            myProperty.set("Hello, Gradle!")
            println(myProperty.get())
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register("myObjectFactoryTask") {
        doLast {
            def objectFactory = project.objects
            def myProperty = objectFactory.property(String)
            myProperty.set("Hello, Gradle!")
            println myProperty.get()
        }
    }

| It is preferable to let Gradle create objects automatically by using managed properties.

Using `ObjectFactory` to create these objects ensures that they are properly managed by Gradle, especially in terms of configuration avoidance and lazy evaluation. This means that the values of these objects are only calculated when needed, which can improve build performance.

In the following example, a project extension called `DownloadExtension` receives an `ObjectFactory` instance through its constructor. The constructor uses this to create a nested `Resource` object (also a custom Gradle type) and makes this object available through the `resource` property:

DownloadExtension.java

    public class DownloadExtension {
        // A nested instance
        private final Resource resource;

        @Inject
        public DownloadExtension(ObjectFactory objectFactory) {
            // Use an injected ObjectFactory to create a Resource object
            resource = objectFactory.newInstance(Resource.class);
        }

        public Resource getResource() {
            return resource;
        }
    }

    public interface Resource {
        Property<URI> getUri();
    }

Here is another example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyObjectFactoryTask
    @Inject constructor(private var objectFactory: ObjectFactory) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun doTaskAction() {
            val outputDirectory = objectFactory.directoryProperty()
            outputDirectory.convention(project.layout.projectDirectory)
            println(outputDirectory.get())
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedObjectFactoryTask", MyObjectFactoryTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class MyObjectFactoryTask extends DefaultTask {
        private ObjectFactory objectFactory

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        MyObjectFactoryTask(ObjectFactory objectFactory) {
            this.objectFactory = objectFactory
        }

        @TaskAction
        void doTaskAction() {
            var outputDirectory = objectFactory.directoryProperty()
            outputDirectory.convention(project.layout.projectDirectory)
            println(outputDirectory.get())
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedObjectFactoryTask",MyObjectFactoryTask) {}

The `MyObjectFactoryTask` task uses an `ObjectFactory` instance, which is injected into the task’s constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

## `ProjectLayout`

`ProjectLayout` is a service that provides access to the layout of a Gradle project’s directories and files. It’s part of the `org.gradle.api.file` package and allows you to query the project’s layout to get information about source sets, build directories, and other file-related aspects of the project.

You can obtain a `ProjectLayout` instance from a `Project` object using the `project.layout` property. Here’s a simple example:

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("showLayout") {
        doLast {
            val layout = project.layout
            println("Project Directory: ${layout.projectDirectory}")
            println("Build Directory: ${layout.buildDirectory.get()}")
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register('showLayout') {
        doLast {
            def layout = project.layout
            println "Project Directory: ${layout.projectDirectory}"
            println "Build Directory: ${layout.buildDirectory.get()}"
        }
    }

Here is an example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyProjectLayoutTask
    @Inject constructor(private var projectLayout: ProjectLayout) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun doTaskAction() {
            val outputDirectory = projectLayout.projectDirectory
            println(outputDirectory)
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedProjectLayoutTask", MyProjectLayoutTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class MyProjectLayoutTask extends DefaultTask {
        private ProjectLayout projectLayout

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        MyProjectLayoutTask(ProjectLayout projectLayout) {
            this.projectLayout = projectLayout
        }

        @TaskAction
        void doTaskAction() {
            var outputDirectory = projectLayout.projectDirectory
            println(outputDirectory)
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedProjectLayoutTask",MyProjectLayoutTask) {}

The `MyProjectLayoutTask` task uses a `ProjectLayout` instance, which is injected into the task’s constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

## `BuildLayout`

`BuildLayout` is a service that provides access to the root and settings directory in a Settings plugin or a Settings script, it is analogous to `ProjectLayout`. It’s part of the `org.gradle.api.file` package to access standard build-wide file system locations as lazily computed value.

| These APIs are currently incubating but eventually should replace existing accessors in Settings, which return eagerly computed locations: `Settings.rootDir` → `Settings.layout.rootDirectory` `Settings.settingsDir` → `Settings.layout.settingsDirectory`

You can obtain a `BuildLayout` instance from a `Settings` object using the `settings.layout` property. Here’s a simple example:

settings.gradle.kts

    println("Root Directory: ${settings.layout.rootDirectory}")
    println("Settings Directory: ${settings.layout.settingsDirectory}")

settings.gradle

    println "Root Directory: ${settings.layout.rootDirectory}"
    println "Settings Directory: ${settings.layout.settingsDirectory}"

Here is an example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

settings.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyBuildLayoutPlugin @Inject constructor(private val buildLayout: BuildLayout) : Plugin<Settings> {
        override fun apply(settings: Settings) {
            println(buildLayout.rootDirectory)
        }
    }

    apply<MyBuildLayoutPlugin>()

settings.gradle

    abstract class MyBuildLayoutPlugin implements Plugin<Settings> {
        private BuildLayout buildLayout

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        MyBuildLayoutPlugin(BuildLayout buildLayout) {
            this.buildLayout = buildLayout
        }

        @Override void apply(Settings settings) {
            // the meat and potatoes of the plugin
            println buildLayout.rootDirectory
        }
    }

    apply plugin: MyBuildLayoutPlugin

This code defines a `MyBuildLayoutPlugin` plugin that implements the `Plugin` interface for the `Settings` type. The plugin expects a `BuildLayout` instance to be injected into its constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

## `ProviderFactory`

`ProviderFactory` is a service that provides methods for creating different types of providers. Providers are used to model values that may be computed lazily in your build scripts.

The `ProviderFactory` interface provides methods for creating various types of providers, including:

- `provider(Callable<T> value)` to create a provider with a value that is lazily computed based on a `Callable`.

- `provider(Provider<T> value)` to create a provider that simply wraps an existing provider.

- `property(Class<T> type)` to create a property provider for a specific type.

- `gradleProperty(Class<T> type)` to create a property provider that reads its value from a Gradle project property.

Here’s a simple example demonstrating the use of `ProviderFactory` using `project.providers`:

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("printMessage") {
        doLast {
            val providerFactory = project.providers
            val messageProvider = providerFactory.provider { "Hello, Gradle!" }
            println(messageProvider.get())
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register('printMessage') {
        doLast {
            def providerFactory = project.providers
            def messageProvider = providerFactory.provider { "Hello, Gradle!" }
            println messageProvider.get()
        }
    }

The task named `printMessage` uses the `ProviderFactory` to create a `provider` that supplies the message string.

Here is an example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyProviderFactoryTask
    @Inject constructor(private var providerFactory: ProviderFactory) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun doTaskAction() {
            val outputDirectory = providerFactory.provider { "build/my-file.txt" }
            println(outputDirectory.get())
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedProviderFactoryTask", MyProviderFactoryTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class MyProviderFactoryTask extends DefaultTask {
        private ProviderFactory providerFactory

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        MyProviderFactoryTask(ProviderFactory providerFactory) {
            this.providerFactory = providerFactory
        }

        @TaskAction
        void doTaskAction() {
            var outputDirectory = providerFactory.provider { "build/my-file.txt" }
            println(outputDirectory.get())
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedProviderFactoryTask",MyProviderFactoryTask) {}

The `ProviderFactory` service is injected into the `MyProviderFactoryTask` task’s constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

## `WorkerExecutor`

`WorkerExecutor` is a service that allows you to perform parallel execution of tasks using worker processes. This is particularly useful for tasks that perform CPU-intensive or long-running operations, as it allows them to be executed in parallel, improving build performance.

Using `WorkerExecutor`, you can submit units of work (called actions) to be executed in separate worker processes. This helps isolate the work from the main Gradle process, providing better reliability and performance.

Here’s a basic example of how you might use `WorkerExecutor` in a build script:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyWorkAction : WorkAction<WorkParameters.None> {
        private val greeting: String = "Hello from a Worker!"

        override fun execute() {
            println(greeting)
        }
    }

    abstract class MyWorkerTask
    @Inject constructor(private var workerExecutor: WorkerExecutor) : DefaultTask() {
        @get:Input
        abstract val booleanFlag: Property<Boolean>
        @TaskAction
        fun doThings() {
            workerExecutor.noIsolation().submit(MyWorkAction::class.java) {}
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myWorkTask", MyWorkerTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class MyWorkAction implements WorkAction<WorkParameters.None> {
        private final String greeting;

        @Inject
        public MyWorkAction() {
            this.greeting = "Hello from a Worker!";
        }

        @Override
        public void execute() {
            System.out.println(greeting);
        }
    }

    abstract class MyWorkerTask extends DefaultTask {
        @Input
        abstract Property<Boolean> getBooleanFlag()

        @Inject
        abstract WorkerExecutor getWorkerExecutor()

        @TaskAction
        void doThings() {
            workerExecutor.noIsolation().submit(MyWorkAction) {}
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myWorkTask", MyWorkerTask) {}

See the worker API for more details.

## `FileSystemOperations`

`FileSystemOperations` is a service that provides methods for performing file system operations such as copying, deleting, and syncing. It is part of the `org.gradle.api.file` package and is typically used in custom tasks or plugins to interact with the file system.

Here is an example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyFileSystemOperationsTask
    @Inject constructor(private var fileSystemOperations: FileSystemOperations) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun doTaskAction() {
            fileSystemOperations.sync {
                from("src")
                into("dest")
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedFileSystemOperationsTask", MyFileSystemOperationsTask::class)

build.gradle

    abstract class MyFileSystemOperationsTask extends DefaultTask {
        private FileSystemOperations fileSystemOperations

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        MyFileSystemOperationsTask(FileSystemOperations fileSystemOperations) {
            this.fileSystemOperations = fileSystemOperations
        }

        @TaskAction
        void doTaskAction() {
            fileSystemOperations.sync {
                from 'src'
                into 'dest'
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedFileSystemOperationsTask", MyFileSystemOperationsTask)

The `FileSystemOperations` service is injected into the `MyFileSystemOperationsTask` task’s constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

To use `FileSystemOperations` in an ad-hoc task without writing a dedicated class, look it up with `service()` — see Looking up services in scripts.

It can also be obtained through an injection point created with `ObjectFactory.newInstance`. This is more verbose, but works for any injectable service, including those not available through `service()`:

build.gradle.kts

    interface InjectedFsOps {
        @get:Inject val fs: FileSystemOperations
    }

    tasks.register("myAdHocFileSystemOperationsTask") {
        val injected = project.objects.newInstance<InjectedFsOps>()
        doLast {
            injected.fs.copy {
                from("src")
                into("dest")
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle

    interface InjectedFsOps {
        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        FileSystemOperations getFs()
    }

    tasks.register('myAdHocFileSystemOperationsTask') {
        def injected = project.objects.newInstance(InjectedFsOps)
        doLast {
            injected.fs.copy {
                from 'source'
                into 'destination'
            }
        }
    }

First, you declare an interface with a property of type `FileSystemOperations`, here named `InjectedFsOps`, to serve as an injection point. Then call the method `ObjectFactory.newInstance` to generate an implementation of the interface that holds an injected service.

| This is a good time to consider extracting the ad-hoc task into a proper class.

## `ArchiveOperations`

`ArchiveOperations` is a service that provides methods for accessing the contents of archives, such as ZIP and TAR files. It is part of the `org.gradle.api.file` package and is typically used in custom tasks or plugins to unpack archive files.

Here is an example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyArchiveOperationsTask
    @Inject constructor(
        private val archiveOperations: ArchiveOperations,
        private val layout: ProjectLayout,
        private val fs: FileSystemOperations
    ) : DefaultTask() {
        @TaskAction
        fun doTaskAction() {
            fs.sync {
                from(archiveOperations.zipTree(layout.projectDirectory.file("sources.jar")))
                into(layout.buildDirectory.dir("unpacked-sources"))
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedArchiveOperationsTask", MyArchiveOperationsTask::class)

build.gradle

    abstract class MyArchiveOperationsTask extends DefaultTask {
        private ArchiveOperations archiveOperations
        private ProjectLayout layout
        private FileSystemOperations fs

        @Inject
        MyArchiveOperationsTask(ArchiveOperations archiveOperations, ProjectLayout layout, FileSystemOperations fs) {
            this.archiveOperations = archiveOperations
            this.layout = layout
            this.fs = fs
        }

        @TaskAction
        void doTaskAction() {
            fs.sync {
                from(archiveOperations.zipTree(layout.projectDirectory.file("sources.jar")))
                into(layout.buildDirectory.dir("unpacked-sources"))
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedArchiveOperationsTask", MyArchiveOperationsTask)

The `ArchiveOperations` service is injected into the `MyArchiveOperationsTask` task’s constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

To use `ArchiveOperations` in an ad-hoc task without writing a dedicated class, look it up with `service()` — see Looking up services in scripts.

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("listArchiveEntries") {
        val archiveOperations = service<ArchiveOperations>()
        val layout = service<ProjectLayout>()
        doLast {
            val entries = archiveOperations.zipTree(layout.projectDirectory.file("sources.jar")).files
            println("Entries: ${entries.map { it.name }}")
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register('listArchiveEntries') {
        def archiveOperations = service(ArchiveOperations)
        def layout = service(ProjectLayout)
        doLast {
            def entries = archiveOperations.zipTree(layout.projectDirectory.file("sources.jar")).files
            println("Entries: ${entries*.name}")
        }
    }

## `ExecOperations`

`ExecOperations` is a service that provides methods for executing external processes (commands) from within a build script. It is part of the `org.gradle.process` package and is typically used in custom tasks or plugins to run command-line tools or scripts as part of the build process.

Here is an example using `javax.inject.Inject`:

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyExecOperationsTask
    @Inject constructor(private var execOperations: ExecOperations) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun doTaskAction() {
            execOperations.exec {
                commandLine("ls", "-la")
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedExecOperationsTask", MyExecOperationsTask::class)

build.gradle

    abstract class MyExecOperationsTask extends DefaultTask {
        private ExecOperations execOperations

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        MyExecOperationsTask(ExecOperations execOperations) {
            this.execOperations = execOperations
        }

        @TaskAction
        void doTaskAction() {
            execOperations.exec {
                commandLine 'ls', '-la'
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register("myInjectedExecOperationsTask", MyExecOperationsTask)

The `ExecOperations` is injected into the `MyExecOperationsTask` task’s constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

To run an external process from an ad-hoc task, look `ExecOperations` up with `service()` from the task action — see Looking up services in scripts. To run one at configuration time instead, use `providers.exec` or a `ValueSource`, which are compatible with the Configuration Cache.

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("printGitStatus") {
        val execOperations = service<ExecOperations>()
        doLast {
            execOperations.exec {
                commandLine("git", "status")
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle

    tasks.register('printGitStatus') {
        def execOperations = service(ExecOperations)
        doLast {
            execOperations.exec {
                commandLine 'git', 'status'
            }
        }
    }

## `ToolingModelBuilderRegistry`

`ToolingModelBuilderRegistry` is a service that allows you to register custom tooling model builders. Tooling models are used to provide rich IDE integration for Gradle projects, allowing IDEs to understand and work with the project’s structure, dependencies, and other aspects.

The `ToolingModelBuilderRegistry` interface is part of the `org.gradle.tooling.provider.model` package and is typically used in custom Gradle plugins that provide enhanced IDE support.

Here’s a simplified example:

build.gradle.kts

    // Implements the ToolingModelBuilder interface.
    // This interface is used in Gradle to define custom tooling models that can
    // be accessed by IDEs or other tools through the Gradle tooling API.
    class OrtModelBuilder : ToolingModelBuilder {
        private val repositories: MutableMap<String, String> = mutableMapOf()

        private val platformCategories: Set<String> = setOf("platform", "enforced-platform")

        private val visitedDependencies: MutableSet<ModuleComponentIdentifier> = mutableSetOf()
        private val visitedProjects: MutableSet<ModuleVersionIdentifier> = mutableSetOf()

        private val logger = Logging.getLogger(OrtModelBuilder::class.java)
        private val errors: MutableList<String> = mutableListOf()
        private val warnings: MutableList<String> = mutableListOf()

        override fun canBuild(modelName: String): Boolean {
            return false
        }

        override fun buildAll(modelName: String, project: Project): Any {
            return "model"
        }
    }

    // Plugin is responsible for registering a custom tooling model builder
    // (OrtModelBuilder) with the ToolingModelBuilderRegistry, which allows
    // IDEs and other tools to access the custom tooling model.
    class OrtModelPlugin(private val registry: ToolingModelBuilderRegistry) : Plugin<Project> {
        override fun apply(project: Project) {
            registry.register(OrtModelBuilder())
        }
    }

build.gradle

    // Implements the ToolingModelBuilder interface.
    // This interface is used in Gradle to define custom tooling models that can
    // be accessed by IDEs or other tools through the Gradle tooling API.
    class OrtModelBuilder implements ToolingModelBuilder {
        private Map<String, String> repositories = [:]

        private Set<String> platformCategories = ["platform", "enforced-platform"]

        private Set<ModuleComponentIdentifier> visitedDependencies = []
        private Set<ModuleVersionIdentifier> visitedProjects = []

        private static final logger = Logging.getLogger(OrtModelBuilder.class)
        private List<String> errors = []
        private List<String> warnings = []

        @Override
        boolean canBuild(String modelName) {
            return false
        }

        @Override
        Object buildAll(String modelName, Project project) {
            return null
        }
    }

    // Plugin is responsible for registering a custom tooling model builder
    // (OrtModelBuilder) with the ToolingModelBuilderRegistry, which allows
    // IDEs and other tools to access the custom tooling model.
    class OrtModelPlugin implements Plugin<Project> {
        ToolingModelBuilderRegistry registry

        OrtModelPlugin(ToolingModelBuilderRegistry registry) {
            this.registry = registry
        }

        void apply(Project project) {
            registry.register(new OrtModelBuilder())
        }
    }

You can learn more at Tooling API.

## `TestEventReporterFactory` Incubating

`TestEventReporterFactory` is a service that provides access to the test event reporting API.

You can learn more at Test Reporting API.

## `DependencyFactory`

`DependencyFactory` is a service that provides methods for creating dependencies in a type-safe way.

You can learn more in the Implementing Binary Plugins guide.

## `DependencyConstraintFactory` Incubating

`DependencyConstraintFactory` is a service that provides methods for creating `DependencyConstraint` instances in a type-safe way. It is the constraint-creation counterpart to `DependencyFactory` and is typically used by plugins that publish or consume dependency constraints.

The service is only available via `@Inject`, there is no project-level accessor.

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class CreateConstraintTask
    @Inject constructor(private var factory: DependencyConstraintFactory) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun create() {
            val constraint = factory.create("com.example:lib:1.2.3")
            println("Created constraint: ${constraint.group}:${constraint.name}:${constraint.version}")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("createConstraint", CreateConstraintTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class CreateConstraintTask extends DefaultTask {
        private DependencyConstraintFactory factory

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        CreateConstraintTask(DependencyConstraintFactory factory) {
            this.factory = factory
        }

        @TaskAction
        void create() {
            def constraint = factory.create("com.example:lib:1.2.3")
            println("Created constraint: ${constraint.group}:${constraint.name}:${constraint.version}")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("createConstraint", CreateConstraintTask) {}

The `CreateConstraintTask` task receives a `DependencyConstraintFactory` instance through its constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

## `Problems` Incubating

`Problems` is a service that allows tasks and plugins to report structured problems. Reported problems surface in the console, the HTML problems report, and through the Tooling API, so IDEs and Build Scan can render them consistently.

Obtain a `ProblemReporter` from the injected `Problems` service via `problems.getReporter()` and call `report()` (recoverable) or `throwing()` (fatal).

plugin/src/main/kotlin/org/example/HelloProblemsPlugin.kt

    @get:Inject
    abstract val problems: Problems

plugin/src/main/groovy/org/example/HelloProblemsPlugin.groovy

    @Inject
    abstract Problems getProblems()

You can learn more in the Reporting Plugin Problems with the Problems API guide.

## `BuildFeatures`

`BuildFeatures` is a service that exposes the requested and active state of major Gradle features currently the Configuration Cache and Isolated Projects, so plugins can adapt their behavior accordingly.

A plugin can, for example, gate optional logic that is incompatible with Isolated Projects on the active state of that feature:

MyPlugin.java

    public abstract class MyPlugin implements Plugin<Project> {

        @Inject
        protected abstract BuildFeatures getBuildFeatures(); (1)

        @Override
        public void apply(Project p) {
            BuildFeatures buildFeatures = getBuildFeatures();

            Boolean configCacheRequested = buildFeatures.getConfigurationCache().getRequested() (2)
                .getOrNull(); // could be null if user did not opt in nor opt out
            String configCacheUsage = describeFeatureUsage(configCacheRequested);
            MyReport myReport = new MyReport();
            myReport.setConfigurationCacheUsage(configCacheUsage);

            boolean isolatedProjectsActive = buildFeatures.getIsolatedProjects().getActive() (3)
                .get(); // the active state is always defined
            if (!isolatedProjectsActive) {
                myOptionalPluginLogicIncompatibleWithIsolatedProjects();
            }
        }

        private String describeFeatureUsage(Boolean requested) {
            return requested == null ? "no preference" : requested ? "opt-in" : "opt-out";
        }

        private void myOptionalPluginLogicIncompatibleWithIsolatedProjects() {
        }
    }

1 | The `BuildFeatures` service can be injected into plugins, tasks, and other managed types.
2 | Use `getRequested()` to read the user’s opt-in or opt-out, returning a `Provider<Boolean>` that may be empty when the user expressed no preference.
3 | Use `getActive()` to read whether the feature is actually active in the current build, returning a non-empty `Provider<Boolean>`.

You can learn more in the Implementing Binary Plugins guide.

## `FlowScope` and `FlowProviders` Incubating

`FlowScope` and `FlowProviders` are services that together let a plugin register dataflow actions (isolated pieces of work that run when their input providers become available, such as at the end of a build).

`FlowScope` registers the actions; `FlowProviders` exposes build lifecycle events (such as the build work result) as `Provider` values that can be wired into action parameters. Both services are typically injected together into a project or settings plugin:

SoundFeedbackPlugin.java

    package org.gradle.sample.sound;

    import org.gradle.api.Plugin;
    import org.gradle.api.flow.FlowProviders;
    import org.gradle.api.flow.FlowScope;
    import org.gradle.api.initialization.Settings;

    import javax.inject.Inject;
    import java.io.File;

    public abstract class SoundFeedbackPlugin implements Plugin<Settings> {
        @Inject
        protected abstract FlowScope getFlowScope(); (1)

        @Inject
        protected abstract FlowProviders getFlowProviders(); (1)

        @Override
        public void apply(Settings settings) {
            final File soundsDir = new File(settings.getSettingsDir(), "sounds");
            getFlowScope().always( (2)
                SoundPlay.class,  (3)
                spec ->  (4)
                    spec.getParameters().getMediaFile().set(
                        getFlowProviders().getBuildWorkResult().map(result -> (5)
                            new File(
                                soundsDir,
                                result.getFailure().isPresent() ? "sad-trombone.mp3" : "tada.mp3"
                            )
                        )
                    )
            );
        }
    }

1 | Use service injection to obtain `FlowScope` and `FlowProviders` instances.
2 | Register an action in the `always` scope so it runs at the end of every build.
3 | Wire `FlowProviders.getBuildWorkResult()` into the action’s parameters so the action receives the success-or-failure outcome.

You can learn more in the Dataflow Actions reference.

## `BuildInvocationDetails` Incubating

`BuildInvocationDetails` is a service that exposes information about the current build invocation, most notably the wall-clock time at which the build was started. It is useful for plugins that report build duration, emit timing metrics, or display a banner with the build’s start time.

The service is only available via `@Inject`, there is no project-level accessor.

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class ReportBuildStartTask
    @Inject constructor(private var invocationDetails: BuildInvocationDetails) : DefaultTask() {

        @TaskAction
        fun report() {
            val started = Date(invocationDetails.buildStartedTime)
            println("Build started at $started")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("reportBuildStart", ReportBuildStartTask::class) {}

build.gradle

    abstract class ReportBuildStartTask extends DefaultTask {
        private BuildInvocationDetails invocationDetails

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        ReportBuildStartTask(BuildInvocationDetails invocationDetails) {
            this.invocationDetails = invocationDetails
        }

        @TaskAction
        void report() {
            def started = new Date(invocationDetails.buildStartedTime)
            println("Build started at $started")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("reportBuildStart", ReportBuildStartTask) {}

The `ReportBuildStartTask` task receives a `BuildInvocationDetails` instance through its constructor using the `@Inject` annotation.

## `SoftwareComponentFactory`

`SoftwareComponentFactory` is a service that lets a plugin create `AdhocComponentWithVariants` instances (adhoc software components built from outgoing variants) for publication via the publishing plugins. It is typically used by plugins that produce custom component types and want to publish them without defining a full component model.

The service is only available via `@Inject`, there is no project-level accessor.

build.gradle.kts

    // A plugin that uses SoftwareComponentFactory to create an adhoc software
    // component, suitable for publishing custom variants. The factory is only
    // available via @Inject — there is no project-level accessor.
    class CustomComponentPlugin
    @Inject constructor(private val componentFactory: SoftwareComponentFactory) : Plugin<Project> {

        override fun apply(project: Project) {
            val component = componentFactory.adhoc("custom")
            project.components.add(component)
        }
    }

build.gradle

    // A plugin that uses SoftwareComponentFactory to create an adhoc software
    // component, suitable for publishing custom variants. The factory is only
    // available via @Inject — there is no project-level accessor.
    class CustomComponentPlugin implements Plugin<Project> {
        private SoftwareComponentFactory componentFactory

        @Inject //@javax.inject.Inject
        CustomComponentPlugin(SoftwareComponentFactory componentFactory) {
            this.componentFactory = componentFactory
        }

        void apply(Project project) {
            def component = componentFactory.adhoc("custom")
            project.components.add(component)
        }
    }

The `CustomComponentPlugin` plugin receives a `SoftwareComponentFactory` instance through its constructor using the `@Inject` annotation, creates an adhoc component, and adds it to the project’s components container so it can be referenced by a publication.

## Service injection patterns

There are two ways that services can be provided to an object.

### Constructor injection

A service can be injected into the constructor of the class. The constructor must be public and annotated with the `javax.inject.Inject` annotation.

Gradle uses the declared type of each constructor parameter to determine the services that the object requires. The order of the constructor parameters and their names are not significant and can be whatever you like.

Here is an example that shows a task type that receives an `WorkerExecutor` via its constructor:

Download.java

    public class Download extends DefaultTask {
        private final WorkerExecutor workerExecutor;

        // Inject an WorkerExecutor into the constructor
        @Inject
        public Download(WorkerExecutor workerExecutor) {
            this.workerExecutor = workerExecutor;
        }

        @TaskAction
        void run() {
            // ...use workerExecutor to run some work
        }
    }

### Property injection

A service can be injected by adding a property getter method annotated with the `javax.inject.Inject` annotation to the class.

Gradle defers the creation of the service until the getter method is called. This can be more performant than constructor injection.

The property getter method must be `public` or `protected`. Gradle uses the declared return type of the getter method to determine the service to make available.

The method should be `abstract` or, in cases where this isn’t possible, should have a dummy method body. The method body is discarded. The name of the property is not significant and can be whatever you like.

Here is an example that shows a task type that receives two services via property getter methods:

Download.java

    public abstract class Download extends DefaultTask {
        // Preferrably, use an abstract getter method
        @Inject
        protected abstract ObjectFactory getObjectFactory();

        // Alternatively, use a getter method with a dummy implementation
        @Inject
        protected WorkerExecutor getWorkerExecutor() {
            // Method body is ignored
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @TaskAction
        void run() {
            WorkerExecutor workerExecutor = getWorkerExecutor();
            ObjectFactory objectFactory = getObjectFactory();
            // Use the executor and factory ...
        }
    }