/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.wicket.proxy;

import java.io.ObjectStreamException;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import net.sf.cglib.core.DefaultNamingPolicy;
import net.sf.cglib.core.Predicate;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.Callback;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.CallbackFilter;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy;
import net.sf.cglib.proxy.NoOp;

import org.apache.wicket.Application;
import org.apache.wicket.WicketRuntimeException;
import org.apache.wicket.core.util.lang.WicketObjects;
import org.apache.wicket.model.IModel;
import org.apache.wicket.proxy.objenesis.ObjenesisProxyFactory;
import org.apache.wicket.util.io.IClusterable;
import org.apache.wicket.util.string.Strings;

/**
 * A factory class that creates lazy init proxies given a type and a {@link IProxyTargetLocator}
 * used to retrieve the object the proxy will represent.
 * <p>
 * A lazy init proxy waits until the first method invocation before it uses the
 * {@link IProxyTargetLocator} to retrieve the object to which the method invocation will be
 * forwarded.
 * <p>
 * This factory creates two kinds of proxies: A standard dynamic proxy when the specified type is an
 * interface, and a CGLib proxy when the specified type is a concrete class.
 * <p>
 * The general use case for such a proxy is to represent a dependency that should not be serialized
 * with a wicket page or {@link IModel}. The solution is to serialize the proxy and the
 * {@link IProxyTargetLocator} instead of the dependency, and be able to look up the target object
 * again when the proxy is deserialized and accessed. A good strategy for achieving this is to have
 * a static lookup in the {@link IProxyTargetLocator}, this keeps its size small and makes it safe
 * to serialize.
 * <p>
 * Example:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * class UserServiceLocator implements IProxyTargetLocator
 * {
 * 	public static final IProxyTargetLocator INSTANCE = new UserServiceLocator();
 * 
 * 	Object locateProxyObject()
 * 	{
 * 		MyApplication app = (MyApplication)Application.get();
 * 		return app.getUserService();
 * 	}
 * }
 * 
 * class UserDetachableModel extends LoadableDetachableModel
 * {
 * 	private UserService svc;
 * 
 * 	private long userId;
 * 
 * 	public UserDetachableModel(long userId, UserService svc)
 * 	{
 * 		this.userId = userId;
 * 		this.svc = svc;
 * 	}
 * 
 * 	public Object load()
 * 	{
 * 		return svc.loadUser(userId);
 * 	}
 * }
 * 
 * UserService service = LazyInitProxyFactory.createProxy(UserService.class,
 * 	UserServiceLocator.INSTANCE);
 * 
 * UserDetachableModel model = new UserDetachableModel(10, service);
 * 
 * </pre>
 * 
 * The detachable model in the example above follows to good citizen pattern and is easy to unit
 * test. These are the advantages gained through the use of the lazy init proxies.
 * 
 * @author Igor Vaynberg (ivaynberg)
 * 
 */
public class LazyInitProxyFactory
{
	/**
	 * Primitive java types and their object wrappers
	 */
	@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
	private static final List PRIMITIVES = Arrays.asList(String.class, byte.class, Byte.class,
		short.class, Short.class, int.class, Integer.class, long.class, Long.class, float.class,
		Float.class, double.class, Double.class, char.class, Character.class, boolean.class,
		Boolean.class);

	private static final int CGLIB_CALLBACK_NO_OVERRIDE = 0;
	private static final int CGLIB_CALLBACK_HANDLER = 1;

	private static final boolean IS_OBJENESIS_AVAILABLE = isObjenesisAvailable();

	/**
	 * Create a lazy init proxy for the specified type. The target object will be located using the
	 * provided locator upon first method invocation.
	 * 
	 * @param type
	 *            type that proxy will represent
	 * 
	 * @param locator
	 *            object locator that will locate the object the proxy represents
	 * 
	 * @return lazily initializable proxy
	 */
	public static Object createProxy(final Class<?> type, final IProxyTargetLocator locator)
	{
		if (PRIMITIVES.contains(type) || Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(type))
		{
			// We special-case primitives as sometimes people use these as
			// SpringBeans (WICKET-603, WICKET-906). Go figure.
			return locator.locateProxyTarget();
		}
		else if (type.isInterface())
		{
			JdkHandler handler = new JdkHandler(type, locator);

			try
			{
				return Proxy.newProxyInstance(resolveClassLoader(),
					new Class[] { type, Serializable.class, ILazyInitProxy.class,
							IWriteReplace.class }, handler);
			}
			catch (IllegalArgumentException e)
			{
				/*
				 * STW: In some clustering environments it appears the context classloader fails to
				 * load the proxied interface (currently seen in BEA WLS 9.x clusters). If this
				 * happens, we can try and fall back to the classloader (current) that actually
				 * loaded this class.
				 */
				return Proxy.newProxyInstance(LazyInitProxyFactory.class.getClassLoader(),
					new Class[] { type, Serializable.class, ILazyInitProxy.class,
							IWriteReplace.class }, handler);
			}

		}
		else
		{
			if (IS_OBJENESIS_AVAILABLE && !hasNoArgConstructor(type))
			{
				return ObjenesisProxyFactory.createProxy(type, locator, WicketNamingPolicy.INSTANCE);
			}

			CGLibInterceptor handler = new CGLibInterceptor(type, locator);

			Callback[] callbacks = new Callback[2];
			callbacks[CGLIB_CALLBACK_NO_OVERRIDE] = SerializableNoOpCallback.INSTANCE;
			callbacks[CGLIB_CALLBACK_HANDLER] = handler;

			Enhancer e = new Enhancer();
			e.setClassLoader(resolveClassLoader());
			e.setInterfaces(new Class[] { Serializable.class, ILazyInitProxy.class,
					IWriteReplace.class });
			e.setSuperclass(type);
			e.setCallbackFilter(NoOpForProtectedMethodsCGLibCallbackFilter.INSTANCE);
			e.setCallbacks(callbacks);
			e.setNamingPolicy(WicketNamingPolicy.INSTANCE);

			return e.create();
		}
	}

	private static ClassLoader resolveClassLoader()
	{
		ClassLoader classLoader = null;
		if (Application.exists())
		{
			classLoader = Application.get().getApplicationSettings()
					.getClassResolver().getClassLoader();
		}

		if (classLoader == null) {
			classLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
		}

		return classLoader;
	}

    /**
	 * This interface is used to make the proxy forward writeReplace() call to the handler instead
	 * of invoking it on itself. This allows us to serialize the replacement object instead of the
	 * proxy itself in case the proxy subclass is deserialized on a VM that does not have it
	 * created.
	 * 
	 * @see LazyInitProxyFactory.ProxyReplacement
	 * 
	 * @author Igor Vaynberg (ivaynberg)
	 * 
	 */
	public interface IWriteReplace
	{
		/**
		 * write replace method as defined by Serializable
		 * 
		 * @return object that will replace this object in serialized state
		 * @throws ObjectStreamException
		 */
		Object writeReplace() throws ObjectStreamException;
	}

	/**
	 * Object that replaces the proxy when it is serialized. Upon deserialization this object will
	 * create a new proxy with the same locator.
	 * 
	 * @author Igor Vaynberg (ivaynberg)
	 * 
	 */
	static class ProxyReplacement implements IClusterable
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

		private final IProxyTargetLocator locator;

		private final String type;

		/**
		 * Constructor
		 * 
		 * @param type
		 * @param locator
		 */
		public ProxyReplacement(final String type, final IProxyTargetLocator locator)
		{
			this.type = type;
			this.locator = locator;
		}

		private Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException
		{
			Class<?> clazz = WicketObjects.resolveClass(type);
			if (clazz == null)
			{
				try
				{
					clazz = Class.forName(type, false, Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
				}
				catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored1)
				{
					try
					{
						clazz = Class.forName(type, false, LazyInitProxyFactory.class.getClassLoader());
					}
					catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored2)
					{
						ClassNotFoundException cause = new ClassNotFoundException(
								"Could not resolve type [" + type +
										"] with the currently configured org.apache.wicket.application.IClassResolver");
						throw new WicketRuntimeException(cause);
					}
				}
			}
			return LazyInitProxyFactory.createProxy(clazz, locator);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Method interceptor for proxies representing concrete object not backed by an interface. These
	 * proxies are represented by cglib proxies.
	 * 
	 * @author Igor Vaynberg (ivaynberg)
	 * 
	 */
	public abstract static class AbstractCGLibInterceptor
		implements
			MethodInterceptor,
			ILazyInitProxy,
			Serializable,
			IWriteReplace
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

		protected final IProxyTargetLocator locator;

		protected final String typeName;

		private transient Object target;

		/**
		 * Constructor
		 * 
		 * @param type
		 *            class of the object this proxy was created for
		 * 
		 * @param locator
		 *            object locator used to locate the object this proxy represents
		 */
		public AbstractCGLibInterceptor(final Class<?> type, final IProxyTargetLocator locator)
		{
			super();
			typeName = type.getName();
			this.locator = locator;
		}

		/**
		 * @see net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor#intercept(java.lang.Object,
		 *      java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.Object[], net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy)
		 */
		@Override
		public Object intercept(final Object object, final Method method, final Object[] args,
			final MethodProxy proxy) throws Throwable
		{
			if (isFinalizeMethod(method))
			{
				// swallow finalize call
				return null;
			}
			else if (isEqualsMethod(method))
			{
				return (equals(args[0])) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
			}
			else if (isHashCodeMethod(method))
			{
				return hashCode();
			}
			else if (isToStringMethod(method))
			{
				return toString();
			}
			else if (isWriteReplaceMethod(method))
			{
				return writeReplace();
			}
			else if (method.getDeclaringClass().equals(ILazyInitProxy.class))
			{
				return getObjectLocator();
			}

			if (target == null)
			{
				target = locator.locateProxyTarget();
			}
			return proxy.invoke(target, args);
		}

		/**
		 * @see org.apache.wicket.proxy.ILazyInitProxy#getObjectLocator()
		 */
		@Override
		public IProxyTargetLocator getObjectLocator()
		{
			return locator;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Method interceptor for proxies representing concrete object not backed by an interface. These
	 * proxies are representing by cglib proxies.
	 *
	 * @author Igor Vaynberg (ivaynberg)
	 */
	protected static class CGLibInterceptor extends AbstractCGLibInterceptor
	{
		public CGLibInterceptor(Class<?> type, IProxyTargetLocator locator)
		{
			super(type, locator);
		}

		/**
		 * @see org.apache.wicket.proxy.LazyInitProxyFactory.IWriteReplace#writeReplace()
		 */
		@Override
		public Object writeReplace() throws ObjectStreamException
		{
			return new ProxyReplacement(typeName, locator);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Serializable implementation of the NoOp callback.
	 */
	public static class SerializableNoOpCallback implements NoOp, Serializable
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

		private static final NoOp INSTANCE = new SerializableNoOpCallback();
	}

	/**
	 * CGLib callback filter which does not intercept protected methods.
	 * 
	 * Protected methods need to be called with invokeSuper() instead of invoke().
	 * When invoke() is called on a protected method, it throws an "IllegalArgumentException:
	 * Protected method" exception.
	 * That being said, we do not need to intercept the protected methods so this callback filter
	 * is designed to use a NoOp callback for protected methods.
	 * 
	 * @see <a href="http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.java.cglib.devel/720">Discussion about
	 * this very issue in Spring AOP</a>
	 * @see <a href="https://github.com/wicketstuff/core/wiki/SpringReference">The WicketStuff
	 * SpringReference project which worked around this issue</a>
	 */
	private static class NoOpForProtectedMethodsCGLibCallbackFilter implements CallbackFilter
	{
		private static final CallbackFilter INSTANCE = new NoOpForProtectedMethodsCGLibCallbackFilter();

		@Override
		public int accept(Method method) {
			if (Modifier.isProtected(method.getModifiers()))
			{
				return CGLIB_CALLBACK_NO_OVERRIDE;
			}
			else
			{
				return CGLIB_CALLBACK_HANDLER;
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Invocation handler for proxies representing interface based object. For interface backed
	 * objects dynamic jdk proxies are used.
	 * 
	 * @author Igor Vaynberg (ivaynberg)
	 * 
	 */
	private static class JdkHandler
		implements
			InvocationHandler,
			ILazyInitProxy,
			Serializable,
			IWriteReplace
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

		private final IProxyTargetLocator locator;

		private final String typeName;

		private transient Object target;

		/**
		 * Constructor
		 * 
		 * @param type
		 *            class of object this handler will represent
		 * 
		 * @param locator
		 *            object locator used to locate the object this proxy represents
		 */
		public JdkHandler(final Class<?> type, final IProxyTargetLocator locator)
		{
			super();
			this.locator = locator;
			typeName = type.getName();
		}

		/**
		 * @see java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler#invoke(java.lang.Object,
		 *      java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.Object[])
		 */
		@Override
		public Object invoke(final Object proxy, final Method method, final Object[] args)
			throws Throwable
		{
			if (isFinalizeMethod(method))
			{
				// swallow finalize call
				return null;
			}
			else if (isEqualsMethod(method))
			{
				return (equals(args[0])) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
			}
			else if (isHashCodeMethod(method))
			{
				return hashCode();
			}
			else if (isToStringMethod(method))
			{
				return toString();
			}
			else if (method.getDeclaringClass().equals(ILazyInitProxy.class))
			{
				return getObjectLocator();
			}
			else if (isWriteReplaceMethod(method))
			{
				return writeReplace();
			}

			if (target == null)
			{

				target = locator.locateProxyTarget();
			}
			try
			{
				method.setAccessible(true);
				return method.invoke(target, args);
			}
			catch (InvocationTargetException e)
			{
				throw e.getTargetException();
			}
		}

		/**
		 * @see org.apache.wicket.proxy.ILazyInitProxy#getObjectLocator()
		 */
		@Override
		public IProxyTargetLocator getObjectLocator()
		{
			return locator;
		}

		/**
		 * @see org.apache.wicket.proxy.LazyInitProxyFactory.IWriteReplace#writeReplace()
		 */
		@Override
		public Object writeReplace() throws ObjectStreamException
		{
			return new ProxyReplacement(typeName, locator);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the method is derived from Object.equals()
	 * 
	 * @param method
	 *            method being tested
	 * @return true if the method is derived from Object.equals(), false otherwise
	 */
	public static boolean isEqualsMethod(final Method method)
	{
		return (method.getReturnType() == boolean.class) &&
			(method.getParameterTypes().length == 1) &&
			(method.getParameterTypes()[0] == Object.class) && method.getName().equals("equals");
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the method is derived from Object.hashCode()
	 * 
	 * @param method
	 *            method being tested
	 * @return true if the method is defined from Object.hashCode(), false otherwise
	 */
	public static boolean isHashCodeMethod(final Method method)
	{
		return (method.getReturnType() == int.class) && (method.getParameterTypes().length == 0) &&
			method.getName().equals("hashCode");
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the method is derived from Object.toString()
	 * 
	 * @param method
	 *            method being tested
	 * @return true if the method is defined from Object.toString(), false otherwise
	 */
	public static boolean isToStringMethod(final Method method)
	{
		return (method.getReturnType() == String.class) &&
			(method.getParameterTypes().length == 0) && method.getName().equals("toString");
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the method is derived from Object.finalize()
	 * 
	 * @param method
	 *            method being tested
	 * @return true if the method is defined from Object.finalize(), false otherwise
	 */
	public static boolean isFinalizeMethod(final Method method)
	{
		return (method.getReturnType() == void.class) && (method.getParameterTypes().length == 0) &&
			method.getName().equals("finalize");
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the method is the writeReplace method
	 * 
	 * @param method
	 *            method being tested
	 * @return true if the method is the writeReplace method, false otherwise
	 */
	public static boolean isWriteReplaceMethod(final Method method)
	{
		return (method.getReturnType() == Object.class) &&
			(method.getParameterTypes().length == 0) && method.getName().equals("writeReplace");
	}

	public static final class WicketNamingPolicy extends DefaultNamingPolicy
	{
		public static final WicketNamingPolicy INSTANCE = new WicketNamingPolicy();

		private WicketNamingPolicy()
		{
			super();
		}

		@Override
		public String getClassName(final String prefix, final String source, final Object key,
				final Predicate names)
		{
			int lastIdxOfDot = prefix.lastIndexOf('.');
			String packageName = prefix.substring(0, lastIdxOfDot);
			String className = prefix.substring(lastIdxOfDot + 1);
			String newPrefix = packageName + ".Wicket_Proxy_" + className;
			return super.getClassName(newPrefix, source, key, names);
		}
	}


	private static boolean hasNoArgConstructor(Class<?> type)
	{
		for (Constructor<?> constructor : type.getDeclaredConstructors())
		{
			if (constructor.getParameterTypes().length == 0)
				return true;
		}

		return false;
	}

	private static boolean isObjenesisAvailable()
	{
		try {
			Class.forName("org.objenesis.ObjenesisStd");
			return true;
		} catch (Exception ignored) {
			return false;
		}
	}
}
