# 4. Centralizing dependencies

version 9.7.0-rc-2

Central dependencies can be managed in Gradle using various techniques such as platforms and version catalogs. Each approach offers its own advantages and helps in centralizing and managing dependencies efficiently.

## Using platforms

A platform is a set of dependency constraints designed to manage the transitive dependencies of a library or application.

When you define a platform in Gradle, you’re essentially specifying a set of dependencies that are meant to be used together, ensuring compatibility and simplifying dependency management:

platform/build.gradle.kts

    plugins {
        id("java-platform")
    }

    dependencies {
        constraints {
            api("org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0")
            api("com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre")
            api("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.30")
        }
    }

platform/build.gradle

    plugins {
        id("java-platform")
    }

    dependencies {
        constraints {
            api("org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0")
            api("com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre")
            api("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.30")
        }
    }

Then, you can use that platform in your project:

app/build.gradle.kts

    plugins {
        id("java-library")
    }

    dependencies {
        implementation(platform(project(":platform")))
    }

app/build.gradle

    plugins {
        id("java-library")
    }

    dependencies {
        implementation(platform(":platform"))
    }

Here, `platform` defines versions for `commons-lang3`, `guava`, and `slf4j-api`, ensuring they are compatible.

Maven’s BOM (Bill of Materials) is a popular type of platform that Gradle supports. A BOM file lists dependencies with specific versions, allowing you to manage these versions in a centralized way.

For example, a popular platform is the Spring Boot Bill of Materials. To use the BOM, you add it to the dependencies of your project:

build.gradle.kts

    dependencies {
        // import a BOM
        implementation(platform("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-dependencies:1.5.8.RELEASE"))
        // define dependencies without versions
        implementation("com.google.code.gson:gson")
        implementation("dom4j:dom4j")
    }

build.gradle

    dependencies {
        // import a BOM
        implementation platform('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-dependencies:1.5.8.RELEASE')
        // define dependencies without versions
        implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson'
        implementation 'dom4j:dom4j'
    }

By including the `spring-boot-dependencies` platform dependency, you ensure that all Spring components use the versions defined in the BOM file.

## Using a Version catalog

A version catalog is a centralized list of dependency coordinates that can be referenced in multiple projects. You can reference this catalog in your build scripts to ensure each project depends on a common set of well-known dependencies.

First, create a `libs.versions.toml` file in the `gradle` directory of your project. This file will define the versions of your dependencies and plugins:

gradle/libs.versions.toml

    [versions]
    groovy = "3.0.5"
    checkstyle = "8.37"

    [libraries]
    groovy-core = { module = "org.codehaus.groovy:groovy", version.ref = "groovy" }
    groovy-json = { module = "org.codehaus.groovy:groovy-json", version.ref = "groovy" }
    groovy-nio = { module = "org.codehaus.groovy:groovy-nio", version.ref = "groovy" }
    commons-lang3 = { group = "org.apache.commons", name = "commons-lang3", version = { strictly = "[3.8, 4.0[", prefer = "3.9" } }

    [bundles]
    groovy = ["groovy-core", "groovy-json", "groovy-nio"]

    [plugins]
    versions = { id = "com.github.ben-manes.versions", version = "0.45.0" }

Then, you can use the version catalog in you build file:

build.gradle.kts

    plugins {
        `java-library`
        alias(libs.plugins.versions)
    }

    dependencies {
        api(libs.bundles.groovy)
    }

build.gradle

    plugins {
        id 'java-library'
        alias(libs.plugins.versions)
    }

    dependencies {
        api libs.bundles.groovy
    }

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