# Working with JMX

version 4.0.1

## 1. Introduction

The Java Management Extensions (JMX) technology provides a standard way of managing resources such as applications, devices, and services on the JDK. Each resource to be managed is represented by a Managed Bean (or MBean). Given that Groovy sits directly on top of Java, Groovy can leverage the tremendous amount of work already done for JMX with Java. In addition, Groovy provides a `GroovyMBean` class, in the `groovy-jmx` module, which makes an MBean look like a normal Groovy object and simplifies Groovy code for interacting with MBeans. For example, the following code:

    println server.getAttribute(beanName, 'Age')
    server.setAttribute(beanName, new Attribute('Name', 'New name'))
    Object[] params = [5, 20]
    String[] signature = [Integer.TYPE, Integer.TYPE]
    println server.invoke(beanName, 'add', params, signature)

can be simplified to:

    def mbean = new GroovyMBean(server, beanName)
    println mbean.Age
    mbean.Name = 'New name'
    println mbean.add(5, 20)

The remainder of this page shows you how to:

- Monitor the JVM using MXBeans

- Monitor Apache Tomcat and display statistics

- Monitor Oracle OC4J and display information

- Monitor BEA WebLogic and display information

- Leverage Spring’s MBean annotation support to export your Groovy beans as MBeans

## 2. Monitoring the JVM

MBeans are not accessed directly by an application but are managed by a repository called an MBean server. Java includes a special MBean server called the platform MBean server, which is built into the JVM. Platform MBeans are registered in this server using unique names.

You can monitor the JVM through its platform MBeans with the following code:

    import java.lang.management.*

    def os = ManagementFactory.operatingSystemMXBean
    println """OPERATING SYSTEM:
    \tarchitecture = $os.arch
    \tname = $os.name
    \tversion = $os.version
    \tprocessors = $os.availableProcessors
    """

    def rt = ManagementFactory.runtimeMXBean
    println """RUNTIME:
    \tname = $rt.name
    \tspec name = $rt.specName
    \tvendor = $rt.specVendor
    \tspec version = $rt.specVersion
    \tmanagement spec version = $rt.managementSpecVersion
    """

    def cl = ManagementFactory.classLoadingMXBean
    println """CLASS LOADING SYSTEM:
    \tisVerbose = ${cl.isVerbose()}
    \tloadedClassCount = $cl.loadedClassCount
    \ttotalLoadedClassCount = $cl.totalLoadedClassCount
    \tunloadedClassCount = $cl.unloadedClassCount
    """

    def comp = ManagementFactory.compilationMXBean
    println """COMPILATION:
    \ttotalCompilationTime = $comp.totalCompilationTime
    """

    def mem = ManagementFactory.memoryMXBean
    def heapUsage = mem.heapMemoryUsage
    def nonHeapUsage = mem.nonHeapMemoryUsage
    println """MEMORY:
    HEAP STORAGE:
    \tcommitted = $heapUsage.committed
    \tinit = $heapUsage.init
    \tmax = $heapUsage.max
    \tused = $heapUsage.used
    NON-HEAP STORAGE:
    \tcommitted = $nonHeapUsage.committed
    \tinit = $nonHeapUsage.init
    \tmax = $nonHeapUsage.max
    \tused = $nonHeapUsage.used
    """

    ManagementFactory.memoryPoolMXBeans.each { mp ->
        println "\tname: " + mp.name
        String[] mmnames = mp.memoryManagerNames
        mmnames.each{ mmname ->
            println "\t\tManager Name: $mmname"
        }
        println "\t\tmtype = $mp.type"
        println "\t\tUsage threshold supported = " + mp.isUsageThresholdSupported()
    }
    println()

    def td = ManagementFactory.threadMXBean
    println "THREADS:"
    td.allThreadIds.each { tid ->
        println "\tThread name = ${td.getThreadInfo(tid).threadName}"
    }
    println()

    println "GARBAGE COLLECTION:"
    ManagementFactory.garbageCollectorMXBeans.each { gc ->
        println "\tname = $gc.name"
        println "\t\tcollection count = $gc.collectionCount"
        println "\t\tcollection time = $gc.collectionTime"
        String[] mpoolNames = gc.memoryPoolNames
        mpoolNames.each { mpoolName ->
            println "\t\tmpool name = $mpoolName"
        }
    }

When run, you will see something like this:

    OPERATING SYSTEM:
                	architecture = amd64
                	name = Windows 10
                	version = 10.0
                	processors = 12

    RUNTIME:
                	name = 724176@QUOKKA
                	spec name = Java Virtual Machine Specification
                	vendor = Oracle Corporation
                	spec version = 11
                	management spec version = 2.0

    CLASS LOADING SYSTEM:
                	isVerbose = false
                	loadedClassCount = 6962
                	totalLoadedClassCount = 6969
                	unloadedClassCount = 0

    COMPILATION:
                	totalCompilationTime = 7548

    MEMORY:
                HEAP STORAGE:
                	committed = 645922816
                	init = 536870912
                	max = 8560574464
                	used = 47808352
                NON-HEAP STORAGE:
                	committed = 73859072
                	init = 7667712
                	max = -1
                	used = 70599520

    	name: CodeHeap 'non-nmethods'
    		Manager Name: CodeCacheManager
    		mtype = Non-heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = true
    	name: Metaspace
    		Manager Name: Metaspace Manager
    		mtype = Non-heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = true
    	name: CodeHeap 'profiled nmethods'
    		Manager Name: CodeCacheManager
    		mtype = Non-heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = true
    	name: Compressed Class Space
    		Manager Name: Metaspace Manager
    		mtype = Non-heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = true
    	name: G1 Eden Space
    		Manager Name: G1 Old Generation
    		Manager Name: G1 Young Generation
    		mtype = Heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = false
    	name: G1 Old Gen
    		Manager Name: G1 Old Generation
    		Manager Name: G1 Young Generation
    		mtype = Heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = true
    	name: G1 Survivor Space
    		Manager Name: G1 Old Generation
    		Manager Name: G1 Young Generation
    		mtype = Heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = false
    	name: CodeHeap 'non-profiled nmethods'
    		Manager Name: CodeCacheManager
    		mtype = Non-heap memory
    		Usage threshold supported = true

    THREADS:
    	Thread name = Reference Handler
    	Thread name = Finalizer
    	Thread name = Signal Dispatcher
    	Thread name = Attach Listener
    	Thread name = Common-Cleaner
    	Thread name = Java2D Disposer
    	Thread name = AWT-Shutdown
    	Thread name = AWT-Windows
    	Thread name = Image Fetcher 0
    	Thread name = AWT-EventQueue-0
    	Thread name = D3D Screen Updater
    	Thread name = DestroyJavaVM
    	Thread name = TimerQueue
    	Thread name = Thread-0

    GARBAGE COLLECTION:
    	name = G1 Young Generation
    		collection count = 6
    		collection time = 69
    		mpool name = G1 Eden Space
    		mpool name = G1 Survivor Space
    		mpool name = G1 Old Gen
    	name = G1 Old Generation
    		collection count = 0
    		collection time = 0
    		mpool name = G1 Eden Space
    		mpool name = G1 Survivor Space
    		mpool name = G1 Old Gen

## 3. Monitoring Tomcat

First start up Tomcat with JMX monitoring enabled by setting the following:

    set JAVA_OPTS=-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=9004\
     -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate=false -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false

You can do this in your startup script and may choose any available port, we used 9004.

The following code uses JMX to discover the available MBeans in the running Tomcat, determine which are web modules, extract the processing time for each web module and displays the result in a graph using JFreeChart:

    import groovy.swing.SwingBuilder
    import groovy.jmx.GroovyMBean

    import javax.management.ObjectName
    import javax.management.remote.JMXConnectorFactory as JmxFactory
    import javax.management.remote.JMXServiceURL as JmxUrl
    import javax.swing.WindowConstants as WC

    import org.jfree.chart.ChartFactory
    import org.jfree.data.category.DefaultCategoryDataset as Dataset
    import org.jfree.chart.plot.PlotOrientation as Orientation

    def serverUrl = 'service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9004/jmxrmi'
    def server = JmxFactory.connect(new JmxUrl(serverUrl)).MBeanServerConnection
    def serverInfo = new GroovyMBean(server, 'Catalina:type=Server').serverInfo
    println "Connected to: $serverInfo"

    def query = new ObjectName('Catalina:*')
    String[] allNames = server.queryNames(query, null)
    def modules = allNames.findAll { name ->
        name.contains('j2eeType=WebModule')
    }.collect{ new GroovyMBean(server, it) }

    println "Found ${modules.size()} web modules. Processing ..."
    def dataset = new Dataset()

    modules.each { m ->
        println m.name()
        dataset.addValue m.processingTime, 0, m.path
    }

    def labels = ['Time per Module', 'Module', 'Time']
    def options = [false, true, true]
    def chart = ChartFactory.createBarChart(*labels, dataset,
                    Orientation.VERTICAL, *options)
    def swing = new SwingBuilder()
    def frame = swing.frame(title:'Catalina Module Processing Time', defaultCloseOperation:WC.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE) {
        panel(id:'canvas') { rigidArea(width:800, height:350) }
    }
    frame.pack()
    frame.show()
    chart.draw(swing.canvas.graphics, swing.canvas.bounds)

When run, we will see a trace of progress being made:

    Connected to: Apache Tomcat/9.0.37
    Found 5 web modules. Processing ...
    Catalina:j2eeType=WebModule,name=//localhost/docs,J2EEApplication=none,J2EEServer=none
    Catalina:j2eeType=WebModule,name=//localhost/manager,J2EEApplication=none,J2EEServer=none
    Catalina:j2eeType=WebModule,name=//localhost/,J2EEApplication=none,J2EEServer=none
    Catalina:j2eeType=WebModule,name=//localhost/examples,J2EEApplication=none,J2EEServer=none
    Catalina:j2eeType=WebModule,name=//localhost/host-manager,J2EEApplication=none,J2EEServer=none

The output will look like this:

Note: if you get errors running this script, see the Troubleshooting section below.

## 4. OC4J Example

Here is a script to access OC4J and print out some information about the server, its runtime and (as an example) the configured JMS destinations:

    import javax.management.remote.*
    import oracle.oc4j.admin.jmx.remote.api.JMXConnectorConstant

    def serverUrl = new JMXServiceURL('service:jmx:rmi://localhost:23791')
    def serverPath = 'oc4j:j2eeType=J2EEServer,name=standalone'
    def jvmPath = 'oc4j:j2eeType=JVM,name=single,J2EEServer=standalone'
    def provider = 'oracle.oc4j.admin.jmx.remote'
    def credentials = [
        (JMXConnectorConstant.CREDENTIALS_LOGIN_KEY): 'oc4jadmin',
        (JMXConnectorConstant.CREDENTIALS_PASSWORD_KEY): 'admin'
    ]
    def env = [
        (JMXConnectorFactory.PROTOCOL_PROVIDER_PACKAGES): provider,
        (JMXConnector.CREDENTIALS): credentials
    ]
    def server = JmxFactory.connect(serverUrl, env).MBeanServerConnection
    def serverInfo = new GroovyMBean(server, serverPath)
    def jvmInfo = new GroovyMBean(server, jvmPath)
    println """Connected to $serverInfo.node. \
    Server started ${new Date(serverInfo.startTime)}.
    OC4J version:  $serverInfo.serverVersion from $serverInfo.serverVendor
    JVM version:   $jvmInfo.javaVersion from $jvmInfo.javaVendor
    Memory usage:  $jvmInfo.freeMemory bytes free, \
    $jvmInfo.totalMemory bytes total
    """

    def query = new javax.management.ObjectName('oc4j:*')
    String[] allNames = server.queryNames(query, null)
    def dests = allNames.findAll { name ->
        name.contains('j2eeType=JMSDestinationResource')
    }.collect { new GroovyMBean(server, it) }

    println "Found ${dests.size()} JMS destinations. Listing ..."
    dests.each { d -> println "$d.name: $d.location" }

Here is the result of running this script:

    Connected to LYREBIRD. Server started Thu May 31 21:04:54 EST 2007.
    OC4J version:  11.1.1.0.0 from Oracle Corp.
    JVM version:   1.6.0_01 from Sun Microsystems Inc.
    Memory usage:  8709976 bytes free, 25153536 bytes total

    Found 5 JMS destinations. Listing ...
    Demo Queue: jms/demoQueue
    Demo Topic: jms/demoTopic
    jms/Oc4jJmsExceptionQueue: jms/Oc4jJmsExceptionQueue
    jms/RAExceptionQueue: jms/RAExceptionQueue
    OracleASRouter_store: OracleASRouter_store

As a slight variation, this script displays a pie chart of memory usage using JFreeChart:

    import org.jfree.chart.ChartFactory
    import javax.swing.WindowConstants as WC
    import javax.management.remote.*
    import oracle.oc4j.admin.jmx.remote.api.JMXConnectorConstant

    def url = 'service:jmx:rmi://localhost:23791'
    def credentials = [:]
    credentials[JMXConnectorConstant.CREDENTIALS_LOGIN_KEY] = "oc4jadmin"
    credentials[JMXConnectorConstant.CREDENTIALS_PASSWORD_KEY] = "password"
    def env = [:]
    env[JMXConnectorFactory.PROTOCOL_PROVIDER_PACKAGES] = "oracle.oc4j.admin.jmx.remote"
    env[JMXConnector.CREDENTIALS] = credentials
    def server = JMXConnectorFactory.connect(new JMXServiceURL(url), env).MBeanServerConnection
    def jvmInfo = new GroovyMBean(server, 'oc4j:j2eeType=JVM,name=single,J2EEServer=standalone')

    def piedata = new org.jfree.data.general.DefaultPieDataset()
    piedata.setValue "Free", jvmInfo.freeMemory
    piedata.setValue "Used", jvmInfo.totalMemory - jvmInfo.freeMemory

    def options = [true, true, true]
    def chart = ChartFactory.createPieChart('OC4J Memory Usage', piedata, *options)
    chart.backgroundPaint = java.awt.Color.white
    def swing = new groovy.swing.SwingBuilder()
    def frame = swing.frame(title:'OC4J Memory Usage', defaultCloseOperation:WC.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) {
        panel(id:'canvas') { rigidArea(width:350, height:250) }
    }
    frame.pack()
    frame.show()
    chart.draw(swing.canvas.graphics, swing.canvas.bounds)

Which looks like:

## 5. WebLogic Example

This script prints out information about the server followed by information about JMS Destinations (as an example). Many other mbeans are available.

    import javax.management.remote.*
    import javax.management.*
    import javax.naming.Context
    import groovy.jmx.GroovyMBean

    def urlRuntime = '/jndi/weblogic.management.mbeanservers.runtime'
    def urlBase = 'service:jmx:t3://localhost:7001'

    def serviceURL = new JMXServiceURL(urlBase + urlRuntime)
    def h = new Hashtable()
    h.put(Context.SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, 'weblogic')
    h.put(Context.SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, 'weblogic')
    h.put(JMXConnectorFactory.PROTOCOL_PROVIDER_PACKAGES, 'weblogic.management.remote')
    def server = JMXConnectorFactory.connect(serviceURL, h).MBeanServerConnection
    def domainName = new ObjectName('com.bea:Name=RuntimeService,Type=weblogic.management.mbeanservers.runtime.RuntimeServiceMBean')
    def rtName = server.getAttribute(domainName, 'ServerRuntime')
    def rt = new GroovyMBean(server, rtName)
    println "Server: name=$rt.Name, state=$rt.State, version=$rt.WeblogicVersion"
    def destFilter = Query.match(Query.attr('Type'), Query.value('JMSDestinationRuntime'))
    server.queryNames(new ObjectName('com.bea:*'), destFilter).each { name ->
        def jms = new GroovyMBean(server, name)
        println "JMS Destination: name=$jms.Name, type=$jms.DestinationType, messages=$jms.MessagesReceivedCount"
    }

Here is the output:

    Server: name=examplesServer, state=RUNNING, version=WebLogic Server 10.0  Wed May 9 18:10:27 EDT 2007 933139
    JMS Destination: name=examples-jms!exampleTopic, type=Topic, messages=0
    JMS Destination: name=examples-jms!exampleQueue, type=Queue, messages=0
    JMS Destination: name=examples-jms!jms/MULTIDATASOURCE_MDB_QUEUE, type=Queue, messages=0
    JMS Destination: name=examplesJMSServer!examplesJMSServer.TemporaryQueue0, type=Queue, messages=68
    JMS Destination: name=examples-jms!quotes, type=Topic, messages=0
    JMS Destination: name=examples-jms!weblogic.wsee.wseeExamplesDestinationQueue, type=Queue, messages=0
    JMS Destination: name=examples-jms!weblogic.examples.ejb30.ExampleQueue, type=Queue, messages=0

## 6. Spring Example

You can also use Spring to automatically register beans as JMX aware.

Here is an example class (Calculator.groovy):

    import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.*

    @ManagedResource(objectName="bean:name=calcMBean", description="Calculator MBean")
    public class Calculator {

        private int invocations

        @ManagedAttribute(description="The Invocation Attribute")
        public int getInvocations() {
            return invocations
        }

        private int base = 10

        @ManagedAttribute(description="The Base to use when adding strings")
        public int getBase() {
            return base
        }

        @ManagedAttribute(description="The Base to use when adding strings")
        public void setBase(int base) {
            this.base = base
        }

        @ManagedOperation(description="Add two numbers")
        @ManagedOperationParameters([
            @ManagedOperationParameter(name="x", description="The first number"),
            @ManagedOperationParameter(name="y", description="The second number")])
        public int add(int x, int y) {
            invocations++
            return x + y
        }

        @ManagedOperation(description="Add two strings representing numbers of a particular base")
        @ManagedOperationParameters([
            @ManagedOperationParameter(name="x", description="The first number"),
            @ManagedOperationParameter(name="y", description="The second number")])
        public String addStrings(String x, String y) {
            invocations++
            def result = Integer.valueOf(x, base) + Integer.valueOf(y, base)
            return Integer.toString(result, base)
        }
    }

Here is the Spring configuration file (beans.xml):

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xsi:schemaLocation="
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
        <bean id="mbeanServer"
              class="org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerFactoryBean">
            <property name="locateExistingServerIfPossible" value="true"/>
        </bean>

        <bean id="exporter"
              class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
            <property name="assembler" ref="assembler"/>
            <property name="namingStrategy" ref="namingStrategy"/>
            <property name="beans">
                <map>
                    <entry key="bean:name=defaultCalcName" value-ref="calcBean"/>
                </map>
            </property>
            <property name="server" ref="mbeanServer"/>
            <property name="autodetect" value="true"/>
        </bean>

        <bean id="jmxAttributeSource"
              class="org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.AnnotationJmxAttributeSource"/>

        <!-- will create management interface using annotation metadata -->
        <bean id="assembler"
              class="org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler">
            <property name="attributeSource" ref="jmxAttributeSource"/>
        </bean>

        <!-- will pick up the ObjectName from the annotation -->
        <bean id="namingStrategy"
              class="org.springframework.jmx.export.naming.MetadataNamingStrategy">
            <property name="attributeSource" ref="jmxAttributeSource"/>
        </bean>

        <bean id="calcBean"
              class="Calculator">
            <property name="base" value="10"/>
        </bean>
    </beans>

Here is a script which uses this bean and configuration:

    import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
    import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory
    import javax.management.ObjectName
    import javax.management.Attribute
    import groovy.jmx.GroovyMBean

    // get normal bean
    def ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml")
    def calc = ctx.getBean("calcBean")

    Thread.start {
        // access bean via JMX, use a separate thread just to
        // show that we could access remotely if we wanted
        def server = ManagementFactory.platformMBeanServer
        def mbean = new GroovyMBean(server, 'bean:name=calcMBean')
        sleep 1000
        assert 8 == mbean.add(7, 1)
        mbean.Base = 8
        assert '10' == mbean.addStrings('7', '1')
        mbean.Base = 16
        sleep 2000
        println "Number of invocations: $mbean.Invocations"
        println mbean
    }

    assert 15 == calc.add(9, 6)
    assert '11' == calc.addStrings('10', '1')
    sleep 2000
    assert '20' == calc.addStrings('1f', '1')

And here is the resulting output:

    Number of invocations: 5
    MBean Name:
      bean:name=calcMBean

    Attributes:
      (rw) int Base
      (r) int Invocations
    Operations:
      int add(int x, int y)
      java.lang.String addStrings(java.lang.String x, java.lang.String y)
      int getInvocations()
      int getBase()
      void setBase(int p1)

You can even attach to the process while it is running with jconsole. It will look something like:

We started the Groovy application with the `-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote` JVM argument.

See also:

- Dynamic language beans in Spring

- Spring JMX Documentation

## 7. Troubleshooting

### 7.1. java.lang.SecurityException

If you get the following error, your container’s JMX access is password protected:

    java.lang.SecurityException: Authentication failed! Credentials required

To fix that, add an environment with the credentials when connecting, like this (password has to be set before that):

    def jmxEnv = null
    if (password != null) {
        jmxEnv = [(JMXConnector.CREDENTIALS): (String[])["monitor", password]]
    }
    def connector = JMXConnectorFactory.connect(new JMXServiceURL(serverUrl), jmxEnv)

Details for the software you are trying to monitor/manage may differ slightly. Check out the other examples using credentials above if appropriate (e.g. OC4J and WebLogic). If you still have troubles, you will have to consult the documentation for the software you are trying to monitor/manage for details on how to provide credentials.

## 8. JmxBuilder

JmxBuilder is a Groovy-based domain specific language for the Java Management Extension (JMX) API. It uses the builder pattern (FactoryBuilder) to create an internal DSL that facilitates the exposure of POJO’s and Groovy beans as management components via the MBean server. JmxBuilder hides the complexity of creating and exporting management beans via the JMX API and provides a set of natural Groovy constructs to interact with the JMX infrastructure.

### 8.1. Instantiating JmxBuilder

To start using JmxBuilder, simply make sure the jar file is on your class path. Then you can do the following in your code:

    def jmx = new JmxBuilder()

That’s it! You are now ready to use the JmxBuilder.

NOTE

- You can pass in an instance of your own MBeanServer to the builder (JmxBuilder(MBeanServer))

- If no MBeanServer is specified, the builder instance will default to the underlying platform MBeanServer.

Once you have an instance of JmxBuilder, you are now ready to invoke any of its builder nodes.

### 8.2. JMX Connectors

Remote connectivity is a crucial part of the JMX architecture. JmxBuilder facilitates the creation of connector servers and connector clients with a minimal amount of coding.

#### 8.2.1. Connector Server

JmxBuilder.connectorServer() supports the full Connector api syntax and will let you specify properties, override the URL, specify your own host, etc.

Syntax

    jmx.connectorServer(
        protocol:"rmi",
        host:"...",
        port:1099,
        url:"...",
        properties:[
            "authenticate":true|false,
            "passwordFile":"...",
            "accessFile":"...",
            "sslEnabled" : true | false
            // any valid connector property
        ]
    )

Note that the serverConnector node will accept four ServerConnector property aliases (authenticate, passwordFile,accessFile, and sslEnabled). You can use these aliases or provided any of the RMI-supported properties.

Example - Connector Server (see correction below)

    jmx.connectorServer(port: 9000).start()

The snippet above returns an RMI connector that will start listening on port 9000. By default, the builder will internally generate URL "service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9000/jmxrmi".

NOTE: Sadly you are as likely to get something like the following when attempting to run the previous snippet of code (example is incomplete, see below):

    Caught: java.io.IOException: Cannot bind to URL [rmi://localhost:9000/jmxrmi]: javax.naming.ServiceUnavailableException [Root exception is java.rmi.ConnectException: Connection refused to host: localhost; nested exception is:
    ?????? java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused]
    ??

This occurs on Mac and Linux (CentOS 5) with Groovy 1.6 installed. Perhaps there were assumptions made about the configuration of the /etc/hosts file?

| The correct example is shown below.

Connector Example (Corrected) - Connector Server

The example above does not create the RMI registry. So, in order to export, you have to first export the RMI object registry (make sure to import `java.rmi.registry.LocateRegistry`).

    import java.rmi.registry.LocateRegistry
    //...

    LocateRegistry.createRegistry(9000)
    jmx.connectorServer(port: 9000).start()

#### 8.2.2. Connector Client

JmxBuilder.connectorClient() node lets you create JMX connector client object to connect to a JMX MBean Server.

Syntax

    jmx.connectorClient (
        protocol:"rmi",
        host:"...",
        port:1099,
        url:"...",
    )

Example - Client Connector

Creating a connector client can be done just as easily. With one line of code, you can create an instance of a JMX Connector Client as shown below.

    def client = jmx.connectorClient(port: 9000)
    client.connect()

You can then access the MBeanServerConnection associated with the connector using:

    client.getMBeanServerConnection()

### 8.3. JmxBuilder MBean Export

You can export a Java object or a Groovy object with minimal coding. JmxBuilder will even find and export dynamic Groovy methods injected at runtime.

#### 8.3.1. Implicit vs Explicit Descriptors

When using the builder, you can let JmxBuilder implicitly generate all of your MBean descriptor info. This is useful when you want to write minimal code to quickly export your beans. You can also explicitly declare all descriptor info for the bean. This gives you total control on how you want to describe every piece of information that you want to export for the underlying bean.

#### 8.3.2. The JmxBuilder.export() Node

The JmxBuilder.export() node provides a container where all management entities to be exported to the MBeanServer are placed. You can place one or more bean() or timer() nodes as children of the export() node. JmxBuilder will automatically batch export the entities described by the nodes to the MBean server for management (see example below).

    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(new Foo())
        bean(new Bar())
        bean(new SomeBar())
    }

In the code snippet above, JmxBuilder.export() will export three management beans to the MBean server.

#### 8.3.3. JmxBuilder.export() Syntax

JmxBuilder.export() node supports the registrationPolicy parameter to specify how JmxBuilder will behave to resolve bean name collision during MBean registration:

    jmx.export(policy:"replace|ignore|error")
    or
    jmx.export(regPolicy:"replace|ignore|error")

- replace - JmxBuilder.export() will replace any bean already registered with the MBean during export.

- ignore - The bean being exported will be ignored if the same bean is already registered.

- error - JmxBuilder.export() throws an error upon bean name collision during registration.

#### 8.3.4. Integration with GroovyMBean Class

When you export an MBean to the MBeanServer, JmxBuilder will return an instance of GroovyMBean representing the management bean that have been exported by the builder. Nodes such as bean() and timer() will return an instances of GroovyMBean when they are invoked. The export() node returns an array of all of GroovyMBean[] representing all managed objects exported to the MBean server.

#### 8.3.5. MBean Registration with JmxBuilder.bean()

This portion of this reference uses class RequestController to illustrate how to use JmxBuilder to export runtime management beans. The class is for illustration purpose and can be a POJO or a Groovy bean.

RequestController

    class RequestController {
        // constructors
        RequestController() { super() }
        RequestController(Map resource) { }

        // attributes
        boolean isStarted() { true }
        int getRequestCount() { 0 }
        int getResourceCount() { 0 }
        void setRequestLimit(int limit) { }
        int getRequestLimit() { 0 }

        // operations
        void start() { }
        void stop() { }
        void putResource(String name, Object resource) { }
        void makeRequest(String res) { }
        void makeRequest() { }
    }

##### Implicit Export

As mentioned earlier, you can use JmxBuilder’s flexible syntax to export any POJO/POGO with no descriptor. The builder can automatically describe all aspects of the management beans using implicit defaults. These default values can easily be overridden as we’ll see in this in the next section.

The simplest way to export a POJO or POGO is listed below.

    jmx.export {
        bean(new RequestController(resource: "Hello World"))
    }

What this does:

- First, the JmxBuilder.export() node will export an MBean to the MBeanServer representing the declared POJO instance.

- The builder will generate a default ObjectName for the MBean and all other MBean descriptor information.

- JmxBuilder will automatically export all declared attributes (MBean getter/setters), constructors, and operations on the instance.

- The exported attributes will have read-only visibility.

Remember, JmxBuilder.export() returns an array of GroovyMBean[] objects for all exported instances. So, once you call JmxBuilder.export(), you have immediate access to the underlying MBean proxy (via GroovyMBean).

###### JConsole view of Exported Bean

#### 8.3.6. JmxBuilder.bean() Syntax

The JmxBuilder.bean() node supports an extensive set of descriptors to describe your bean for management. The JMX MBeanServer uses these descriptors to expose meta data about the bean exposed for management.

    jmx.export {
        bean(
            target:bean instance,
            name:ObjectName,
            desc:"...",
            attributes:"*",
            attributes:[]
            attributes:[ "AttrubuteName1","AttributeName2",...,"AttributeName_n" ]
            attributes:[
                "AttributeName":"*",
                "AttributeName":[
                    desc:"...",
                    defaultValue:value,
                    writable:true|false,
                    editable:true|false,
                    onChange:{event-> // event handler}
                ]
            ],

            constructors:"*",
            constructors:[
                "Constructor Name":[],
                "Constructor Name":[ "ParamType1","ParamType2,...,ParamType_n" ],
                "Constructor Name":[
                    desc:"...",
                    params:[
                        "ParamType1":"*",
                        "ParamType2":[desc:"...", name:"..."],...,
                        "ParamType_n":[desc:"...", name:"..."]
                    ]
                ]
            ],

            operations:"*",
            operations:[ "OperationName1", "OperationName2",...,"OperationNameN" ],
            operations:[
                "OperationName1":"*",
                "OperationName2":[ "type1","type2,"type3" ]
                "OperationName3":[
                    desc:"...",
                    params:[
                        "ParamType1":"*"
                        "ParamType2":[desc:"...", name:"..."],...,
                        "ParamType_n":[desc:"...", name:"..."]
                    ],
                    onInvoked:{event-> JmxBuilder.send(event:"", to:"")}
                ]
            ],

            listeners:[
                "ListenerName1":[event: "...", from:ObjectName, call:{event->}],
                "ListenerName2":[event: "...", from:ObjectName, call:&methodPointer]
            ]

        )
    }

Instead of describing the entire node, the following section explore each attribute separately.

#### 8.3.7. Bean() Node - Specifying MBean ObjectName

Using the bean() node descriptors, you can specify your own MBean ObjectName.

    def ctrl = new RequestController(resource:"Hello World")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(target: ctrl, name: "jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    }

The ObjectName can be specified as a String or an instance of the ObjectName.

### 8.4. Bean() Node - Attribute Export

JMX attributes are the setters and getters on the underlying bean. The JmxBuilder.bean() node provides several ways to flexibly describe and export MBean attributes. You can combine them however you want to achieve any level of attribute visibility. Let’s take a look.

#### 8.4.1. Export All Attributes with Wildcard "*"

The following code snippet will describe and export all attributes on the bean as read-only. JmxBuilder will use default values to describe the attributes that exported for management.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(target: new RequestController(),
        name: objName,
        attributes: "*")
    }

#### 8.4.2. Export Attribute List

JmxBuilder will let you specify a list of attributes to export.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            attributes: ["Resource", "RequestCount"]
        )
    }

In the snippet above, only the "Resource" and "RequestCount" attributes will be exported. Again, since no descriptors are provided, JmxBuilder will use sensible defaults to describe the exported attributes.

#### 8.4.3. Export Attribute with Explicit Descriptors

One of the strengths of JmxBuilder is its flexibility in describing MBean. With the builder you can describe all aspects of the MBeans attribute that you want to export to the MBeanServer (see syntax above).

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            attributes: [
                "Resource": [desc: "The resource to request.", readable: true, writable: true, defaultValue: "Hello"],
                "RequestCount": "*"
            ]
        )
    }

In the snippet above, attribute "Resource" is fully-described using all supported descriptors (i.e. desc, readable, writable, defaultValue) for a JMX attribute. However, we use the wildcard to describe attribute RequestCount and it will be exported and described using defaults.

### 8.5. Bean() Node - Constructor Export

JmxBuilder supports the explicit description and export of constructors defined in the underlying bean. There are several options available when exporting constructors. You can combine them however you want to achieve the desired level of manageability.

#### 8.5.1. Export all Constructors with "*"

You can use the builder’s special "*" notation to export all constructors declared on the underlying bean. The builder will use default values to describe the MBean constructors.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            constructors: "*"
        )
    }

#### 8.5.2. Export Constructors using Parameter Descriptor

JmxBuilder lets you target specific constructor to export by describing the parameter signature. This is useful when you have several constructors with different parameter signature and you want to export specific constructors.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            constructors: [
                "RequestController": ["Object"]
            ]
        )
    }

Here, JmxBuilder will export a constructor that takes one parameter of type "Object". Again, JmxBuilder will use default values to fill in the description of the constructor and the parameters.

#### 8.5.3. Export Constructor with Explicit Descriptors

JmxBuilder allows you to fully-describe the constructor that you want to target for export (see syntax above).

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(target: new RequestController(), name: objName,
            constructors: [
                "RequestController": [
                    desc: "Constructor takes param",
                    params: ["Object" : [name: "Resource", desc: "Resource for controller"]]
                ]
            ]
        )
    }

In the code above, JmxBuilder will target a constructor that takes one parameter for export to the MBeanServer. Notice how the constructor can be fully-described using all optional descriptor keys including parameter descriptors.

### 8.6. Bean() Node - Operation Export

Similar to constructors, JmxBuilder supports the description and export of MBean operations using a flexible notation (see above for syntax). You can combine these notations however you want to achieve the level of operation manageability desired.

#### 8.6.1. Export All Operations with "*"

You can use the builder’s special "*" notation to export all operations defined on the bean to be exposed for management. The builder will use default descriptor values for the operations being exported.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            operations: "*"
        )
    }

In this snippet, JmxBuilder will export all bean operations and will use default values to describe them in the MBeanServer.

#### 8.6.2. Export Operation List

JmxBuilder has a shorthand notation that lets you quickly target operations to be exported by providing a list of methods to export.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            operations: ["start", "stop"]
        )
    }

In the snippet above, the builder will only export methods start() and stop(). All other methods will be ignored. JmxBuilder will use default descriptor values to describe the operations being exported.

#### 8.6.3. Export Operations by Signature

Using JmxBuilder, you can target methods to export for management using the methods’s parameter signature. This is useful when you want to distinguish methods with the same name that you want to export (i.e. stop() instead of stop(boolean)).

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(),
            name: objName,
            operations: [
                "makeRequest": ["String"]
            ]
        )
    }

In the snippet above, JmxBuilder would select method makeRequest(String) to be exported instead of the other version makeRequest() which takes no parameter. In this shorthand context, the signature is specified as a list of type (i.e. "String").

#### 8.6.4. Export Operations with Explicit Descriptors

JmxBuilder supports detailed descriptors for bean operations. You can supply deep descriptor info about any operation on your bean including a name, description, method parameters, parameter type, and parameter description.

    def objName = new ObjectName("jmx.tutorial:type=Object")
    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(target: new RequestController(), name: objName,
            operations: [
                "start": [desc: "Starts request controller"],
                "stop": [desc: "Stops the request controller"],
                "setResource": [params: ["Object"]],
                "makeRequest": [
                    desc: "Executes the request.",
                    params: [
                        "String": [name: "Resource", desc: "The resource to request"]
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        )
    }

The snippet above shows all of the ways JmxBuilder allows you to describe an operation targeted for management:

- Operations start() and stop() are described by the "desc" key (this is enough since there are no params).

- In operation setResource() uses of a shorthand version of params: to describe the parameters for the method.

- makeRequest() uses the extended descriptor syntax to describe all aspects of the operation.

### 8.7. Embedding Descriptor

JmxBuilder supports the ability to embed descriptors directly in your Groovy class. So, instead of wrapping your description around the declared object (as we’ve seen here), you can embed your JMX descriptors directly in your class.

RequestControllerGroovy

    class RequestControllerGroovy {
        // attributes
        boolean started
        int requestCount
        int resourceCount
        int requestLimit
        Map resources

        // operations
        void start() { }
        void stop(){ }
        void putResource(String name, Object resource) { }
        void makeRequest(String res) { }
        void makeRequest() { }

        static descriptor = [
            name: "jmx.builder:type=EmbeddedObject",
            operations: ["start", "stop", "putResource"],
            attributes: "*"
        ]
    }

    // export
    jmx.export(
        bean(new RequestControllerGroovy())
    )

There are two things going on in the code above:

- Groovy class RequestControllerGroovy is defined and includes a static descriptor member. That member is used to declare a JmxBuilder descriptor to describe member of the class targeted for JMX export.

- The second part of the code shows how to use JmxBuilder to export that class for management.

### 8.8. Timer Export

JMX standards mandate that the implementation of the API makes available a timer service. Since JMX is a component-based architecture, timers provide an excellent signalling mechanism to communicate to registered listener components in the MBeanServer. JmxBuilder supports the creation and export of timers using the same easy syntax we’ve seen so far.

#### 8.8.1. Timer Node Syntax

    timer(
        name:ObjectName,
        event:"...",
        message:"...",
        data:dataValue
        startDate:"now"|dateValue
        period:"99d"|"99h"|"99m"|"99s"|99
        occurrences:long
    )

The timer() node supports several attributes:

- name: - Required The qualified JMX ObjectName instance (or String) for the timer.

- event: - The JMX event type string that will be broadcast with every timing signal (default "jmx.builder.event").

- message: - An optional string value that can be sent to listeners.

- data: - An optional object that can be sent to listeners of timing signal.

- startDate: - When to start timer. Set of valid values [ "now", date object ]. Default is "now"

- period: - A timer’s period expressed as either a number of millisecond or time unit (day, hour, minute, second). See description below.

- occurrences: - A number indicating the number of time to repeat timer. Default is forever.

#### 8.8.2. Exporting a Timer

    def timer = jmx.timer(name: "jmx.builder:type=Timer", event: "heartbeat", period: "1s")
    timer.start()

This snippet above describes, creates, and exports a standard JMX Timer component. Here, the timer() node returns a GroovyMBean that represents the registered timer MBean in the MBeanServer.

An alternative way of exporting timers is within the JmxBuilder.export() node.

    def beans = jmx.export {
        timer(name: "jmx.builder:type=Timer1", event: "event.signal", period: "1s")
        timer(name: "jmx.builder:type=Timer2", event: "event.log", period: "1s")
    }
    beans[0].start()
    beans[1].start()

#### 8.8.3. Timer Period

The timer() node supports a flexible notation for specifying the timer period values. You can specify the time in second, minutes, hour, and day. The default is millisecond.

- timer(period: 100) = 100 millisecond

- timer(period: "1s") = 1 second

- timer(period: "1m") = 1 minute

- timer(period: "1h") = 1 hour

- timer(period: "1d") = 1 day

The node will automatically translate.

### 8.9. JmxBuilder and Events

An integral part of JMX is its event model. Registered management beans can communicate with each other by broadcasting events on the MBeanServer’s event bus. JmxBuilder provides several ways to easily listen and react to events broadcasted on the MBeanServer’s event bus. Developers can capture any event on the bus or throw their own to be consumed by other components registered on the MBeanServer.

#### 8.9.1. Event Handling Closures

JmxBuilder leverages Groovy’s use of closures to provide simple, yet elegant, mean of reacting to JMX events. JmxBuilder supports two closure signatures:

##### Parameterless

    callback = { ->
        // event handling code here.
    }

JmxBuilder executes the closure and passes no information about the event that was captured on the bus.

##### With Event Parameter

    callback = { event ->
        // event handling code
    }

JmxBuilder will pass an "event" object to the closure using this format. The event object contains information about the event was intercepted so that it can be handled by the handler. The parameter will contain different set of info depending on the event that was captured.

#### 8.9.2. Handling Attribute onChange Event

When describing attributes (see bean() node section above), you can provide a closure (or method pointer) for callback to be executed when the value of the attribute is updated on the exported MBean. This gives developers an opportunity to listen to and react to state changes on the MBean.

    jmx.export {
        bean(
            target: new RequestController(), name: "jmx.tutorial:type=Object",
            attributes: [
                "Resource": [
                    readable: true, writable: true,
                    onChange: { e ->
                        println e.oldValue
                        println e.newValue
                    }
                ]
            ]
        )
    }

The sample snippet above shows how to specify an "onChange" callback closure when describing MBean attributes. In this sample code, whenever attribute "Resource" is updated via the exported MBean, the onChange event will be executed.

#### 8.9.3. Attribute onChange Event Object

When handling the attribute onChange event, the handler closure will receive an event object with the following info:

- event.oldValue - the previous attribute value before the change event.

- event.newValue - the new value of the attribute after the change.

- event.attribute - the name of the attribute on which the event occurred.

- event.attributeType - the data type of the attribute that causes the event.

- event.sequenceNumber - a numeric value representing the sequence number of event.

- event.timeStamp - a time stamp for the event occurrence.

#### 8.9.4. Handling Operation onCall Event

Similar to mbean attributes, JmxBuilder affords developers the ability to listen for operation invocation on an MBean registered in the MBeaServer. JmxBuilder accepts a callback closure that will be executed after the MBean method has invoked.

    class EventHandler {
        void handleStart(e){
            println e
        }
    }

    def handler = new EventHandler()

    def beans = jmx.export {
        bean(target: new RequestController(), name: "jmx.tutorial:type=Object",
            operations: [
                "start": [
                    desc:"Starts request controller",
                    onCall:handler.&handleStart
                ]
            ]
        )
    }

The snippet above shows how to declare an "onCall" closure to be used as listener when operation "start()" is invoked on the MBean. This sample uses the method pointer syntax to illustrate the versatility of JmxBuilder.

#### 8.9.5. Operation onCall Event Object

When handling the operation onCall event, the callback closure will receive an event object with the following info:

- event.event - the event type string that was broadcasted.

- event.source - The object on which the method was invoked.

- event.data - the data type of the attribute that causes the event.

- event.sequenceNumber - a numeric value representing the sequence number of event.

- event.timeStamp - a time stamp for the event occurrence.

### 8.10. Listener MBean

When you export an MBean with the bean() node, you can define events the MBean can listen and react to. The bean() node provides a "listeners:" attribute that lets you define event listeners that your bean can react to.

    def beans = jmx.export {
        timer(name: "jmx.builder:type=Timer", event: "heartbeat", period: "1s").start()
        bean(target: new RequestController(), name: "jmx.tutorial:type=Object",
            operations: "*",
            listeners: [
                heartbeat: [
                    from: "jmx.builder:type=Timer",
                    call: { e ->
                        println e
                    }
                ]
            ]
        )
    }

In the sample above, we see the syntax for adding listeners to an exported MBean.

- Fist, a timer is exported and started.

- Then an MBean is declared that will listen to the timer event and do something meaningful.

- The "heartbeat:" name is arbitrary and has no correlation to the timer declared above.

- The source of the event is specified using the "from:" attribute.

You can also specify an event type you are interested in receiving from a broadcaster (since a broadcaster can be emitting multiple events).

#### 8.10.1. Listening to JMX Events

In some cases, you will want to create stand-alone event listeners (not attached to exported MBeans). JmxBuilder provides the Listener() node to let you create JMX listeners that can listen to MBeanServer events. This is useful when creating JMX client applications to monitor/manage JMX agents on remote JMX MBeanServers.

#### 8.10.2. Listener Node Syntax

    jmx.listener(
        event: "...",
        from: "object name" | ObjectName,
        call: { event-> }
    )

Here is the description of the listener() node attributes:

- event: An optional string that identifies the JMX event type to listen for.

- from (required): The JMX ObjectName of the component to listen to. This can be specified as a string or an instance of ObjectName

- call: The closure to execute when the event is captured. This can also be specified as a Groovy method pointer.

Here is an example of JmxBuilder’s listener node:

    jmx.timer(name: "jmx.builder:type=Timer", period: "1s").start()

    jmx.listener(
        from: "jmx.builder:type=Timer",
        call: { e ->
            println "beep..."
        }
    )

This example shows how you can use a stand alone listener (outside of an MBean export). Here, we export a timer with a 1 second resolution. Then, we specify a listener to that timer that will print "beep" every second.

### 8.11. Emitting JMX Events

JmxBuilder provides the tools needed to broadcast your own events on the MBeanServer’s event bus. There are no restrictions on the event type you can broadcast. You simply declare your emitter and the event type that you want to send, then broadcast your event at any time. Any registered component in the MBeanServer can register themselves to listen to your events.

#### 8.11.1. Emitter Syntax

    jmx.emitter(name:"Object:Name", event:"type")

The attributes for the node Emitter() can be summarized as follows:

- name: an optional JMX ObjectName used to register your emitter in the MBeanServer. Default is jmx.builder:type=Emitter,name=Emitter@OBJECT_HASH_VALUE

- event: an option string value that describes the JMX event type. Default is "jmx.builder.event.emitter".

#### 8.11.2. Declare the Emitter

    def emitter = jmx.emitter()

The snippet declares the emitter using implicit descriptor syntax. JmxBuilder will do the followings:

- Create and register an emitter MBean with a default ObjectName.

- Setup a default event type with value "jmx.builder.event.emitter".

- Return a GroovyMBean representing the emitter.

As with other nodes in the builder, you can override all keys in the emitter() node. You can specify the ObjectName and the event type.

#### 8.11.3. Broadcast Event

Once you have declared your emitter, you can broadcast your event.

    emitter.send()

The sample above shows the emitter sending an event, once it has been declared. Any JMX component registered in the MBeanServer can register to receive message from this emitter.

#### 8.11.4. Sending Event Objects

You can optionally pass data to the receiver when you send the message.

    emitter.send("Hello!")

If you use an event listener closure (see above) that accepts a parameter, you can access that value.

## 9. Further JMX Information

- Monitoring the Java Virtual Machine

- Using Groovy for System Management

- Groovier jconsole!

- JMX Scripts with Eclipse Monkey

- Using JMX to monitor Apache ActiveMQ