# Configuration cache

version 7.1

| The configuration cache is an incubating feature, and the details described here may change.

## Introduction

The configuration cache is a feature that significantly improves build performance by caching the result of the configuration phase and reusing this for subsequent builds. Using the configuration cache, Gradle can skip the configuration phase entirely when nothing that affects the build configuration, such as build scripts, has changed. Gradle also applies some performance improvements to task execution as well.

The configuration cache is conceptually similar to the build cache, but caches different information. The build cache takes care of caching the outputs and intermediate files of the build, such as task outputs or artifact transform outputs. The configuration cache takes care of caching the build configuration for a particular set of tasks. In other words, the configuration cache saves the output of the configuration phase, and the build cache saves the outputs of the execution phase.

| This feature is currently highly experimental and not enabled by default. Not all core Gradle plugins are supported. Your build and the plugins you depend on might require changes to fulfil the requirements. Some Gradle features are not yet implemented. Importing and syncing Gradle builds in IDEs is not improved by configuration caching yet.

### How does it work?

When the configuration cache is enabled and you run Gradle for a particular set of tasks, for example by running `gradlew check`, Gradle checks whether a configuration cache entry is available for the requested set of tasks. If available, Gradle uses this entry instead of running the configuration phase. The cache entry contains information about the set of tasks to run, along with their configuration and dependency information.

The first time you run a particular set of tasks, there will be no entry in the configuration cache for these tasks and so Gradle will run the configuration phase as normal:

1. Run init scripts.

2. Run the settings script for the build, applying any requested settings plugins.

3. Configure and build the `buildSrc` project, if present.

4. Run the builds scripts for the build, applying any requested project plugins.

5. Calculate the task graph for the requested tasks, running any deferred configuration actions.

Following the configuration phase, Gradle writes the state of the task graph to the configuration cache, taking a snapshot for later Gradle invocations. The execution phase then runs as normal. This means you will not see any build performance improvement the first time you run a particular set of tasks.

When you subsequently run Gradle with this same set of tasks, for example by running `gradlew check` again, Gradle will load the tasks and their configuration directly from the configuration cache and skip the configuration phase entirely. Before using a configuration cache entry, Gradle checks that none of the "build configuration inputs", such as build scripts, for the entry have changed. If a build configuration input has changed, Gradle will not use the entry and will run the configuration phase again as above, saving the result for later reuse.

Build configuration inputs include:

- Init scripts, settings scripts, build scripts.

- System properties, Gradle properties and configuration files used during the configuration phase, accessed using value suppliers such as providers for properties, environment variables etc…​

- `buildSrc` build configuration inputs and source files.

### Performance improvements

Apart from skipping the configuration phase, the configuration cache provides some additional performance improvements:

- All tasks run in parallel by default.

- Dependency resolution is cached.

### Configuration caching in action

## Using the configuration cache

It is recommended to get started with the simplest task invocation possible. Running `help` with the configuration cache enabled is a good first step:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache help
    Calculating task graph as no configuration cache is available for tasks: help
    ...
    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 4s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry stored.

Running this for the first time, the configuration phase is executed, calculating the task graph.

Then, run the same command again. This will reuse the cached configuration:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache help
    Reusing configuration cache.
    ...
    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 500ms
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry reused.

If it succeeds on your build, congratulations, you can now try with more useful tasks. You should target your development loop. A good example is running tests after making incremental changes.

If any problem is found caching or reusing the configuration, an HTML report is generated to help you diagnose and fix the issues. See the Troubleshooting section below for more information.

Keep reading to learn how to tweak the configuration cache, manually invalidate the state if something goes wrong and use the configuration cache from an IDE.

### Enabling the configuration cache

By default, the configuration cache is not enabled. It can be enabled from the command line:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache

It can also be enabled persistently in a `gradle.properties` file:

    org.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache=true

If it is enabled in a `gradle.properties` file, it can be disabled on the command line for one build invocation:

    ❯ gradle --no-configuration-cache

### Ignoring problems

By default, Gradle will fail the build if any configuration cache problems are encountered. When gradually improving your plugin or build logic to support the configuration cache it can be useful to temporarily turn problems into warnings.

This can be done from the command line:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache-problems=warn

or in a `gradle.properties` file:

    org.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache-problems=warn

### Allowing a maximum number of problems

When configuration cache problems are turned into warnings, Gradle will fail the build if `512` problems are found by default.

This can be adjusted by specifying an allowed maximum number of problems on the command line:

    ❯ gradle -Dorg.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache.max-problems=5

or in a `gradle.properties` file:

    org.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache.max-problems=5

### Invalidating the cache

The configuration cache is automatically invalidated when inputs to the configuration phase change. However, certain inputs are not tracked yet, so you may have to manually invalidate the configuration cache when untracked inputs to the configuration phase change. This can happen if you ignored problems. See the Requirements and Not yet implemented sections below for more information.

The configuration cache state is stored on disk in a directory named `.gradle/configuration-cache` in the root directory of the Gradle build in use. If you need to invalidate the cache, simply delete that directory:

    ❯ rm -rf .gradle/configuration-cache

Configuration cache entries are checked periodically (at most every 24 hours) for whether they are still in use. They are deleted if they haven’t been used for 7 days.

## IDE support

If you enable and configure the configuration cache from your `gradle.properties` file, then the configuration cache will be enabled when your IDE delegates to Gradle. There’s nothing more to do.

`gradle.properties` is usually checked in source control. If you don’t want to enable the configuration cache for your whole team yet you can also enable the configuration cache from your IDE only as explained below.

Note that syncing a build from an IDE doesn’t benefit from the configuration cache, only running tasks does.

### IntelliJ based IDEs

In IntelliJ IDEA or Android Studio this can be done in two ways, either globally or per run configuration.

To enable it for the whole build, go to `Run > Edit configurations…​`. This will open the IntelliJ IDEA or Android Studio dialog to configure Run/Debug configurations. Select `Templates > Gradle` and add the necessary system properties to the `VM options` field.

For example to enable the configuration cache, turning problems into warnings, add the following:

    -Dorg.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache=true -Dorg.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache-problems=warn

You can also choose to only enable it for a given run configuration. In this case, leave the `Templates > Gradle` configuration untouched and edit each run configuration as you see fit.

Combining these two ways you can enable globally and disable for certain run configurations, or the opposite.

| You can use the gradle-idea-ext-plugin to configure IntelliJ run configurations from your build. This is a good way to enable the configuration cache only for the IDE.

### Eclipse IDEs

In Eclipse IDEs you can enable and configure the configuration cache through Buildship in two ways, either globally or per run configuration.

To enable it globally, go to `Preferences > Gradle`. You can use the properties described above as system properties. For example to enable the configuration cache, turning problems into warnings, add the following JVM arguments:

- `-Dorg.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache=true`

- `-Dorg.gradle.unsafe.configuration-cache-problems=warn`

To enable it for a given run configuration, go to `Run configurations…​`, find the one you want to change, go to `Project Settings`, tick the `Override project settings` checkbox and add the same system properties as a `JVM argument`.

Combining these two ways you can enable globally and disable for certain run configurations, or the opposite.

## Supported plugins

The configuration cache is brand new and introduces new requirements for plugin implementations. As a result, both core Gradle plugins, and community plugins need to be adjusted. This section provides information about the current support in core Gradle plugins and community plugins.

### Core Gradle plugins

Not all core Gradle plugins support configuration caching yet.

JVM languages and frameworks | Native languages | Packaging and distribution
--- | --- | ---
✓ | Java
✓ | Java Library
✓ | Java Platform
⚠ | Groovy
✖ | Scala
⚠ | ANTLR
✖ | C++ Application
✖ | C++ Library
✖ | C++ Unit Test
✖ | Swift Application
✖ | Swift Library
✖ | XCTest
✓ | Application
✓ | WAR
✓ | EAR
⚠ | Maven Publish
✖ | Ivy Publish
✓ | Distribution
✓ | Java Library Distribution
Code analysis | IDE integration | Utility
✓ | Checkstyle
✓ | PMD
✓ | JaCoCo
✓ | CodeNarc
✖ | Eclipse
✖ | IntelliJ IDEA
✖ | Visual Studio
✖ | Xcode
✓ | Base
⚠ | Build Init
✖ | Signing
✓ | Java Plugin Development
✖ | Groovy DSL Plugin Development
✖ | Kotlin DSL Plugin Development
✖ | Project Report Plugin

✓ | Supported plugin
⚠ | Partially supported plugin
✖ | Unsupported plugin
🚫 | Won’t fix

### Community plugins

Please refer to issue gradle/gradle#13490 to learn about the status of community plugins.

## Troubleshooting

The following sections will go through some general guidelines on dealing with problems with the configuration cache. This applies to both your build logic and to your Gradle plugins.

Upon failure to serialize the state required to run the tasks, an HTML report of detected problems is generated. The Gradle failure output includes a clickable link to the report. This report is useful and allows you to drill down into problems, understand what is causing them.

Let’s look at a simple example build script that contains a couple problems:

build.gradle

    tasks.register('someTask') {
        def destination = System.getProperty('someDestination') (1)
        inputs.dir('source')
        outputs.dir(destination)
        doLast {
            project.copy { (2)
                from 'source'
                into destination
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("someTask") {
        val destination = System.getProperty("someDestination") (1)
        inputs.dir("source")
        outputs.dir(destination)
        doLast {
            project.copy { (2)
                from("source")
                into(destination)
            }
        }
    }

1 | Undeclared system property read at configuration time
2 | Using the `Project` object at execution time

Running that task fails and print the following in the console:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache someTask -DsomeDestination=dest
    ...
    * What went wrong:
    Configuration cache problems found in this build.

    2 problems were found storing the configuration cache.
    - Build file 'build.gradle': read system property 'someDestination'
      See https://docs.gradle.org/0.0.0/userguide/configuration_cache.html#config_cache:requirements:undeclared_sys_prop_read
    - Build file 'build.gradle': invocation of 'Task.project' at execution time is unsupported.
      See https://docs.gradle.org/0.0.0/userguide/configuration_cache.html#config_cache:requirements:use_project_during_execution

    See the complete report at file:///home/user/gradle/samples/build/reports/configuration-cache/<hash>/configuration-cache-report.html
    > Read system property 'someDestination'
    > Invocation of 'Task.project' by task ':someTask' at execution time is unsupported.

    * Try:
    Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace. Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output. Run with --scan to get full insights.

    * Get more help at https://help.gradle.org

    BUILD FAILED in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry discarded with 2 problems.

The configuration cache entry was discarded because of the found problems failing the build.

Details can be found in the linked HTML report:

The report displays the set of problems twice. First grouped by problem message, then grouped by task. The former allows you to quickly see what classes of problems your build is facing. The latter allows you to quickly see which tasks are problematic. In both cases you can expand the tree in order to discover where the culprit is in the object graph.

| Problems displayed in the report have links to the corresponding requirement where you can find guidance on how to fix the problem or to the corresponding not yet implemented feature. When changing your build or plugin to fix the problems you should consider testing your build logic with TestKit.

At this stage, you can decide to either turn the problems into warnings and continue exploring how your build reacts to the configuration cache, or fix the problems at hand.

Let’s ignore the reported problems, and run the same build again twice to see what happens when reusing the cached problematic configuration:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache --configuration-cache-problems=warn someTask -DsomeDestination=dest
    Calculating task graph as no configuration cache is available for tasks: someTask
    > Task :someTask

    2 problems were found storing the configuration cache.
    - Build file 'build.gradle': read system property 'someDestination'
      See https://docs.gradle.org/0.0.0/userguide/configuration_cache.html#config_cache:requirements:undeclared_sys_prop_read
    - Build file 'build.gradle': invocation of 'Task.project' at execution time is unsupported.
      See https://docs.gradle.org/0.0.0/userguide/configuration_cache.html#config_cache:requirements:use_project_during_execution

    See the complete report at file:///home/user/gradle/samples/build/reports/configuration-cache/<hash>/configuration-cache-report.html

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry stored with 2 problems.
    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache --configuration-cache-problems=warn someTask -DsomeDestination=dest
    Reusing configuration cache.
    > Task :someTask

    1 problem was found reusing the configuration cache.
    - Build file 'build.gradle': invocation of 'Task.project' at execution time is unsupported.
      See https://docs.gradle.org/0.0.0/userguide/configuration_cache.html#config_cache:requirements:use_project_during_execution

    See the complete report at file:///home/user/gradle/samples/build/reports/configuration-cache/<hash>/configuration-cache-report.html

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry reused with 1 problem.

The two builds succeed reporting the observed problems, storing then reusing the configuration cache. The first problem, that happens at configuration time when storing, is not reported on the second run, reusing the configuration cache. The configuration phase was skipped. The second problem about using `Project` at execution time is reported in both when storing and reusing. Both builds did execute the task.

With the help of the links present in the console problem summary and in the HTML report we can fix our problems. Here’s some fixed version of the build script:

build.gradle

    abstract class MyCopyTask extends DefaultTask { (1)

        @InputDirectory abstract DirectoryProperty getSource() (2)

        @OutputDirectory abstract DirectoryProperty getDestination() (2)

        @Inject abstract FileSystemOperations getFs() (3)

        @TaskAction
        void action() {
            fs.copy { (3)
                from source
                into destination
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register('someTask', MyCopyTask) {
        def projectDir = layout.projectDirectory
        source = projectDir.dir('source')
        destination = projectDir.dir(
            providers.systemProperty('someDestination').forUseAtConfigurationTime().get() (4)
        )
    }

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class MyCopyTask : DefaultTask() { (1)

        @get:InputDirectory abstract val source: DirectoryProperty (2)

        @get:OutputDirectory abstract val destination: DirectoryProperty (2)

        @get:Inject abstract val fs: FileSystemOperations (3)

        @TaskAction
        fun action() {
            fs.copy { (3)
                from(source)
                into(destination)
            }
        }
    }

    tasks.register<MyCopyTask>("someTask") {
        val projectDir = layout.projectDirectory
        source.set(projectDir.dir("source"))
        destination.set(projectDir.dir(
            providers.systemProperty("someDestination").forUseAtConfigurationTime().get() (4)
        ))
    }

1 | We turned our ad-hoc task into a proper task class,
2 | with inputs and outputs declaration,
3 | and injected with the `FileSystemOperations` service, a supported replacement for `project.copy {}`.
4 | Finally, we declared the system property used at configuration time as a build configuration input, and wire it to our task input.

Running the task twice now succeeds without reporting any problem and reusing the configuration cache on the second run:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache someTask -DsomeDestination=dest
    Calculating task graph as no configuration cache is available for tasks: someTask
    > Task :someTask

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry stored.
    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache someTask -DsomeDestination=dest
    Reusing configuration cache.
    > Task :someTask

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry reused.

But, what if we change the value of the system property?

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache someTask -DsomeDestination=another
    Calculating task graph as configuration cache cannot be reused because system property 'someDestination' has changed.
    > Task :someTask

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry stored.

The previous configuration cache entry could not be reused, and the task graph had to be calculated and stored again. This is because we read the system property at configuration time, hence requiring Gradle to run the configuration phase again when the value of that property changes. Fixing that is as simple as wiring the system property directly, without reading it at configuration time.

build.gradle

    tasks.register('someTask', MyCopyTask) {
        def projectDir = layout.projectDirectory
        source = projectDir.dir('source')
        destination = projectDir.dir(providers.systemProperty('someDestination')) (1)
    }

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register<MyCopyTask>("someTask") {
        val projectDir = layout.projectDirectory
        source.set(projectDir.dir("source"))
        destination.set(projectDir.dir(providers.systemProperty("someDestination"))) (1)
    }

1 | We wired the declared system property directly, without reading it at configuration time.

With this simple change in place we can run the task any number of time, change the system property value, and reuse the configuration cache:

    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache someTask -DsomeDestination=dest
    Calculating task graph as no configuration cache is available for tasks: someTask
    > Task :someTask

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry stored.
    ❯ gradle --configuration-cache someTask -DsomeDestination=another
    Reusing configuration cache.
    > Task :someTask

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    1 actionable task: 1 executed
    Configuration cache entry reused.

We’re now done with fixing the problems with this simple task.

Keep reading to learn how to adopt the configuration cache for your build or your plugins.

## Adoption steps

An important prerequisite is to keep your Gradle and plugins versions up to date. The following explores the recommended steps for a successful adoption. It applies both to builds and plugins. While going through these steps, keep in mind the HTML report and the solutions explained in the requirements chapter below.

Start with `:help`

  Always start by trying your build or plugin with the simplest task `:help`. This will exercise the minimal configuration phase of your build or plugin.

Progressively target useful tasks

  Don’t go with running `build` right away. You can also use `--dry-run` to discover more configuration time problems first.

  When working on a build, progressively target your development feedback loop. For example, running tests after making some changes to the source code.

  When working on a plugin, progressively target the contributed or configured tasks.

Explore by turning problems into warnings

  Don’t stop at the first build failure and turn problems into warnings to discover how your build and plugins behave. If a build fails, use the HTML report to reason about the reported problems related to the failure. Continue running more useful tasks.

  This will give you a good overview of the nature of the problems your build and plugins are facing. Remember that when turning problems into warnings you might need to manually invalidate the cache in case of troubles.

Step back and fix problems iteratively

  When you feel you know enough about what needs to be fixed, take a step back and start iteratively fixing the most important problems. Use the HTML report and this documentation to help you in this journey.

  Start with problems reported when storing the configuration cache. Once fixed, you can rely on a valid cached configuration phase and move on to fixing problems reported when loading the configuration cache if any.

Report encountered issues

  If you face a problem with a Gradle feature or with a Gradle core plugin that is not covered by this documentation, please report an issue on `gradle/gradle`.

  If you face a problem with a community Gradle plugin, see if it is already listed at gradle/gradle#13490 and consider reporting the issue to the plugin’s issue tracker.

  A good way to report such issues is by providing information such as:

  - a link to this very documentation,

  - the plugin version you tried,

  - the custom configuration of the plugin if any, or ideally a reproducer build,

  - a description of what fails, for example problems with a given task

  - a copy of the build failure,

  - the self-contained `configuration-cache-report.html` file.

Test, test, test

  Consider adding tests for your build logic. See the below section on testing your build logic for the configuration cache. This will help you while iterating on the required changes and prevent future regressions.

Roll it out to your team

  Once you have your developer workflow working, for example running tests from the IDE, you can consider enabling it for your team. A faster turnaround when changing code and running tests could be worth it. You’ll probably want to do this as an opt-in first.

  If needed, turn problems into warnings and set the maximum number of allowed problems in your build `gradle.properties` file. Keep the configuration cache disabled by default. Let your team know they can opt-in by, for example, enabling the configuration cache on their IDE run configurations for the supported workflow.

  Later on, when more workflows are working, you can flip this around. Enable the configuration cache by default, configure CI to disable it, and if required communicate the unsupported workflow(s) for which the configuration cache needs to be disabled.

## Testing your build logic

The Gradle TestKit (a.k.a. just TestKit) is a library that aids in testing Gradle plugins and build logic generally. For general guidance on how to use TestKit, see the dedicated chapter.

To enable configuration caching in your tests, you can pass the `--configuration-cache` argument to GradleRunner or use one of the other methods described in Enabling the configuration cache.

You need to run your tasks twice. Once to prime the configuration cache. Once to reuse the configuration cache.

Example 1. Testing the configuration cache
src/test/groovy/org/example/BuildLogicFunctionalTest.groovy

        def "my task can be loaded from the configuration cache"() {
            given:
            buildFile << """
                plugins {
                    id 'org.example.my-plugin'
                }
            """

            when:
            runner()
                .withArguments('--configuration-cache', 'myTask')    (1)
                .build()

            and:
            def result = runner()
                .withArguments('--configuration-cache', 'myTask')    (2)
                .build()

            then:
            result.output.contains('Reusing configuration cache.')      (3)
            // ... more assertions on your task behavior
        }

src/test/kotlin/org/example/BuildLogicFunctionalTest.kt

        @Test
        fun `my task can be loaded from the configuration cache`() {

            buildFile.writeText("""
                plugins {
                    id 'org.example.my-plugin'
                }
            """)

            runner()
                .withArguments("--configuration-cache", "myTask")        (1)
                .build()

            val result = runner()
                .withArguments("--configuration-cache", "myTask")        (2)
                .build()

            require(result.output.contains("Reusing configuration cache.")) (3)
            // ... more assertions on your task behavior
        }

1 | First run primes the configuration cache.
2 | Second run reuses the configuration cache.
3 | Assert that the configuration cache gets reused.

If problems with the configuration cache are found then Gradle will fail the build reporting the problems, and the test will fail.

| A good testing strategy for a Gradle plugin is to run its whole test suite with the configuration cache enabled. This requires testing the plugin with a supported Gradle version. If the plugin already supports a range of Gradle versions it might already have tests for multiple Gradle versions. In that case we recommend enabling the configuration cache starting with the Gradle version that supports it. If this can’t be done right away, using tests that runs all tasks contributed by the plugin several times, for e.g. asserting the `UP_TO_DATE` and `FROM_CACHE` behavior, is also a good strategy.

## Requirements

In order to capture the state of the task graph to the configuration cache and reload it again in a later build, Gradle applies certain requirements to tasks and other build logic. Each of these requirements is treated as a configuration cache "problem" and fails the build if violations are present.

For the most part these requirements are actually surfacing some undeclared inputs. In other words, using the configuration cache is an opt-in to more strictness, correctness and reliability for all builds.

The following sections describe each of the requirements and how to change your build to fix the problems.

### Certain types must not be referenced by tasks

There are a number of types that task instances must not reference from their fields. The same applies to task actions as closures such as `doFirst {}` or `doLast {}`.

These types fall into some categories as follows:

- Live JVM state types

- Gradle model types

- Dependency management types

In all cases the reason these types are disallowed is that their state cannot easily be stored or recreated by the configuration cache.

Live JVM state types (e.g. `ClassLoader`, `Thread`, `OutputStream`, `Socket` etc…​) are simply disallowed. These types almost never represent a task input or output.

Gradle model types (e.g. `Gradle`, `Settings`, `Project`, `SourceSet`, `Configuration` etc…​) are usually used to carry some task input that should be explicitly and precisely declared instead.

For example, if you reference a `Project` in order to get the `project.version` at execution time, you should instead directly declare the project version as an input to your task using a `Property<String>`. Another example would be to reference a `SourceSet` to later get the source files, the compilation classpath or the outputs of the source set. You should instead declare these as a `FileCollection` input and reference just that.

The same requirement applies to dependency management types with some nuances.

Some types, such as `Configuration` or `SourceDirectorySet`, don’t make good task input parameters, as they hold a lot of irrelevant state, and it is better to model these inputs as something more precise. We don’t intend to make these types serializable at all. For example, if you reference a `Configuration` to later get the resolved files, you should instead declare a `FileCollection` as an input to your task. In the same vein, if you reference a `SourceDirectorySet` you should instead declare a `FileTree` as an input to your task.

Referencing dependency resolution results is also disallowed (e.g. `ArtifactResolutionQuery`, `ResolvedArtifact`, `ArtifactResult` etc…​). For example, if you reference some `ResolvedArtifactResult` instances, you should instead declare some `ArtifactCollection` as an input to your task. The rule of thumb is that tasks must not reference resolved results, but lazy specifications instead, in order to do the dependency resolution at execution time. Some APIs are missing and cannot yet be used as task inputs, for example it is currently not possible for task actions to reason about the dependency graph, see gradle/gradle#12871.

Some types, such as `Publication` or `Dependency` are not serializable, but could be. We may, if necessary, allow these to be used as task inputs directly.

Here’s an example of a problematic task type referencing a `SourceSet`:

build.gradle

    abstract class SomeTask extends DefaultTask {

        @Input SourceSet sourceSet (1)

        @TaskAction
        void action() {
            def classpathFiles = sourceSet.compileClasspath.files
            // ...
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class SomeTask : DefaultTask() {

        @get:Input lateinit var sourceSet: SourceSet (1)

        @TaskAction
        fun action() {
            val classpathFiles = sourceSet.compileClasspath.files
            // ...
        }
    }

1 | this will be reported as a problem because referencing `SourceSet` is not allowed

The following is how it should be done instead:

build.gradle

    abstract class SomeTask extends DefaultTask {

        @InputFiles @Classpath
        abstract ConfigurableFileCollection getClasspath() (1)

        @TaskAction
        void action() {
            def classpathFiles = classpath.files
            // ...
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class SomeTask : DefaultTask() {

        @get:InputFiles @get:Classpath
        abstract val classpath: ConfigurableFileCollection (1)

        @TaskAction
        fun action() {
            val classpathFiles = classpath.files
            // ...
        }
    }

1 | no more problems reported, we now reference the supported type `FileCollection`

In the same vein, if you encounter the same problem with an ad-hoc task declared in a script as follows:

build.gradle

    tasks.register('someTask') {
        doLast {
            def classpathFiles = sourceSets.main.compileClasspath.files (1)
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("someTask") {
        doLast {
            val classpathFiles = sourceSets.main.get().compileClasspath.files (1)
        }
    }

1 | this will be reported as a problem because the `doLast {}` closure is capturing a reference to the `SourceSet`

You still need to fulfil the same requirement, that is not referencing a disallowed type. Here’s how the task declaration above can be fixed:

build.gradle

    tasks.register('someTask') {
        def classpath = sourceSets.main.compileClasspath (1)
        doLast {
            def classpathFiles = classpath.files
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("someTask") {
        val classpath = sourceSets.main.get().compileClasspath (1)
        doLast {
            val classpathFiles = classpath.files
        }
    }

1 | no more problems reported, the `doLast {}` closure now only captures `classpath` which is of the supported `FileCollection` type

Note that sometimes the disallowed type is indirectly referenced. For example, you could have a task reference some type from a plugin that is allowed. That type could reference another allowed type that in turn references a disallowed type. The hierarchical view of the object graph provided in the HTML reports for problems should help you pinpoint the offender.

### Using the `Project` object

A task must not use any `Project` objects at execution time. This includes calling `Task.getProject()` while the task is running.

Some cases can be fixed in the same way as for disallowed types.

Often, similar things are available on both `Project` and `Task`. For example if you need a `Logger` in your task actions you should use `Task.logger` instead of `Project.logger`.

Otherwise, you can use injected services instead of the methods of `Project`.

Here’s an example of a problematic task type using the `Project` object at execution time:

build.gradle

    abstract class SomeTask extends DefaultTask {
        @TaskAction
        void action() {
            project.copy { (1)
                from 'source'
                into 'destination'
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class SomeTask : DefaultTask() {
        @TaskAction
        fun action() {
            project.copy { (1)
                from("source")
                into("destination")
            }
        }
    }

1 | this will be reported as a problem because the task action is using the `Project` object at execution time

The following is how it should be done instead:

build.gradle

    abstract class SomeTask extends DefaultTask {

        @Inject abstract FileSystemOperations getFs() (1)

        @TaskAction
        void action() {
            fs.copy {
                from 'source'
                into 'destination'
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    abstract class SomeTask : DefaultTask() {

        @get:Inject abstract val fs: FileSystemOperations (1)

        @TaskAction
        fun action() {
            fs.copy {
                from("source")
                into("destination")
            }
        }
    }

1 | no more problem reported, the injected `FileSystemOperations` service is supported as a replacement for `project.copy {}`

In the same vein, if you encounter the same problem with an ad-hoc task declared in a script as follows:

build.gradle

    tasks.register('someTask') {
        doLast {
            project.copy { (1)
                from 'source'
                into 'destination'
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("someTask") {
        doLast {
            project.copy { (1)
                from("source")
                into("destination")
            }
        }
    }

1 | this will be reported as a problem because the task action is using the `Project` object at execution time

Here’s how the task declaration above can be fixed:

build.gradle

    interface Injected {
        @Inject FileSystemOperations getFs() (1)
    }
    tasks.register('someTask') {
        def injected = project.objects.newInstance(Injected) (2)
        doLast {
            injected.fs.copy { (3)
                from 'source'
                into 'destination'
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    interface Injected {
        @get:Inject val fs: FileSystemOperations (1)
    }
    tasks.register("someTask") {
        val injected = project.objects.newInstance<Injected>() (2)
        doLast {
            injected.fs.copy { (3)
                from("source")
                into("destination")
            }
        }
    }

1 | services can’t be injected directly in scripts, we need an extra type to convey the injection point
2 | create an instance of the extra type using `project.object` outside the task action
3 | no more problem reported, the task action references `injected` that provides the `FileSystemOperations` service, supported as a replacement for `project.copy {}`

As you can see above, fixing ad-hoc tasks declared in scripts requires quite a bit of ceremony. It is a good time to think about extracting your task declaration as a proper task class as shown previously.

The following table shows what APIs or injected service should be used as a replacement for each of the `Project` methods.

Instead of: | Use:
--- | ---
`project.rootDir` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.rootDir` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.projectDir` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.projectDir` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.buildDir` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.buildDir` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.name` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.name` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.description` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.description` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.group` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.group` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.version` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.version` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.properties`, `project.property(name)`, `project.hasProperty(name)`, `project.getProperty(name)` or `project.findProperty(name)` | Value providers for Gradle properties
`project.logger` | Task.logger
`project.provider {}` | ProviderFactory.provider {}
`project.file(path)` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.file(file)` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.uri(path)` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.uri(path)` to calculate the actual parameter. Otherwise, `File.toURI()` or some other JVM API can be used.
`project.relativePath(path)` | ProjectLayout.projectDirectory.file(path)
`project.files(paths)` | ObjectFactory.fileCollection().from(paths)
`project.fileTree(paths)` | ObjectFactory.fileTree().from(dir)
`project.zipTree(path)` | ArchiveOperations.zipTree(path)
`project.tarTree(path)` | ArchiveOperations.tarTree(path)
`project.resources` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.resource` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.copySpec {}` | A task input or output property or a script variable to capture the result of using `project.copySpec {}` to calculate the actual parameter.
`project.copy {}` | FileSystemOperations.copy {}
`project.sync {}` | FileSystemOperations.sync {}
`project.delete {}` | FileSystemOperations.delete {}
`project.mkdir(path)` | The Kotlin, Groovy or Java API available to your build logic.
`project.exec {}` | ExecOperations.exec {}
`project.javaexec {}` | ExecOperations.javaexec {}
`project.ant {}` | Task.ant
`project.createAntBuilder()` | Task.ant

### Accessing a task instance from another instance

Tasks should not directly access the state of another task instance. Instead, tasks should be connected using inputs and outputs relationships.

Note that this requirement makes it unsupported to write tasks that configure other tasks at execution time.

### Using build listeners

Plugins and build scripts must not register any build listeners. That is listeners registered at configuration time that get notified at execution time. For example a `BuildListener` or a `TaskExecutionListener`.

These should be replaced by build services, registered to receive information about task execution if needed.

### Undeclared reading of Gradle properties

Plugins and build scripts should not read Gradle properties directly at configuration time. Instead, these Gradle properties must be declared as a potential build configuration input by using the value supplier APIs.

This problem is caused by build logic similar to this:

build.gradle

    def enabled = project.findProperty('some-property') != null

build.gradle.kts

    val enabled = project.findProperty("some-property") != null

To fix this problem, read Gradle properties using providers.gradleProperty() instead:

build.gradle

    def enabled = providers.gradleProperty('some-property').forUseAtConfigurationTime().present

build.gradle.kts

    val enabled = providers.gradleProperty("some-property").forUseAtConfigurationTime().isPresent

In general, you should avoid reading the value of Gradle properties at configuration time, to avoid invalidating configuration cache entries when the Gradle property value changes. Instead, you can connect the `Provider` returned by providers.gradleProperty() to task properties.

### Undeclared reading of system properties

Plugins and build scripts should not read system properties directly using the Java APIs at configuration time. Instead, these system properties must be declared as a potential build configuration input by using the value supplier APIs.

This problem is caused by build logic similar to this:

build.gradle

    def enabled = System.getProperty('some-property') != null

build.gradle.kts

    val enabled = System.getProperty("some-property") != null

To fix this problem, read system properties using providers.systemProperty() instead:

build.gradle

    def enabled = providers.systemProperty('some-property').forUseAtConfigurationTime().present

build.gradle.kts

    val enabled = providers.systemProperty("some-property").forUseAtConfigurationTime().isPresent

In general, you should avoid reading the value of system properties at configuration time, to avoid invalidating configuration cache entries when the system property value changes. Instead, you can connect the `Provider` returned by providers.systemProperty() to task properties.

### Undeclared reading of environment variables

Plugins and build scripts should not read environment variables directly using the Java APIs at configuration time. Instead, declare environment variables as potential build configuration inputs using the value supplier APIs.

This problem is caused by build logic similar to this:

build.gradle

    def enabled = System.getenv('SOME_ENV_VAR') != null

build.gradle.kts

    val enabled = System.getenv("SOME_ENV_VAR") != null

To fix this problem, read environment variables using providers.environmentVariable() instead:

build.gradle

    def enabled = providers.environmentVariable('SOME_ENV_VAR').forUseAtConfigurationTime().present

build.gradle.kts

    val enabled = providers.environmentVariable("SOME_ENV_VAR").forUseAtConfigurationTime().isPresent

In general, you should avoid reading the value of environment variables at configuration time, to avoid invalidating configuration cache entries when the environment variable value changes. Instead, you can connect the `Provider` returned by providers.environmentVariable() to task properties.

### Undeclared reading of files

Plugins and build scripts should not read files directly using the Java, Groovy or Kotlin APIs at configuration time. Instead, declare files as potential build configuration inputs using the value supplier APIs.

This problem is caused by build logic similar to this:

build.gradle

    def config = file('some.conf').text

build.gradle.kts

    val config = file("some.conf").readText()

To fix this problem, read files using providers.fileContents() instead:

build.gradle

    def config = providers.fileContents(layout.projectDirectory.file('some.conf'))
        .asText.forUseAtConfigurationTime()

build.gradle.kts

    val config = providers.fileContents(layout.projectDirectory.file("some.conf"))
        .asText.forUseAtConfigurationTime()

In general, you should avoid reading files at configuration time, to avoid invalidating configuration cache entries when the file content changes. Instead, you can connect the `Provider` returned by providers.fileContents() to task properties.

## Not yet implemented

Support for using configuration caching with certain Gradle features is not yet implemented. Support for these features will be added in later Gradle releases.

### Sharing the configuration cache

The configuration cache is currently stored locally only. It can be reused by hot or cold local Gradle daemons. But it can’t be shared between developers or CI machines.

See gradle/gradle#13510.

### Parallel task execution on cache misses

When there’s no configuration cache available and the work graph needs to be calculated, tasks are not executed in parallel by default. Only builds that reuse the configuration cache currently execute all tasks in parallel by default.

See gradle/gradle#14624.

### Custom input normalization

Custom input normalization is not captured when using the configuration cache. If your build has configuration for input normalization, i.e. `normalization { }`, it will be ignored, no problem will be reported. Builds reusing the configuration cache might see build cache misses but will stay reliable.

See gradle/gradle#13706.

### Source dependencies

Support for source dependencies is not yet implemented. With the configuration cache enabled, no problem will be reported and the build will fail.

See gradle/gradle#13506.

### Using a Java agent with builds run using TestKit

When running builds using TestKit, the configuration cache can interfere with Java agents, such as the Jacoco agent, that are applied to these builds.

### Java Object Serialization

Gradle allows objects that support the Java Object Serialization protocol to be stored in the configuration cache.

The implementation is currently limited to serializable classes that implement the `java.io.Serializable` interface and define one of the following combination of methods:

- a `writeObject` method combined with a `readObject` method to control exactly which information to store;

- a `writeObject` method with no corresponding `readObject`; `writeObject` must eventually call `ObjectOutputStream.defaultWriteObject`;

- a `readObject` method with no corresponding `writeObject`; `readObject` must eventually call `ObjectInputStream.defaultReadObject`;

- a `writeReplace` method to allow the class to nominate a replacement to be written;

- a `readResolve` method to allow the class to nominate a replacement for the object just read;

The following Java Object Serialization features are not supported:

- serializable classes implementing the `java.io.Externalizable` interface; objects of such classes are discarded by the configuration cache during serialization and reported as problems;

- the `serialPersistentFields` member to explicitly declare which fields are serializable; the member, if present, is ignored; the configuration cache considers all but `transient` fields serializable;

- the following methods of `ObjectOutputStream` are not supported and will throw `UnsupportedOperationException`:

  - `reset()`, `writeFields()`, `putFields()`, `writeChars(String)`, `writeBytes(String)` and `writeUnshared(Any?)`.

- the following methods of `ObjectInputStream` are not supported and will throw `UnsupportedOperationException`:

  - `readLine()`, `readFully(ByteArray)`, `readFully(ByteArray, Int, Int)`, `readUnshared()`, `readFields()`, `transferTo(OutputStream)` and `readAllBytes()`.

- validations registered via `ObjectInputStream.registerValidation` are simply ignored;

- the `readObjectNoData` method, if present, is never invoked;

See gradle/gradle#13588.