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<!DOCTYPE document [
  <!ENTITY project SYSTEM "project.xml">
]>
<document url="class-loader-howto.html">

    &project;

    <properties>
        <author email="craigmcc@apache.org">Craig R. McClanahan</author>
        <author email="yoavs@apache.org">Yoav Shapira</author>
        <title>Class Loader How-To</title>
    </properties>

<body>

<section name="Table of Contents">
<toc/>
</section>

<section name="Overview">

<p>Like many server applications, Tomcat installs a variety of class loaders
(that is, classes that implement <code>java.lang.ClassLoader</code>) to allow
different portions of the container, and the web applications running on the
container, to have access to different repositories of available classes and
resources.  This mechanism is used to provide the functionality defined in the
Servlet Specification, version 2.4&#160;&#8212; in particular, Sections 9.4
and 9.6.</p>

<p>In a Java environment, class loaders are
arranged in a parent-child tree.  Normally, when a class loader is asked to
load a particular class or resource, it delegates the request to a parent
class loader first, and then looks in its own repositories only if the parent
class loader(s) cannot find the requested class or resource.  Note, that the
model for web application class loaders <em>differs</em> slightly from this,
as discussed below, but the main principles are the same.</p>

<p>When Tomcat is started, it creates a set of class loaders that are
organized into the following parent-child relationships, where the parent
class loader is above the child class loader:</p>

<source>      Bootstrap
          |
       System
          |
       Common
       /     \
  Webapp1   Webapp2 ...</source>

<p>The characteristics of each of these class loaders, including the source
of classes and resources that they make visible, are discussed in detail in
the following section.</p>

</section>

<section name="Class Loader Definitions">

<p>As indicated in the diagram above, Tomcat creates the following class
loaders as it is initialized:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Bootstrap</strong> &#8212; This class loader contains the basic
    runtime classes provided by the Java Virtual Machine, plus any classes from
    JAR files present in the System Extensions directory
    (<code>$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext</code>).  <em>Note</em>: some JVMs may
    implement this as more than one class loader, or it may not be visible
    (as a class loader) at all.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>System</strong> &#8212; This class loader is normally initialized
    from the contents of the <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment variable.  All
    such classes are visible to both Tomcat internal classes, and to web
    applications.  However, the standard Tomcat startup scripts
    (<code>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/catalina.sh</code> or
    <code>%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat</code>) totally ignore the contents
    of the <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment variable itself, and instead
    build the System class loader from the following repositories:
    </p>
    <ul>
    <li><p><em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/bootstrap.jar</em> &#8212; Contains the
        main() method that is used to initialize the Tomcat server, and the
        class loader implementation classes it depends on.</p></li>
    <li><p><em>$CATALINA_BASE/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em> or
        <em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em> &#8212; Logging
        implementation classes. These include enhancement classes to
        <code>java.util.logging</code> API, known as Tomcat JULI,
        and a package-renamed copy of Apache Commons Logging library
        used internally by Tomcat.
        See <a href="logging.html">logging documentation</a> for more
        details.</p>
        <p>If <code>tomcat-juli.jar</code> is present in
        <em>$CATALINA_BASE/bin</em>, it is used instead of the one in
        <em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin</em>. It is useful in certain logging
        configurations</p></li>
    <li><p><em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/commons-daemon.jar</em> &#8212; The classes
        from <a href="https://commons.apache.org/daemon/">Apache Commons
        Daemon</a> project.
        This JAR file is not present in the <code>CLASSPATH</code> built by
        <code>catalina.bat</code>|<code>.sh</code> scripts, but is referenced
        from the manifest file of <em>bootstrap.jar</em>.</p></li>
    </ul>
    </li>
<li><p><strong>Common</strong> &#8212; This class loader contains additional
    classes that are made visible to both Tomcat internal classes and to all
    web applications.</p>
    <p>Normally, application classes should <strong>NOT</strong>
    be placed here.  The locations searched by this class loader are defined by
    the <code>common.loader</code> property in
    $CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.properties. The default setting will search the
    following locations in the order they are listed:</p>
    <ul>
      <li>unpacked classes and resources in <code>$CATALINA_BASE/lib</code></li>
      <li>JAR files in <code>$CATALINA_BASE/lib</code></li>
      <li>unpacked classes and resources in <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code></li>
      <li>JAR files in <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code></li>
    </ul>
    <p>By default, this includes the following:</p>
    <ul>
    <li><em>annotations-api.jar</em> &#8212; JavaEE annotations classes.</li>
    <li><em>catalina.jar</em> &#8212; Implementation of the Catalina servlet
        container portion of Tomcat.</li>
    <li><em>catalina-ant.jar</em> &#8212; Tomcat Catalina Ant tasks.</li>
    <li><em>catalina-ha.jar</em> &#8212; High availability package.</li>
    <li><em>catalina-storeconfig.jar</em> &#8212; Generation of XML
        configuration files from current state</li>
    <li><em>catalina-tribes.jar</em> &#8212; Group communication package.</li>
    <li><em>ecj-*.jar</em> &#8212; Eclipse JDT Java compiler.</li>
    <li><em>el-api.jar</em> &#8212; EL 3.0 API.</li>
    <li><em>jasper.jar</em> &#8212; Tomcat Jasper JSP Compiler and Runtime.</li>
    <li><em>jasper-el.jar</em> &#8212; Tomcat Jasper EL implementation.</li>
    <li><em>jsp-api.jar</em> &#8212; JSP 2.3 API.</li>
    <li><em>servlet-api.jar</em> &#8212; Servlet 3.1 API.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-api.jar</em> &#8212; Several interfaces defined by Tomcat.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-coyote.jar</em> &#8212; Tomcat connectors and utility classes.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-dbcp.jar</em> &#8212; Database connection pool
        implementation based on package-renamed copy of Apache Commons Pool 2
        and Apache Commons DBCP 2.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-i18n-**.jar</em> &#8212; Optional JARs containing resource bundles
        for other languages. As default bundles are also included in each
        individual JAR, they can be safely removed if no internationalization
        of messages is needed.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-jdbc.jar</em> &#8212; An alternative database connection pool
        implementation, known as Tomcat JDBC pool. See
        <a href="jdbc-pool.html">documentation</a> for more details.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-util.jar</em> &#8212; Common classes used by various components of
        Apache Tomcat.</li>
    <li><em>tomcat-websocket.jar</em> &#8212; WebSocket 1.1 implementation</li>
    <li><em>websocket-api.jar</em> &#8212; WebSocket 1.1 API</li>
    </ul></li>
<li><p><strong>WebappX</strong> &#8212; A class loader is created for each web
    application that is deployed in a single Tomcat instance.  All unpacked
    classes and resources in the <code>/WEB-INF/classes</code> directory of
    your web application, plus classes and resources in JAR files
    under the <code>/WEB-INF/lib</code> directory of your web application,
    are made visible to this web application, but not to other ones.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>As mentioned above, the web application class loader diverges from the
default Java delegation model (in accordance with the recommendations in the
Servlet Specification, version 2.4, section 9.7.2 Web Application Classloader).
When a request to load a
class from the web application's <em>WebappX</em> class loader is processed,
this class loader will look in the local repositories <strong>first</strong>,
instead of delegating before looking.  There are exceptions. Classes which are
part of the JRE base classes cannot be overridden. There are some exceptions
such as the XML parser components which can be overridden using the appropriate
JVM feature which is the endorsed standards override feature for Java &lt;= 8
and the upgradeable modules feature for Java 9+.
Lastly, the web application class loader will always delegate first for JavaEE
API classes for the specifications implemented by Tomcat
(Servlet, JSP, EL, WebSocket). All other class loaders in Tomcat follow the
usual delegation pattern.</p>

<p>Therefore, from the perspective of a web application, class or resource
loading looks in the following repositories, in this order:</p>
<ul>
<li>Bootstrap classes of your JVM</li>
<li><em>/WEB-INF/classes</em> of your web application</li>
<li><em>/WEB-INF/lib/*.jar</em> of your web application</li>
<li>System class loader classes (described above)</li>
<li>Common class loader classes (described above)</li>
</ul>

<p>If the web application class loader is
<a href="config/loader.html">configured</a> with
<code>&lt;Loader delegate=&quot;true&quot;/&gt;</code>
then the order becomes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Bootstrap classes of your JVM</li>
<li>System class loader classes (described above)</li>
<li>Common class loader classes (described above)</li>
<li><em>/WEB-INF/classes</em> of your web application</li>
<li><em>/WEB-INF/lib/*.jar</em> of your web application</li>
</ul>

</section>


<section name="XML Parsers and Java">

<p>Starting with Java 1.4 a copy of JAXP APIs and an XML parser are packed
inside the JRE.  This has impacts on applications that wish to use their own
XML parser.</p>

<p>In old versions of Tomcat, you could simply replace the XML parser
in the Tomcat libraries directory to change the parser
used by all web applications.  However, this technique will not be effective
when you are running modern versions of Java, because the usual class loader
delegation process will always choose the implementation inside the JDK in
preference to this one.</p>

<p>Java &lt;= 8 supports a mechanism called the "Endorsed Standards Override
Mechanism" to allow replacement of APIs created outside of the JCP
(i.e. DOM and SAX from W3C).  It can also be used to update the XML parser
implementation.  For more information, see:
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/standards/index.html">
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/standards/index.html</a>. For
Java 9+, use the upgradeable modules feature.</p>

<p>Tomcat utilizes the endorsed mechanism by including the system property setting
<code>-Djava.endorsed.dirs=$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS</code> in the
command line that starts the container. The default value of this option is
<em>$CATALINA_HOME/endorsed</em>. This <em>endorsed</em> directory is not
created by default. Note that the endorsed feature is no longer supported
with Java 9 and the above system property will only be set if either the
directory <em>$CATALINA_HOME/endorsed</em> exists, or the variable
<code>JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS</code> has been set.
</p>

<p>Note that overriding any JRE component carries risk. If the overriding
component does not provide a 100% compatible API (e.g. the API provided by
Xerces is not 100% compatible with the XML API provided by the JRE) then there
is a risk that Tomcat and/or the deployed application will experience errors.</p>

</section>


<section name="Running under a security manager">

<p>When running under a security manager the locations from which classes
are permitted to be loaded will also depend on the contents of your policy
file. See <a href="security-manager-howto.html">Security Manager How-To</a>
for further information.</p>

</section>

<section name="Advanced configuration">

<p>A more complex class loader hierarchy may also be configured. See the diagram
below. By default, the <strong>Server</strong> and <strong>Shared</strong>
class loaders are not defined and the simplified hierarchy shown above is used.
This more complex hierarchy may be use by defining values for the
<code>server.loader</code> and/or <code>shared.loader</code> properties in
<code>conf/catalina.properties</code>.</p>

<source>
  Bootstrap
      |
    System
      |
    Common
     /  \
Server  Shared
         /  \
   Webapp1  Webapp2 ...</source>

<p>The <strong>Server</strong> class loader is only visible to Tomcat internals
and is completely invisible to web applications.</p>

<p>The <strong>Shared</strong> class loader is visible to all web applications
and may be used to shared code across all web applications. However, any updates
to this shared code will require a Tomcat restart.</p>

</section>

</body>

</document>
