/*
 *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 *  distributed with this work for additional information
 *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 *  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 *  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 *  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 *  specific language governing permissions and limitations
 *  under the License.
 */

package org.codehaus.groovy.transform.stc;

import org.codehaus.groovy.GroovyBugError;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassNode;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.GenericsType;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.MethodNode;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.Parameter;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.Variable;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.ArgumentListExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.ArrayExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.BinaryExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.ClosureExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.ConstantExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.Expression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.ListExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.MapExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.VariableExpression;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.stmt.ReturnStatement;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.tools.GenericsUtils;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.tools.ParameterUtils;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.tools.WideningCategories;
import org.codehaus.groovy.control.CompilationUnit;
import org.codehaus.groovy.control.CompilerConfiguration;
import org.codehaus.groovy.control.Phases;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.DefaultGroovyMethods;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.DefaultGroovyStaticMethods;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.m12n.ExtensionModule;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.m12n.ExtensionModuleScanner;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.m12n.MetaInfExtensionModule;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.memoize.ConcurrentCommonCache;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.memoize.EvictableCache;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.metaclass.MetaClassRegistryImpl;
import org.codehaus.groovy.tools.GroovyClass;
import org.codehaus.groovy.transform.trait.Traits;
import org.codehaus.groovy.vmplugin.VMPluginFactory;
import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.WeakHashMap;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;

import static java.lang.Math.min;
import static org.apache.groovy.ast.tools.ClassNodeUtils.addGeneratedMethod;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.BigDecimal_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.BigInteger_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Boolean_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Byte_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.CLASS_Type;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.CLOSURE_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Character_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Double_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Enum_Type;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Float_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.GROOVY_OBJECT_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.GSTRING_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Integer_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Long_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.OBJECT_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.STRING_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.Short_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.VOID_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.byte_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.char_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.double_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.float_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.getUnwrapper;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.getWrapper;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.int_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.isNumberType;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.isSAMType;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.long_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.make;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.makeWithoutCaching;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.short_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper.void_WRAPPER_TYPE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.GenericsType.GenericsTypeName;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.ast.tools.GenericsUtils.getSuperClass;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.ASSIGN;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.BITWISE_AND;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.BITWISE_AND_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.BITWISE_OR;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.BITWISE_OR_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.BITWISE_XOR;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.BITWISE_XOR_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_GREATER_THAN;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_IDENTICAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_LESS_THAN;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_NOT_IDENTICAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.COMPARE_TO;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.DIVIDE;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.DIVIDE_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.INTDIV;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.INTDIV_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.KEYWORD_IN;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.KEYWORD_INSTANCEOF;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LEFT_SHIFT;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LEFT_SHIFT_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LOGICAL_AND;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LOGICAL_AND_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LOGICAL_OR;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.LOGICAL_OR_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MATCH_REGEX;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MINUS;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MINUS_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MOD;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MOD_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MULTIPLY;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.MULTIPLY_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.PLUS;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.PLUS_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.POWER;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.POWER_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.RIGHT_SHIFT;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.RIGHT_SHIFT_EQUAL;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.RIGHT_SHIFT_UNSIGNED;
import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.RIGHT_SHIFT_UNSIGNED_EQUAL;
/**
 * Static support methods for {@link StaticTypeCheckingVisitor}.
 */
public abstract class StaticTypeCheckingSupport {
    protected static final ClassNode
            Collection_TYPE = makeWithoutCaching(Collection.class);
    protected static final ClassNode Deprecated_TYPE = makeWithoutCaching(Deprecated.class);
    protected static final ClassNode Matcher_TYPE = makeWithoutCaching(Matcher.class);
    protected static final ClassNode ArrayList_TYPE = makeWithoutCaching(ArrayList.class);
    protected static final ExtensionMethodCache EXTENSION_METHOD_CACHE = new ExtensionMethodCache();
    protected static final Map<ClassNode, Integer> NUMBER_TYPES = Collections.unmodifiableMap(
            new HashMap<ClassNode, Integer>() {
                private static final long serialVersionUID = 8841951852732042766L;

                {
                    put(byte_TYPE, 0);
                    put(Byte_TYPE, 0);
                    put(short_TYPE, 1);
                    put(Short_TYPE, 1);
                    put(int_TYPE, 2);
                    put(Integer_TYPE, 2);
                    put(Long_TYPE, 3);
                    put(long_TYPE, 3);
                    put(float_TYPE, 4);
                    put(Float_TYPE, 4);
                    put(double_TYPE, 5);
                    put(Double_TYPE, 5);
                }
            });

    protected static final Map<String, Integer> NUMBER_OPS = Collections.unmodifiableMap(
            new HashMap<String, Integer>() {
                private static final long serialVersionUID = 6951856193525808411L;

                {
                    put("plus", PLUS);
                    put("minus", MINUS);
                    put("multiply", MULTIPLY);
                    put("div", DIVIDE);
                    put("or", BITWISE_OR);
                    put("and", BITWISE_AND);
                    put("xor", BITWISE_XOR);
                    put("mod", MOD);
                    put("intdiv", INTDIV);
                    put("leftShift", LEFT_SHIFT);
                    put("rightShift", RIGHT_SHIFT);
                    put("rightShiftUnsigned", RIGHT_SHIFT_UNSIGNED);
                }
            });

    protected static final ClassNode GSTRING_STRING_CLASSNODE = WideningCategories.lowestUpperBound(
            STRING_TYPE,
            GSTRING_TYPE
    );

    /**
     * This is for internal use only. When an argument method is null, we cannot determine its type, so
     * we use this one as a wildcard.
     */
    protected static final ClassNode UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE = make("<unknown parameter type>");

    /**
     * This comparator is used when we return the list of methods from DGM which name correspond to a given
     * name. As we also lookup for DGM methods of superclasses or interfaces, it may be possible to find
     * two methods which have the same name and the same arguments. In that case, we should not add the method
     * from superclass or interface otherwise the system won't be able to select the correct method, resulting
     * in an ambiguous method selection for similar methods.
     */
    protected static final Comparator<MethodNode> DGM_METHOD_NODE_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<MethodNode>() {
        public int compare(final MethodNode o1, final MethodNode o2) {
            if (o1.getName().equals(o2.getName())) {
                Parameter[] o1ps = o1.getParameters();
                Parameter[] o2ps = o2.getParameters();
                if (o1ps.length == o2ps.length) {
                    boolean allEqual = true;
                    for (int i = 0; i < o1ps.length && allEqual; i++) {
                        allEqual = o1ps[i].getType().equals(o2ps[i].getType());
                    }
                    if (allEqual) {
                        if (o1 instanceof ExtensionMethodNode && o2 instanceof ExtensionMethodNode) {
                            return compare(((ExtensionMethodNode) o1).getExtensionMethodNode(), ((ExtensionMethodNode) o2).getExtensionMethodNode());
                        }
                        return 0;
                    }
                } else {
                    return o1ps.length - o2ps.length;
                }
            }
            return 1;
        }
    };

    /**
     * Returns true for expressions of the form x[...]
     *
     * @param expression an expression
     * @return true for array access expressions
     */
    protected static boolean isArrayAccessExpression(Expression expression) {
        return expression instanceof BinaryExpression && isArrayOp(((BinaryExpression) expression).getOperation().getType());
    }

    /**
     * Called on method call checks in order to determine if a method call corresponds to the
     * idiomatic o.with { ... } structure
     *
     * @param name          name of the method called
     * @param callArguments arguments of the method
     * @return true if the name is "with" and arguments consist of a single closure
     */
    public static boolean isWithCall(final String name, final Expression callArguments) {
        boolean isWithCall = "with".equals(name) && callArguments instanceof ArgumentListExpression;
        if (isWithCall) {
            ArgumentListExpression argList = (ArgumentListExpression) callArguments;
            List<Expression> expressions = argList.getExpressions();
            isWithCall = expressions.size() == 1 && expressions.get(0) instanceof ClosureExpression;
        }
        return isWithCall;
    }

    /**
     * Given a variable expression, returns the ultimately accessed variable.
     *
     * @param ve a variable expression
     * @return the target variable
     */
    protected static Variable findTargetVariable(VariableExpression ve) {
        final Variable accessedVariable = ve.getAccessedVariable() != null ? ve.getAccessedVariable() : ve;
        if (accessedVariable != ve) {
            if (accessedVariable instanceof VariableExpression)
                return findTargetVariable((VariableExpression) accessedVariable);
        }
        return accessedVariable;
    }


    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link #findDGMMethodsForClassNode(ClassLoader, ClassNode, String)} instead
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected static Set<MethodNode> findDGMMethodsForClassNode(ClassNode clazz, String name) {
        return findDGMMethodsForClassNode(MetaClassRegistryImpl.class.getClassLoader(), clazz, name);
    }

    protected static Set<MethodNode> findDGMMethodsForClassNode(final ClassLoader loader, ClassNode clazz, String name) {
        TreeSet<MethodNode> accumulator = new TreeSet<MethodNode>(DGM_METHOD_NODE_COMPARATOR);
        findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, clazz, name, accumulator);
        return accumulator;
    }


    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link #findDGMMethodsForClassNode(ClassLoader, ClassNode, String, TreeSet)} instead
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected static void findDGMMethodsForClassNode(ClassNode clazz, String name, TreeSet<MethodNode> accumulator) {
        findDGMMethodsForClassNode(MetaClassRegistryImpl.class.getClassLoader(), clazz, name, accumulator);
    }

    protected static void findDGMMethodsForClassNode(final ClassLoader loader, ClassNode clazz, String name, TreeSet<MethodNode> accumulator) {
        List<MethodNode> fromDGM = EXTENSION_METHOD_CACHE.getExtensionMethods(loader).get(clazz.getName());
        if (fromDGM != null) {
            for (MethodNode node : fromDGM) {
                if (node.getName().equals(name)) accumulator.add(node);
            }
        }
        for (ClassNode node : clazz.getInterfaces()) {
            findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, node, name, accumulator);
        }
        if (clazz.isArray()) {
            ClassNode componentClass = clazz.getComponentType();
            if (!componentClass.equals(OBJECT_TYPE) && !isPrimitiveType(componentClass)) {
                if (componentClass.isInterface()) {
                    findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, OBJECT_TYPE.makeArray(), name, accumulator);
                } else {
                    findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, componentClass.getSuperClass().makeArray(), name, accumulator);
                }
            }
        }
        if (clazz.getSuperClass() != null) {
            findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, clazz.getSuperClass(), name, accumulator);
        } else if (!clazz.equals(OBJECT_TYPE)) {
            findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, OBJECT_TYPE, name, accumulator);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Checks that arguments and parameter types match.
     *
     * @param params method parameters
     * @param args   type arguments
     * @return -1 if arguments do not match, 0 if arguments are of the exact type and >0 when one or more argument is
     * not of the exact type but still match
     */
    public static int allParametersAndArgumentsMatch(Parameter[] params, ClassNode[] args) {
        if (params == null) {
            params = Parameter.EMPTY_ARRAY;
        }
        int dist = 0;
        if (args.length < params.length) return -1;
        // we already know there are at least params.length elements in both arrays
        for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
            ClassNode paramType = params[i].getType();
            ClassNode argType = args[i];
            if (!isAssignableTo(argType, paramType)) return -1;
            else {
                if (!paramType.equals(argType)) dist += getDistance(argType, paramType);
            }
        }
        return dist;
    }

    /**
     * Checks that arguments and parameter types match, expecting that the number of parameters is strictly greater
     * than the number of arguments, allowing possible inclusion of default parameters.
     *
     * @param params method parameters
     * @param args   type arguments
     * @return -1 if arguments do not match, 0 if arguments are of the exact type and >0 when one or more argument is
     * not of the exact type but still match
     */
    static int allParametersAndArgumentsMatchWithDefaultParams(Parameter[] params, ClassNode[] args) {
        int dist = 0;
        ClassNode ptype = null;
        // we already know the lengths are equal
        for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
            Parameter param = params[i];
            ClassNode paramType = param.getType();
            ClassNode arg = j >= args.length ? null : args[j];
            if (arg == null || !isAssignableTo(arg, paramType)) {
                if (!param.hasInitialExpression() && (ptype == null || !ptype.equals(paramType))) {
                    return -1; // no default value
                }
                // a default value exists, we can skip this param
                ptype = null;
            } else {
                j++;
                if (!paramType.equals(arg)) dist += getDistance(arg, paramType);
                if (param.hasInitialExpression()) {
                    ptype = arg;
                } else {
                    ptype = null;
                }
            }
        }
        return dist;
    }

    /**
     * Checks that excess arguments match the vararg signature parameter.
     *
     * @param params
     * @param args
     * @return -1 if no match, 0 if all arguments matches the vararg type and >0 if one or more vararg argument is
     * assignable to the vararg type, but still not an exact match
     */
    static int excessArgumentsMatchesVargsParameter(Parameter[] params, ClassNode[] args) {
        // we already know parameter length is bigger zero and last is a vargs
        // the excess arguments are all put in an array for the vargs call
        // so check against the component type
        int dist = 0;
        ClassNode vargsBase = params[params.length - 1].getType().getComponentType();
        for (int i = params.length; i < args.length; i++) {
            if (!isAssignableTo(args[i], vargsBase)) return -1;
            else dist += getClassDistance(vargsBase, args[i]);
        }
        return dist;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the last argument matches the vararg type.
     *
     * @param params
     * @param args
     * @return -1 if no match, 0 if the last argument is exactly the vararg type and 1 if of an assignable type
     */
    static int lastArgMatchesVarg(Parameter[] params, ClassNode... args) {
        if (!isVargs(params)) return -1;
        // case length ==0 handled already
        // we have now two cases,
        // the argument is wrapped in the vargs array or
        // the argument is an array that can be used for the vargs part directly
        // we test only the wrapping part, since the non wrapping is done already
        ClassNode lastParamType = params[params.length - 1].getType();
        ClassNode ptype = lastParamType.getComponentType();
        ClassNode arg = args[args.length - 1];
        if (isNumberType(ptype) && isNumberType(arg) && !ptype.equals(arg)) return -1;
        return isAssignableTo(arg, ptype) ? min(getDistance(arg, lastParamType), getDistance(arg, ptype)) : -1;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if a class node is assignable to another. This is used for example in
     * assignment checks where you want to verify that the assignment is valid.
     *
     * @param type
     * @param toBeAssignedTo
     * @return true if the class node is assignable to the other class node, false otherwise
     */
    static boolean isAssignableTo(ClassNode type, ClassNode toBeAssignedTo) {
        if (UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE == type) return true;
        if (type == toBeAssignedTo) return true;
        if (toBeAssignedTo.redirect() == STRING_TYPE && type.redirect() == GSTRING_TYPE) {
            return true;
        }
        if (isPrimitiveType(toBeAssignedTo)) toBeAssignedTo = getWrapper(toBeAssignedTo);
        if (isPrimitiveType(type)) type = getWrapper(type);
        if (NUMBER_TYPES.containsKey(type.redirect()) && NUMBER_TYPES.containsKey(toBeAssignedTo.redirect())) {
            return NUMBER_TYPES.get(type.redirect()) <= NUMBER_TYPES.get(toBeAssignedTo.redirect());
        }
        if (type.isArray() && toBeAssignedTo.isArray()) {
            return isAssignableTo(type.getComponentType(), toBeAssignedTo.getComponentType());
        }
        if (type.isDerivedFrom(GSTRING_TYPE) && STRING_TYPE.equals(toBeAssignedTo)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (toBeAssignedTo.isDerivedFrom(GSTRING_TYPE) && STRING_TYPE.equals(type)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(type, toBeAssignedTo)) {
            if (OBJECT_TYPE.equals(toBeAssignedTo)) return true;
            if (toBeAssignedTo.isUsingGenerics()) {
                // perform additional check on generics
                // ? extends toBeAssignedTo
                GenericsType gt = GenericsUtils.buildWildcardType(toBeAssignedTo);
                return gt.isCompatibleWith(type);
            }
            return true;
        }

        //SAM check
        if (type.isDerivedFrom(CLOSURE_TYPE) && isSAMType(toBeAssignedTo)) {
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    static boolean isVargs(Parameter[] params) {
        if (params.length == 0) return false;
        if (params[params.length - 1].getType().isArray()) return true;
        return false;
    }

    public static boolean isCompareToBoolean(int op) {
        return op == COMPARE_GREATER_THAN ||
                op == COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ||
                op == COMPARE_LESS_THAN ||
                op == COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL;
    }

    static boolean isArrayOp(int op) {
        return op == LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET;
    }

    static boolean isBoolIntrinsicOp(int op) {
        return op == LOGICAL_AND || op == LOGICAL_OR || op == COMPARE_NOT_IDENTICAL || op == COMPARE_IDENTICAL ||
                op == MATCH_REGEX || op == KEYWORD_INSTANCEOF;
    }

    static boolean isPowerOperator(int op) {
        return op == POWER || op == POWER_EQUAL;
    }

    static String getOperationName(int op) {
        switch (op) {
            case COMPARE_EQUAL:
            case COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL:
                // this is only correct in this context here, normally
                // we would have to compile against compareTo if available
                // but since we don't compile here, this one is enough
                return "equals";

            case COMPARE_TO:
            case COMPARE_GREATER_THAN:
            case COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL:
            case COMPARE_LESS_THAN:
            case COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL:
                return "compareTo";

            case BITWISE_AND:
            case BITWISE_AND_EQUAL:
                return "and";

            case BITWISE_OR:
            case BITWISE_OR_EQUAL:
                return "or";

            case BITWISE_XOR:
            case BITWISE_XOR_EQUAL:
                return "xor";

            case PLUS:
            case PLUS_EQUAL:
                return "plus";

            case MINUS:
            case MINUS_EQUAL:
                return "minus";

            case MULTIPLY:
            case MULTIPLY_EQUAL:
                return "multiply";

            case DIVIDE:
            case DIVIDE_EQUAL:
                return "div";

            case INTDIV:
            case INTDIV_EQUAL:
                return "intdiv";

            case MOD:
            case MOD_EQUAL:
                return "mod";

            case POWER:
            case POWER_EQUAL:
                return "power";

            case LEFT_SHIFT:
            case LEFT_SHIFT_EQUAL:
                return "leftShift";

            case RIGHT_SHIFT:
            case RIGHT_SHIFT_EQUAL:
                return "rightShift";

            case RIGHT_SHIFT_UNSIGNED:
            case RIGHT_SHIFT_UNSIGNED_EQUAL:
                return "rightShiftUnsigned";

            case KEYWORD_IN:
                return "isCase";

            default:
                return null;
        }
    }

    static boolean isShiftOperation(String name) {
        return "leftShift".equals(name) || "rightShift".equals(name) || "rightShiftUnsigned".equals(name);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true for operations that are of the class, that given a common type class for left and right, the
     * operation "left op right" will have a result in the same type class In Groovy on numbers that is +,-,* as well as
     * their variants with equals.
     */
    static boolean isOperationInGroup(int op) {
        switch (op) {
            case PLUS:
            case PLUS_EQUAL:
            case MINUS:
            case MINUS_EQUAL:
            case MULTIPLY:
            case MULTIPLY_EQUAL:
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    static boolean isBitOperator(int op) {
        switch (op) {
            case BITWISE_OR_EQUAL:
            case BITWISE_OR:
            case BITWISE_AND_EQUAL:
            case BITWISE_AND:
            case BITWISE_XOR_EQUAL:
            case BITWISE_XOR:
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    public static boolean isAssignment(int op) {
        switch (op) {
            case ASSIGN:
            case LOGICAL_OR_EQUAL:
            case LOGICAL_AND_EQUAL:
            case PLUS_EQUAL:
            case MINUS_EQUAL:
            case MULTIPLY_EQUAL:
            case DIVIDE_EQUAL:
            case INTDIV_EQUAL:
            case MOD_EQUAL:
            case POWER_EQUAL:
            case LEFT_SHIFT_EQUAL:
            case RIGHT_SHIFT_EQUAL:
            case RIGHT_SHIFT_UNSIGNED_EQUAL:
            case BITWISE_OR_EQUAL:
            case BITWISE_AND_EQUAL:
            case BITWISE_XOR_EQUAL:
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true or false depending on whether the right classnode can be assigned to the left classnode. This method
     * should not add errors by itself: we let the caller decide what to do if an incompatible assignment is found.
     *
     * @param left  the class to be assigned to
     * @param right the assignee class
     * @return false if types are incompatible
     */
    public static boolean checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(ClassNode left, ClassNode right) {
        return checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(left, right, null);
    }

    public static boolean checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(ClassNode left, ClassNode right, Expression rightExpression) {
        return checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(left, right, rightExpression, true);
    }

    public static boolean checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(ClassNode left, ClassNode right, Expression rightExpression, boolean allowConstructorCoercion) {
        ClassNode leftRedirect = left.redirect();
        ClassNode rightRedirect = right.redirect();
        if (leftRedirect == rightRedirect) return true;

        if (leftRedirect.isArray() && rightRedirect.isArray()) {
            return checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(leftRedirect.getComponentType(), rightRedirect.getComponentType(), rightExpression, false);
        }

        if (right == VOID_TYPE || right == void_WRAPPER_TYPE) {
            return left == VOID_TYPE || left == void_WRAPPER_TYPE;
        }

        if ((isNumberType(rightRedirect) || WideningCategories.isNumberCategory(rightRedirect))) {
            if (BigDecimal_TYPE == leftRedirect) {
                // any number can be assigned to a big decimal
                return true;
            }
            if (BigInteger_TYPE == leftRedirect) {
                return WideningCategories.isBigIntCategory(getUnwrapper(rightRedirect)) ||
                        rightRedirect.isDerivedFrom(BigInteger_TYPE);
            }
        }

        // if rightExpression is null and leftExpression is not a primitive type, it's ok
        boolean rightExpressionIsNull = rightExpression instanceof ConstantExpression && ((ConstantExpression) rightExpression).getValue() == null;
        if (rightExpressionIsNull && !isPrimitiveType(left)) {
            return true;
        }

        // on an assignment everything that can be done by a GroovyCast is allowed

        // anything can be assigned to an Object, String, Boolean
        // or Class typed variable
        if (isWildcardLeftHandSide(leftRedirect)
                && !(boolean_TYPE.equals(left) && rightExpressionIsNull)) return true;

        // char as left expression
        if (leftRedirect == char_TYPE && rightRedirect == STRING_TYPE) {
            if (rightExpression instanceof ConstantExpression) {
                String value = rightExpression.getText();
                return value.length() == 1;
            }
        }
        if (leftRedirect == Character_TYPE && (rightRedirect == STRING_TYPE || rightExpressionIsNull)) {
            return rightExpressionIsNull || (rightExpression instanceof ConstantExpression && rightExpression.getText().length() == 1);
        }

        // if left is Enum and right is String or GString we do valueOf
        if (leftRedirect.isDerivedFrom(Enum_Type) &&
                (rightRedirect == GSTRING_TYPE || rightRedirect == STRING_TYPE)) {
            return true;
        }

        // if right is array, map or collection we try invoking the
        // constructor
        if (allowConstructorCoercion && isGroovyConstructorCompatible(rightExpression)) {
            //TODO: in case of the array we could maybe make a partial check
            if (leftRedirect.isArray() && rightRedirect.isArray()) {
                return checkCompatibleAssignmentTypes(leftRedirect.getComponentType(), rightRedirect.getComponentType());
            } else if (rightRedirect.isArray() && !leftRedirect.isArray()) {
                return false;
            }
            return true;
        }

        // simple check on being subclass
        if (right.isDerivedFrom(left) || (left.isInterface() && right.implementsInterface(left))) return true;

        // if left and right are primitives or numbers allow
        if (isPrimitiveType(leftRedirect) && isPrimitiveType(rightRedirect)) return true;
        if (isNumberType(leftRedirect) && isNumberType(rightRedirect)) return true;

        // left is a float/double and right is a BigDecimal
        if (WideningCategories.isFloatingCategory(leftRedirect) && BigDecimal_TYPE.equals(rightRedirect)) {
            return true;
        }

        if (GROOVY_OBJECT_TYPE.equals(leftRedirect) && isBeingCompiled(right)) {
            return true;
        }

        if (left.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
            // GROOVY-7307
            GenericsType[] genericsTypes = left.getGenericsTypes();
            if (genericsTypes != null && genericsTypes.length == 1) {
                // should always be the case, but safe guard is better
                return genericsTypes[0].isCompatibleWith(right);
            }
        }

        // GROOVY-7316 : it is an apparently legal thing to allow this. It's not type safe,
        // but it is allowed...
        return right.isGenericsPlaceHolder();
    }

    private static boolean isGroovyConstructorCompatible(final Expression rightExpression) {
        return rightExpression instanceof ListExpression
                || rightExpression instanceof MapExpression
                || rightExpression instanceof ArrayExpression;
    }

    /**
     * Tells if a class is one of the "accept all" classes as the left hand side of an
     * assignment.
     *
     * @param node the classnode to test
     * @return true if it's an Object, String, boolean, Boolean or Class.
     */
    public static boolean isWildcardLeftHandSide(final ClassNode node) {
        if (OBJECT_TYPE.equals(node) ||
                STRING_TYPE.equals(node) ||
                boolean_TYPE.equals(node) ||
                Boolean_TYPE.equals(node) ||
                CLASS_Type.equals(node)) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public static boolean isBeingCompiled(ClassNode node) {
        return node.getCompileUnit() != null;
    }

    @Deprecated
    static boolean checkPossibleLooseOfPrecision(ClassNode left, ClassNode right, Expression rightExpr) {
        return checkPossibleLossOfPrecision(left, right, rightExpr);
    }

    static boolean checkPossibleLossOfPrecision(ClassNode left, ClassNode right, Expression rightExpr) {
        if (left == right || left.equals(right)) return false; // identical types
        int leftIndex = NUMBER_TYPES.get(left);
        int rightIndex = NUMBER_TYPES.get(right);
        if (leftIndex >= rightIndex) return false;
        // here we must check if the right number is short enough to fit in the left type
        if (rightExpr instanceof ConstantExpression) {
            Object value = ((ConstantExpression) rightExpr).getValue();
            if (!(value instanceof Number)) return true;
            Number number = (Number) value;
            switch (leftIndex) {
                case 0: { // byte
                    byte val = number.byteValue();
                    if (number instanceof Short) {
                        return !Short.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    if (number instanceof Integer) {
                        return !Integer.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    if (number instanceof Long) {
                        return !Long.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    if (number instanceof Float) {
                        return !Float.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    return !Double.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                }
                case 1: { // short
                    short val = number.shortValue();
                    if (number instanceof Integer) {
                        return !Integer.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    if (number instanceof Long) {
                        return !Long.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    if (number instanceof Float) {
                        return !Float.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    return !Double.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                }
                case 2: { // integer
                    int val = number.intValue();
                    if (number instanceof Long) {
                        return !Long.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    if (number instanceof Float) {
                        return !Float.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    return !Double.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                }
                case 3: { // long
                    long val = number.longValue();
                    if (number instanceof Float) {
                        return !Float.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                    }
                    return !Double.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                }
                case 4: { // float
                    float val = number.floatValue();
                    return !Double.valueOf(val).equals(number);
                }
                default: // double
                    return false; // no possible loose here
            }
        }
        return true; // possible loss of precision
    }

    static String toMethodParametersString(String methodName, ClassNode... parameters) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append(methodName).append("(");
        if (parameters != null) {
            for (int i = 0, parametersLength = parameters.length; i < parametersLength; i++) {
                final ClassNode parameter = parameters[i];
                sb.append(prettyPrintType(parameter));
                if (i < parametersLength - 1) sb.append(", ");
            }
        }
        sb.append(")");
        return sb.toString();
    }

    static String prettyPrintType(ClassNode type) {
        if (type.isArray()) {
            return prettyPrintType(type.getComponentType()) + "[]";
        }
        return type.toString(false);
    }

    public static boolean implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(ClassNode type, ClassNode superOrInterface) {
        boolean result = type.equals(superOrInterface)
                || type.isDerivedFrom(superOrInterface)
                || type.implementsInterface(superOrInterface)
                || type == UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE;
        if (result) {
            return true;
        }
        if (superOrInterface instanceof WideningCategories.LowestUpperBoundClassNode) {
            WideningCategories.LowestUpperBoundClassNode cn = (WideningCategories.LowestUpperBoundClassNode) superOrInterface;
            result = implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(type, cn.getSuperClass());
            if (result) {
                for (ClassNode interfaceNode : cn.getInterfaces()) {
                    result = type.implementsInterface(interfaceNode);
                    if (!result) break;
                }
            }
            if (result) return true;
        } else if (superOrInterface instanceof UnionTypeClassNode) {
            UnionTypeClassNode union = (UnionTypeClassNode) superOrInterface;
            for (ClassNode delegate : union.getDelegates()) {
                if (implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(type, delegate)) return true;
            }
        }
        if (type.isArray() && superOrInterface.isArray()) {
            return implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(type.getComponentType(), superOrInterface.getComponentType());
        }
        if (GROOVY_OBJECT_TYPE.equals(superOrInterface) && !type.isInterface() && isBeingCompiled(type)) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    static int getPrimitiveDistance(ClassNode primA, ClassNode primB) {
        return Math.abs(NUMBER_TYPES.get(primA) - NUMBER_TYPES.get(primB));
    }

    static int getDistance(final ClassNode receiver, final ClassNode compare) {
        if (receiver.isArray() && compare.isArray()) {
            return getDistance(receiver.getComponentType(), compare.getComponentType());
        }
        int dist = 0;
        ClassNode unwrapReceiver = getUnwrapper(receiver);
        ClassNode unwrapCompare = getUnwrapper(compare);
        if (isPrimitiveType(unwrapReceiver)
                && isPrimitiveType(unwrapCompare)
                && unwrapReceiver != unwrapCompare) {
            dist = getPrimitiveDistance(unwrapReceiver, unwrapCompare);
        }
        // Add a penalty against boxing or unboxing, to get a resolution similar to JLS 15.12.2
        // (http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-15.html#jls-15.12.2).
        if (isPrimitiveType(receiver) ^ isPrimitiveType(compare)) {
            dist = (dist + 1) << 1;
        }
        if (unwrapCompare.equals(unwrapReceiver)) return dist;
        if (receiver.isArray() && !compare.isArray()) {
            // Object[] vs Object
            dist += 256;
        }

        if (receiver == UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE) {
            return dist;
        }

        ClassNode ref = isPrimitiveType(receiver) && !isPrimitiveType(compare) ? ClassHelper.getWrapper(receiver) : receiver;
        while (ref != null) {
            if (compare.equals(ref)) {
                break;
            }
            if (compare.isInterface() && ref.implementsInterface(compare)) {
                dist += getMaximumInterfaceDistance(ref, compare);
                break;
            }
            ref = ref.getSuperClass();
            dist++;
            if (ref == null) dist++;
            dist = (dist + 1) << 1;
        }
        return dist;
    }

    private static int getMaximumInterfaceDistance(ClassNode c, ClassNode interfaceClass) {
        // -1 means a mismatch
        if (c == null) return -1;
        // 0 means a direct match
        if (c.equals(interfaceClass)) return 0;
        ClassNode[] interfaces = c.getInterfaces();
        int max = -1;
        for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
            final ClassNode anInterface = interfaces[i];
            int sub = getMaximumInterfaceDistance(anInterface, interfaceClass);
            // we need to keep the -1 to track the mismatch, a +1
            // by any means could let it look like a direct match
            // we want to add one, because there is an interface between
            // the interface we search for and the interface we are in.
            if (sub != -1) {
                sub += 1;
            }
            // we are interested in the longest path only
            max = Math.max(max, sub);
        }
        // we do not add one for super classes, only for interfaces
        int superClassMax = getMaximumInterfaceDistance(c.getSuperClass(), interfaceClass);
        return Math.max(max, superClassMax);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link #findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(ClassLoader, org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassNode, String, org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassNode[], java.util.List)} instead
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static List<MethodNode> findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(final ClassNode receiver, final String name, final ClassNode[] args) {
        return findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(MetaClassRegistryImpl.class.getClassLoader(), receiver, name, args);
    }

    public static List<MethodNode> findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(final ClassLoader loader, final ClassNode receiver, final String name, final ClassNode[] args) {
        return findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(loader, receiver, name, args, new LinkedList<MethodNode>());
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Use {@link #findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(ClassLoader, org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassNode, String, org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassNode[], List)} instead
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static List<MethodNode> findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(final ClassNode receiver, final String name, final ClassNode[] args, final List<MethodNode> methods) {
        return findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(MetaClassRegistryImpl.class.getClassLoader(), receiver, name, args, methods);
    }

    public static List<MethodNode> findDGMMethodsByNameAndArguments(final ClassLoader loader, final ClassNode receiver, final String name, final ClassNode[] args, final List<MethodNode> methods) {
        final List<MethodNode> chosen;
        methods.addAll(findDGMMethodsForClassNode(loader, receiver, name));
        if (methods.isEmpty()) return methods;

        chosen = chooseBestMethod(receiver, methods, args);
        return chosen;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the provided class node, when considered as a receiver of a message or as a parameter,
     * is using a placeholder in its generics type. In this case, we're facing unchecked generics and type
     * checking is limited (ex: void foo(Set s) { s.keySet() }
     *
     * @param node the node to test
     * @return true if it is using any placeholder in generics types
     */
    public static boolean isUsingUncheckedGenerics(ClassNode node) {
        if (node.isArray()) return isUsingUncheckedGenerics(node.getComponentType());
        if (node.isUsingGenerics()) {
            GenericsType[] genericsTypes = node.getGenericsTypes();
            if (genericsTypes != null) {
                for (GenericsType genericsType : genericsTypes) {
                    if (genericsType.isPlaceholder()) {
                        return true;
                    } else {
                        if (isUsingUncheckedGenerics(genericsType.getType())) {
                            return true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            return false;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Given a list of candidate methods, returns the one which best matches the argument types
     *
     * @param receiver
     * @param methods  candidate methods
     * @param args     argument types
     * @return the list of methods which best matches the argument types. It is still possible that multiple
     * methods match the argument types.
     */
    public static List<MethodNode> chooseBestMethod(final ClassNode receiver, Collection<MethodNode> methods, ClassNode... args) {
        if (methods.isEmpty()) return Collections.emptyList();
        if (isUsingUncheckedGenerics(receiver)) {
            ClassNode raw = makeRawType(receiver);
            return chooseBestMethod(raw, methods, args);
        }
        List<MethodNode> bestChoices = new LinkedList<MethodNode>();
        int bestDist = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        Collection<MethodNode> choicesLeft = removeCovariantsAndInterfaceEquivalents(methods);
        for (MethodNode candidateNode : choicesLeft) {
            ClassNode declaringClassForDistance = candidateNode.getDeclaringClass();
            ClassNode actualReceiverForDistance = receiver != null ? receiver : candidateNode.getDeclaringClass();
            MethodNode safeNode = candidateNode;
            ClassNode[] safeArgs = args;
            boolean isExtensionMethodNode = candidateNode instanceof ExtensionMethodNode;
            if (isExtensionMethodNode) {
                safeArgs = new ClassNode[args.length + 1];
                System.arraycopy(args, 0, safeArgs, 1, args.length);
                safeArgs[0] = receiver;
                safeNode = ((ExtensionMethodNode) candidateNode).getExtensionMethodNode();
            }

            // todo : corner case
            /*
                class B extends A {}

                Animal foo(A o) {...}
                Person foo(B i){...}

                B  a = new B()
                Person p = foo(b)
             */

            Map<GenericsType, GenericsType> declaringAndActualGenericsTypeMap = GenericsUtils.makeDeclaringAndActualGenericsTypeMap(declaringClassForDistance, actualReceiverForDistance);
            Parameter[] params = makeRawTypes(safeNode.getParameters(), declaringAndActualGenericsTypeMap);
            int dist = measureParametersAndArgumentsDistance(params, safeArgs);
            if (dist >= 0) {
                dist += getClassDistance(declaringClassForDistance, actualReceiverForDistance);
                dist += getExtensionDistance(isExtensionMethodNode);
                if (dist < bestDist) {
                    bestChoices.clear();
                    bestChoices.add(candidateNode);
                    bestDist = dist;
                } else if (dist == bestDist) {
                    bestChoices.add(candidateNode);
                }
            }
        }
        if (bestChoices.size() > 1) {
            // GROOVY-6849: prefer extension methods in case of ambiguity
            List<MethodNode> onlyExtensionMethods = new LinkedList<MethodNode>();
            for (MethodNode choice : bestChoices) {
                if (choice instanceof ExtensionMethodNode) {
                    onlyExtensionMethods.add(choice);
                }
            }
            if (onlyExtensionMethods.size() == 1) {
                return onlyExtensionMethods;
            }
        }
        return bestChoices;
    }

    private static int measureParametersAndArgumentsDistance(Parameter[] params, ClassNode[] args) {
        int dist = -1;
        if (params.length == args.length) {
            int allPMatch = allParametersAndArgumentsMatch(params, args);
            int firstParamDist = firstParametersAndArgumentsMatch(params, args);
            int lastArgMatch = isVargs(params) && firstParamDist >= 0 ? lastArgMatchesVarg(params, args) : -1;
            if (lastArgMatch >= 0) {
                lastArgMatch += getVarargsDistance(params);
            }
            dist = allPMatch >= 0 ? Math.max(allPMatch, lastArgMatch) : lastArgMatch;
        } else if (isVargs(params)) {
            dist = firstParametersAndArgumentsMatch(params, args);
            if (dist >= 0) {
                // varargs methods must not be preferred to methods without varargs
                // for example :
                // int sum(int x) should be preferred to int sum(int x, int... y)
                dist += getVarargsDistance(params);
                // there are three case for vargs
                // (1) varg part is left out (there's one less argument than there are parameters)
                // (2) last argument is put in the vargs array
                //     that case is handled above already when params and args have the same length
                if (params.length < args.length) {
                    // (3) there is more than one argument for the vargs array
                    int excessArgumentsDistance = excessArgumentsMatchesVargsParameter(params, args);
                    if (excessArgumentsDistance < 0) {
                        dist = -1;
                    } else {
                        dist += excessArgumentsDistance;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return dist;
    }

    private static int firstParametersAndArgumentsMatch(Parameter[] params, ClassNode[] safeArgs) {
        int dist = 0;
        // check first parameters
        if (params.length > 0) {
            Parameter[] firstParams = new Parameter[params.length - 1];
            System.arraycopy(params, 0, firstParams, 0, firstParams.length);
            dist = allParametersAndArgumentsMatch(firstParams, safeArgs);
        }
        return dist;
    }

    private static int getVarargsDistance(Parameter[] params) {
        return 256 - params.length; // ensure exact matches are preferred over vargs
    }

    private static int getClassDistance(ClassNode declaringClassForDistance, ClassNode actualReceiverForDistance) {
        if (actualReceiverForDistance.equals(declaringClassForDistance)) {
            return 0;
        }
        return getDistance(actualReceiverForDistance, declaringClassForDistance);
    }

    private static int getExtensionDistance(boolean isExtensionMethodNode) {
        return isExtensionMethodNode ? 0 : 1;
    }

    private static Parameter[] makeRawTypes(Parameter[] params, Map<GenericsType, GenericsType> genericsPlaceholderAndTypeMap) {

        Parameter[] newParam = new Parameter[params.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
            Parameter oldP = params[i];

            ClassNode actualType = GenericsUtils.findActualTypeByGenericsPlaceholderName(oldP.getType().getUnresolvedName(), genericsPlaceholderAndTypeMap);
            Parameter newP = new Parameter(makeRawType(null == actualType ? oldP.getType() : actualType), oldP.getName());
            newParam[i] = newP;
        }
        return newParam;
    }

    private static ClassNode makeRawType(final ClassNode receiver) {
        if (receiver.isArray()) {
            return makeRawType(receiver.getComponentType()).makeArray();
        }
        ClassNode raw = receiver.getPlainNodeReference();
        raw.setUsingGenerics(false);
        raw.setGenericsTypes(null);
        return raw;
    }

    private static Collection<MethodNode> removeCovariantsAndInterfaceEquivalents(Collection<MethodNode> collection) {
        if (collection.size() <= 1) return collection;
        List<MethodNode> toBeRemoved = new LinkedList<MethodNode>();
        List<MethodNode> list = new LinkedList<MethodNode>(new LinkedHashSet<MethodNode>(collection));
        for (int i = 0; i < list.size() - 1; i++) {
            MethodNode one = list.get(i);
            if (toBeRemoved.contains(one)) continue;
            for (int j = i + 1; j < list.size(); j++) {
                MethodNode two = list.get(j);
                if (toBeRemoved.contains(two)) continue;
                if (one.getParameters().length == two.getParameters().length) {
                    if (areOverloadMethodsInSameClass(one, two)) {
                        if (ParameterUtils.parametersEqual(one.getParameters(), two.getParameters())) {
                            removeMethodWithSuperReturnType(toBeRemoved, one, two);
                        } else {
                            // this is an imperfect solution to determining if two methods are
                            // equivalent, for example String#compareTo(Object) and String#compareTo(String)
                            // in that case, Java marks the Object version as synthetic
                            removeSyntheticMethodIfOne(toBeRemoved, one, two);
                        }
                    } else if (areEquivalentInterfaceMethods(one, two)) {
                        // GROOVY-6970 choose between equivalent interface methods
                        removeMethodInSuperInterface(toBeRemoved, one, two);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (toBeRemoved.isEmpty()) return list;
        List<MethodNode> result = new LinkedList<MethodNode>(list);
        result.removeAll(toBeRemoved);
        return result;
    }

    private static void removeMethodInSuperInterface(List<MethodNode> toBeRemoved, MethodNode one, MethodNode two) {
        ClassNode oneDC = one.getDeclaringClass();
        ClassNode twoDC = two.getDeclaringClass();
        if (oneDC.implementsInterface(twoDC)) {
            toBeRemoved.add(two);
        } else {
            toBeRemoved.add(one);
        }
    }

    private static boolean areEquivalentInterfaceMethods(MethodNode one, MethodNode two) {
        return one.getName().equals(two.getName())
                && one.getDeclaringClass().isInterface()
                && two.getDeclaringClass().isInterface()
                && ParameterUtils.parametersEqual(one.getParameters(), two.getParameters());
    }

    private static void removeSyntheticMethodIfOne(List<MethodNode> toBeRemoved, MethodNode one, MethodNode two) {
        if (one.isSynthetic() && !two.isSynthetic()) {
            toBeRemoved.add(one);
        } else if (two.isSynthetic() && !one.isSynthetic()) {
            toBeRemoved.add(two);
        }
    }

    private static void removeMethodWithSuperReturnType(List<MethodNode> toBeRemoved, MethodNode one, MethodNode two) {
        ClassNode oneRT = one.getReturnType();
        ClassNode twoRT = two.getReturnType();
        if (isCovariant(oneRT, twoRT)) {
            toBeRemoved.add(two);
        } else if (isCovariant(twoRT, oneRT)) {
            toBeRemoved.add(one);
        }
    }

    private static boolean isCovariant(ClassNode left, ClassNode right) {
        if (left.isArray() && right.isArray()) {
            return isCovariant(left.getComponentType(), right.getComponentType());
        }
        return left.isDerivedFrom(right) || left.implementsInterface(right);
    }

    private static boolean areOverloadMethodsInSameClass(MethodNode one, MethodNode two) {
        return one.getName().equals(two.getName()) && one.getDeclaringClass() == two.getDeclaringClass();
    }

    /**
     * Given a receiver and a method node, parameterize the method arguments using
     * available generic type information.
     *
     * @param receiver the class
     * @param m        the method
     * @return the parameterized arguments
     */
    public static Parameter[] parameterizeArguments(final ClassNode receiver, final MethodNode m) {
        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> genericFromReceiver = GenericsUtils.extractPlaceholders(receiver);
        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> contextPlaceholders = extractGenericsParameterMapOfThis(m);
        Parameter[] methodParameters = m.getParameters();
        Parameter[] params = new Parameter[methodParameters.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < methodParameters.length; i++) {
            Parameter methodParameter = methodParameters[i];
            ClassNode paramType = methodParameter.getType();
            params[i] = buildParameter(genericFromReceiver, contextPlaceholders, methodParameter, paramType);
        }
        return params;
    }

    /**
     * Given a parameter, builds a new parameter for which the known generics placeholders are resolved.
     *
     * @param genericFromReceiver      resolved generics from the receiver of the message
     * @param placeholdersFromContext, resolved generics from the method context
     * @param methodParameter          the method parameter for which we want to resolve generic types
     * @param paramType                the (unresolved) type of the method parameter
     * @return a new parameter with the same name and type as the original one, but with resolved generic types
     */
    private static Parameter buildParameter(final Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> genericFromReceiver, final Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> placeholdersFromContext, final Parameter methodParameter, final ClassNode paramType) {
        if (genericFromReceiver.isEmpty() && (placeholdersFromContext == null || placeholdersFromContext.isEmpty())) {
            return methodParameter;
        }
        if (paramType.isArray()) {
            ClassNode componentType = paramType.getComponentType();
            Parameter subMethodParameter = new Parameter(componentType, methodParameter.getName());
            Parameter component = buildParameter(genericFromReceiver, placeholdersFromContext, subMethodParameter, componentType);
            return new Parameter(component.getType().makeArray(), component.getName());
        }
        ClassNode resolved = resolveClassNodeGenerics(genericFromReceiver, placeholdersFromContext, paramType);

        return new Parameter(resolved, methodParameter.getName());
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if a class node makes use of generic types. If the class node represents an
     * array type, then checks if the component type is using generics.
     *
     * @param cn a class node for which to check if it is using generics
     * @return true if the type (or component type) is using generics
     */
    public static boolean isUsingGenericsOrIsArrayUsingGenerics(ClassNode cn) {
        if (cn.isArray()) {
            return isUsingGenericsOrIsArrayUsingGenerics(cn.getComponentType());
        }
        return (cn.isUsingGenerics() && cn.getGenericsTypes() != null);
    }

    /**
     * Given a generics type representing SomeClass&lt;T,V&gt; and a resolved placeholder map, returns a new generics type
     * for which placeholders are resolved recursively.
     */
    protected static GenericsType fullyResolve(GenericsType gt, Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> placeholders) {
        GenericsType fromMap = placeholders.get(new GenericsTypeName(gt.getName()));
        if (gt.isPlaceholder() && fromMap != null) {
            gt = fromMap;
        }

        ClassNode type = fullyResolveType(gt.getType(), placeholders);
        ClassNode lowerBound = gt.getLowerBound();
        if (lowerBound != null) lowerBound = fullyResolveType(lowerBound, placeholders);
        ClassNode[] upperBounds = gt.getUpperBounds();
        if (upperBounds != null) {
            ClassNode[] copy = new ClassNode[upperBounds.length];
            for (int i = 0, upperBoundsLength = upperBounds.length; i < upperBoundsLength; i++) {
                final ClassNode upperBound = upperBounds[i];
                copy[i] = fullyResolveType(upperBound, placeholders);
            }
            upperBounds = copy;
        }
        GenericsType genericsType = new GenericsType(type, upperBounds, lowerBound);
        genericsType.setWildcard(gt.isWildcard());
        return genericsType;
    }

    protected static ClassNode fullyResolveType(final ClassNode type, final Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> placeholders) {
        if (type.isUsingGenerics() && !type.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
            GenericsType[] gts = type.getGenericsTypes();
            if (gts != null) {
                GenericsType[] copy = new GenericsType[gts.length];
                for (int i = 0; i < gts.length; i++) {
                    GenericsType genericsType = gts[i];
                    if (genericsType.isPlaceholder() && placeholders.containsKey(new GenericsTypeName(genericsType.getName()))) {
                        copy[i] = placeholders.get(new GenericsTypeName(genericsType.getName()));
                    } else {
                        copy[i] = fullyResolve(genericsType, placeholders);
                    }
                }
                gts = copy;
            }
            ClassNode result = type.getPlainNodeReference();
            result.setGenericsTypes(gts);
            return result;
        } else if (type.isUsingGenerics() && OBJECT_TYPE.equals(type) && type.getGenericsTypes() != null) {
            // Object<T>
            GenericsType genericsType = placeholders.get(new GenericsTypeName(type.getGenericsTypes()[0].getName()));
            if (genericsType != null) {
                return genericsType.getType();
            }
        } else if (type.isArray()) {
            return fullyResolveType(type.getComponentType(), placeholders).makeArray();
        }
        return type;
    }

    /**
     * Checks that the parameterized generics of an argument are compatible with the generics of the parameter.
     *
     * @param parameterType the parameter type of a method
     * @param argumentType  the type of the argument passed to the method
     */
    protected static boolean typeCheckMethodArgumentWithGenerics(ClassNode parameterType, ClassNode argumentType, boolean lastArg) {
        if (UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE == argumentType) {
            // called with null
            return !isPrimitiveType(parameterType);
        }
        if (!isAssignableTo(argumentType, parameterType) && !lastArg) {
            // incompatible assignment
            return false;
        }
        if (!isAssignableTo(argumentType, parameterType) && lastArg) {
            if (parameterType.isArray()) {
                if (!isAssignableTo(argumentType, parameterType.getComponentType())) {
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
        if (parameterType.isUsingGenerics() && argumentType.isUsingGenerics()) {
            GenericsType gt = GenericsUtils.buildWildcardType(parameterType);
            if (!gt.isCompatibleWith(argumentType)) {
                boolean samCoercion = isSAMType(parameterType) && argumentType.equals(CLOSURE_TYPE);
                if (!samCoercion) return false;
            }
        } else if (parameterType.isArray() && argumentType.isArray()) {
            // verify component type
            return typeCheckMethodArgumentWithGenerics(parameterType.getComponentType(), argumentType.getComponentType(), lastArg);
        } else if (lastArg && parameterType.isArray()) {
            // verify component type, but if we reach that point, the only possibility is that the argument is
            // the last one of the call, so we're in the cast of a vargs call
            // (otherwise, we face a type checker bug)
            return typeCheckMethodArgumentWithGenerics(parameterType.getComponentType(), argumentType, lastArg);
        }
        return true;
    }

    static void addMethodLevelDeclaredGenerics(MethodNode method, Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedPlaceholders) {
        ClassNode dummy = OBJECT_TYPE.getPlainNodeReference();
        dummy.setGenericsTypes(method.getGenericsTypes());
        GenericsUtils.extractPlaceholders(dummy, resolvedPlaceholders);
    }

    protected static boolean typeCheckMethodsWithGenerics(ClassNode receiver, ClassNode[] arguments, MethodNode candidateMethod) {
        if (isUsingUncheckedGenerics(receiver)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (CLASS_Type.equals(receiver)
                && receiver.isUsingGenerics()
                && !candidateMethod.getDeclaringClass().equals(receiver)
                && !(candidateMethod instanceof ExtensionMethodNode)) {
            return typeCheckMethodsWithGenerics(receiver.getGenericsTypes()[0].getType(), arguments, candidateMethod);
        }
        // both candidate method and receiver have generic information so a check is possible
        GenericsType[] genericsTypes = candidateMethod.getGenericsTypes();
        boolean methodUsesGenerics = (genericsTypes != null && genericsTypes.length > 0);
        boolean isExtensionMethod = candidateMethod instanceof ExtensionMethodNode;
        if (isExtensionMethod && methodUsesGenerics) {
            ClassNode[] dgmArgs = new ClassNode[arguments.length + 1];
            dgmArgs[0] = receiver;
            System.arraycopy(arguments, 0, dgmArgs, 1, arguments.length);
            MethodNode extensionMethodNode = ((ExtensionMethodNode) candidateMethod).getExtensionMethodNode();
            return typeCheckMethodsWithGenerics(extensionMethodNode.getDeclaringClass(), dgmArgs, extensionMethodNode, true);
        } else {
            return typeCheckMethodsWithGenerics(receiver, arguments, candidateMethod, false);
        }
    }

    private static boolean typeCheckMethodsWithGenerics(ClassNode receiver, ClassNode[] arguments, MethodNode candidateMethod, boolean isExtensionMethod) {
        boolean failure = false;

        // correct receiver for inner class
        // we assume the receiver is an instance of the declaring class of the 
        // candidate method, but findMethod returns also outer class methods
        // for that receiver. For now we skip receiver based checks in that case
        // TODO: correct generics for when receiver is to be skipped
        boolean skipBecauseOfInnerClassNotReceiver = isOuterClassOf(receiver, candidateMethod.getDeclaringClass());

        Parameter[] parameters = candidateMethod.getParameters();
        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> classGTs;
        if (skipBecauseOfInnerClassNotReceiver) {
            classGTs = Collections.EMPTY_MAP;
        } else {
            classGTs = GenericsUtils.extractPlaceholders(receiver);
        }
        if (parameters.length > arguments.length || parameters.length == 0) {
            // this is a limitation that must be removed in a future version
            // we cannot check generic type arguments if there are default parameters!
            return true;
        }

        // we have here different generics contexts we have to deal with.
        // There is firstly the context given through the class, and the method.
        // The method context may hide generics given through the class, but use 
        // the non-hidden ones.
        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedMethodGenerics = new HashMap<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType>();
        if (!skipBecauseOfInnerClassNotReceiver) {
            addMethodLevelDeclaredGenerics(candidateMethod, resolvedMethodGenerics);
        }
        // so first we remove hidden generics
        for (GenericsTypeName key : resolvedMethodGenerics.keySet()) classGTs.remove(key);
        // then we use the remaining information to refine the given generics
        applyGenericsConnections(classGTs, resolvedMethodGenerics);
        // and then start our checks with the receiver
        if (!skipBecauseOfInnerClassNotReceiver) {
            failure |= inferenceCheck(Collections.EMPTY_SET, resolvedMethodGenerics, candidateMethod.getDeclaringClass(), receiver, false);
        }
        // the outside context parts till now define placeholder we are not allowed to
        // generalize, thus we save that for later use...
        // extension methods are special, since they set the receiver as 
        // first parameter. While we normally allow generalization for the first
        // parameter, in case of an extension method we must not. 
        Set<GenericsTypeName> fixedGenericsPlaceHolders = extractResolvedPlaceHolders(resolvedMethodGenerics);

        for (int i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            int pindex = min(i, parameters.length - 1);
            ClassNode wrappedArgument = arguments[i];
            ClassNode type = parameters[pindex].getOriginType();

            failure |= inferenceCheck(fixedGenericsPlaceHolders, resolvedMethodGenerics, type, wrappedArgument, i >= parameters.length - 1);

            // set real fixed generics for extension methods
            if (isExtensionMethod && i == 0)
                fixedGenericsPlaceHolders = extractResolvedPlaceHolders(resolvedMethodGenerics);
        }
        return !failure;
    }

    private static boolean isOuterClassOf(ClassNode receiver, ClassNode type) {
        if (implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(receiver, type)) return false;
        return true;
    }

    private static Set<GenericsTypeName> extractResolvedPlaceHolders(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedMethodGenerics) {
        if (resolvedMethodGenerics.isEmpty()) return Collections.EMPTY_SET;
        Set<GenericsTypeName> result = new HashSet<GenericsTypeName>();
        for (Entry<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> entry : resolvedMethodGenerics.entrySet()) {
            GenericsType value = entry.getValue();
            if (value.isPlaceholder()) continue;
            result.add(entry.getKey());
        }
        return result;
    }

    private static boolean inferenceCheck(Set<GenericsTypeName> fixedGenericsPlaceHolders, Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedMethodGenerics, ClassNode type, ClassNode wrappedArgument, boolean lastArg) {
        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections = new HashMap<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType>();
        if (isPrimitiveType(wrappedArgument)) wrappedArgument = getWrapper(wrappedArgument);

        if (lastArg &&
                type.isArray() && type.getComponentType().isGenericsPlaceHolder() &&
                !wrappedArgument.isArray() && wrappedArgument.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
            // GROOVY-8090 handle generics varargs, e.g. `U x = ...; Arrays.asList(x)`
            // we should connect the type of vararg(e.g. T is the type of T...) to the argument type

            type = type.getComponentType();
        }
        // the context we compare with in the end is the one of the callsite
        // so far we specified the context of the method declaration only
        // thus for each argument, we try to find the connected generics first
        extractGenericsConnections(connections, wrappedArgument, type);
        // each found connection must comply with already found connections
        boolean failure = !compatibleConnections(connections, resolvedMethodGenerics, fixedGenericsPlaceHolders);
        // and then apply the found information to refine the method level
        // information. This way the method level information slowly turns
        // into information for the callsite
        applyGenericsConnections(connections, resolvedMethodGenerics);
        // since it is possible that the callsite uses some generics as well, 
        // we may have to add additional elements here
        addMissingEntries(connections, resolvedMethodGenerics);
        // to finally see if the parameter and the argument fit together,
        // we use the provided information to transform the parameter
        // into something that can exist in the callsite context
        type = applyGenericsContext(resolvedMethodGenerics, type);
        // there of course transformed parameter type and argument must fit
        failure |= !typeCheckMethodArgumentWithGenerics(type, wrappedArgument, lastArg);
        return failure;
    }

    private static GenericsType buildWildcardType(GenericsType origin) {
        ClassNode lowerBound = origin.getType().getPlainNodeReference();
        if (hasNonTrivialBounds(origin)) {
            lowerBound.setGenericsTypes(new GenericsType[]{origin});
        }
        ClassNode base = makeWithoutCaching("?");
        GenericsType gt = new GenericsType(base, null, lowerBound);
        gt.setWildcard(true);
        return gt;
    }

    private static boolean compatibleConnections(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections, Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedMethodGenerics, Set<GenericsTypeName> fixedGenericsPlaceHolders) {
        for (Entry<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> entry : connections.entrySet()) {
            GenericsType resolved = resolvedMethodGenerics.get(entry.getKey());
            if (resolved == null) continue;
            GenericsType connection = entry.getValue();
            if (connection.isPlaceholder() && !hasNonTrivialBounds(connection)) {
                continue;
            }
            if (!compatibleConnection(resolved, connection)) {
                if (!(resolved.isPlaceholder() || resolved.isWildcard()) &&
                        !fixedGenericsPlaceHolders.contains(entry.getKey()) &&
                        compatibleConnection(connection, resolved)) {
                    // we did for example find T=String and now check against
                    // T=Object, which fails the first compatibleConnection check
                    // but since T=Object works for both, the second one will pass
                    // and we need to change the type for T to the more general one
                    resolvedMethodGenerics.put(entry.getKey(), connection);
                } else {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    private static boolean compatibleConnection(GenericsType resolved, GenericsType connection) {
        GenericsType gt = connection;
        if (!connection.isWildcard()) gt = buildWildcardType(connection);
        if (resolved.isPlaceholder() && resolved.getUpperBounds() != null &&
                resolved.getUpperBounds().length == 1 && !resolved.getUpperBounds()[0].isGenericsPlaceHolder() &&
                resolved.getUpperBounds()[0].getName().equals("java.lang.Object")) {
            return true;
        }
        ClassNode compareNode;
        if (hasNonTrivialBounds(resolved)) {
            compareNode = getCombinedBoundType(resolved);
            compareNode = compareNode.redirect().getPlainNodeReference();
        } else {
            if (!resolved.isPlaceholder()) {
                compareNode = resolved.getType().getPlainNodeReference();
            } else {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return gt.isCompatibleWith(compareNode);
    }

    private static void addMissingEntries(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections, Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolved) {
        for (Entry<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> entry : connections.entrySet()) {
            if (resolved.containsKey(entry.getKey())) continue;
            GenericsType gt = entry.getValue();
            ClassNode cn = gt.getType();
            if (cn.redirect() == UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE) continue;
            resolved.put(entry.getKey(), gt);
        }
    }

    public static ClassNode resolveClassNodeGenerics(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedPlaceholders, final Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> placeholdersFromContext, ClassNode currentType) {
        ClassNode target = currentType.redirect();
        resolvedPlaceholders = new HashMap<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType>(resolvedPlaceholders);
        applyContextGenerics(resolvedPlaceholders, placeholdersFromContext);

        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections = new HashMap<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType>();
        extractGenericsConnections(connections, currentType, target);
        applyGenericsConnections(connections, resolvedPlaceholders);
        currentType = applyGenericsContext(resolvedPlaceholders, currentType);
        return currentType;
    }

    static void applyGenericsConnections(
            Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections,
            Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedPlaceholders
    ) {
        if (connections == null) return;
        int count = 0;
        while (count < 10000) {
            count++;
            boolean checkForMorePlaceHolders = false;
            for (Entry<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> entry : resolvedPlaceholders.entrySet()) {
                GenericsTypeName name = entry.getKey();
                GenericsType replacement = connections.get(name);
                if (replacement == null) {
                    GenericsType value = entry.getValue();
                    GenericsType newValue = applyGenericsContext(connections, value);
                    entry.setValue(newValue);
                    checkForMorePlaceHolders = checkForMorePlaceHolders || !equalIncludingGenerics(value, newValue);
                    continue;
                }
                GenericsType original = entry.getValue();
                if (!original.isWildcard() && !original.isPlaceholder()) {
                    continue;
                }
                boolean placeholderReplacement = replacement.isPlaceholder();
                if (placeholderReplacement) {
                    GenericsType connectedType = resolvedPlaceholders.get(name);
                    if (replacement == connectedType) continue;
                }
                // GROOVY-6787: Don't override the original if the replacement placeholder doesn't respect the bounds,
                // otherwise the original bounds are lost which can result in accepting an incompatible type as an
                // argument, for example.
                ClassNode replacementType = extractType(replacement);
                if (original.isCompatibleWith(replacementType)) {
                    entry.setValue(replacement);
                    if (placeholderReplacement) {
                        checkForMorePlaceHolders = checkForMorePlaceHolders || !equalIncludingGenerics(original, replacement);
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!checkForMorePlaceHolders) break;
        }
        if (count >= 10000)
            throw new GroovyBugError("unable to handle generics in " + resolvedPlaceholders + " with connections " + connections);
    }

    private static ClassNode extractType(GenericsType gt) {
        if (!gt.isPlaceholder()) {
            return gt.getType();
        }
        // For a placeholder, a type based on the generics type is used for the compatibility check, to match on
        // the actual bounds and not the name of the placeholder.
        ClassNode replacementType = OBJECT_TYPE;
        if (gt.getType().getGenericsTypes() != null) {
            GenericsType realGt = gt.getType().getGenericsTypes()[0];
            if (realGt.getLowerBound() != null) {
                replacementType = realGt.getLowerBound();
            } else if (realGt.getUpperBounds() != null && realGt.getUpperBounds().length > 0) {
                replacementType = realGt.getUpperBounds()[0];
            }
        }
        return replacementType;
    }

    private static boolean equalIncludingGenerics(GenericsType orig, GenericsType copy) {
        if (orig == copy) return true;
        if (orig.isPlaceholder() != copy.isPlaceholder()) return false;
        if (orig.isWildcard() != copy.isWildcard()) return false;
        if (!equalIncludingGenerics(orig.getType(), copy.getType())) return false;
        ClassNode lower1 = orig.getLowerBound();
        ClassNode lower2 = copy.getLowerBound();
        if ((lower1 == null) ^ (lower2 == null)) return false;
        if (lower1 != lower2) {
            if (!equalIncludingGenerics(lower1, lower2)) return false;
        }
        ClassNode[] upper1 = orig.getUpperBounds();
        ClassNode[] upper2 = copy.getUpperBounds();
        if ((upper1 == null) ^ (upper2 == null)) return false;
        if (upper1 != upper2) {
            if (upper1.length != upper2.length) return false;
            for (int i = 0; i < upper1.length; i++) {
                if (!equalIncludingGenerics(upper1[i], upper2[i])) return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    private static boolean equalIncludingGenerics(ClassNode orig, ClassNode copy) {
        if (orig == copy) return true;
        if (orig.isGenericsPlaceHolder() != copy.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) return false;
        if (!orig.equals(copy)) return false;
        GenericsType[] gt1 = orig.getGenericsTypes();
        GenericsType[] gt2 = orig.getGenericsTypes();
        if ((gt1 == null) ^ (gt2 == null)) return false;
        if (gt1 != gt2) {
            if (gt1.length != gt2.length) return false;
            for (int i = 0; i < gt1.length; i++) {
                if (!equalIncludingGenerics(gt1[i], gt2[i])) return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * use supplied type to make a connection from usage to declaration
     * The method operates in two modes.
     * * For type !instanceof target a structural compare will be done
     * (for example Dummy&lt;T&gt; and List&lt;R&gt; to get T=R)
     * * If type equals target, a structural match is done as well
     * (for example Collection&lt;U&gt; and Collection&lt;E&gt; to get U=E)
     * * otherwise we climb the hierarchy to find a case of type equals target
     * to then execute the structural match, while applying possibly existing
     * generics contexts on the way (for example for IntRange and Collection&lt;E&gt;
     * to get E=Integer, since IntRange is an AbstractList&lt;Integer&gt;)
     * Should the target not have any generics this method does nothing.
     */
    static void extractGenericsConnections(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections, ClassNode type, ClassNode target) {
        if (target == null || type == target || !isUsingGenericsOrIsArrayUsingGenerics(target)) return;
        if (type == null || type == UNKNOWN_PARAMETER_TYPE) return;
        if (type.isArray() && target.isArray()) {
            extractGenericsConnections(connections, type.getComponentType(), target.getComponentType());
        } else if (target.isGenericsPlaceHolder() || type.equals(target) || !implementsInterfaceOrIsSubclassOf(type, target)) {
            // structural match route
            if (target.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
                connections.put(new GenericsTypeName(target.getGenericsTypes()[0].getName()), new GenericsType(type));
            } else {
                extractGenericsConnections(connections, type.getGenericsTypes(), target.getGenericsTypes());
            }
        } else {
            // have first to find matching super class or interface
            ClassNode superClass = getSuperClass(type, target);

            if (superClass != null) {
                ClassNode corrected = getCorrectedClassNode(type, superClass, true);
                extractGenericsConnections(connections, corrected, target);
            } else {
                // if we reach here, we have an unhandled case 
                throw new GroovyBugError("The type " + type + " seems not to normally extend " + target + ". Sorry, I cannot handle this.");
            }
        }
    }

    public static ClassNode getCorrectedClassNode(ClassNode type, ClassNode superClass, boolean handlingGenerics) {
        ClassNode corrected;
        if (handlingGenerics && missesGenericsTypes(type)) {
            corrected = superClass.getPlainNodeReference();
        } else {
            corrected = GenericsUtils.correctToGenericsSpecRecurse(GenericsUtils.createGenericsSpec(type), superClass);
        }
        return corrected;
    }

    private static void extractGenericsConnections(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections, GenericsType[] usage, GenericsType[] declaration) {
        // if declaration does not provide generics, there is no connection to make 
        if (usage == null || declaration == null || declaration.length == 0) return;
        if (usage.length != declaration.length) return;

        // both have generics
        for (int i = 0; i < usage.length; i++) {
            GenericsType ui = usage[i];
            GenericsType di = declaration[i];
            if (di.isPlaceholder()) {
                connections.put(new GenericsTypeName(di.getName()), ui);
            } else if (di.isWildcard()) {
                if (ui.isWildcard()) {
                    extractGenericsConnections(connections, ui.getLowerBound(), di.getLowerBound());
                    extractGenericsConnections(connections, ui.getUpperBounds(), di.getUpperBounds());
                } else {
                    ClassNode cu = ui.getType();
                    extractGenericsConnections(connections, cu, di.getLowerBound());
                    ClassNode[] upperBounds = di.getUpperBounds();
                    if (upperBounds != null) {
                        for (ClassNode cn : upperBounds) {
                            extractGenericsConnections(connections, cu, cn);
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                extractGenericsConnections(connections, ui.getType(), di.getType());
            }
        }
    }

    private static void extractGenericsConnections(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> connections, ClassNode[] usage, ClassNode[] declaration) {
        if (usage == null || declaration == null || declaration.length == 0) return;
        // both have generics
        for (int i = 0; i < usage.length; i++) {
            ClassNode ui = usage[i];
            ClassNode di = declaration[i];
            if (di.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
                GenericsType gt = new GenericsType(di);
                gt.setPlaceholder(di.isGenericsPlaceHolder());
                connections.put(new GenericsTypeName(di.getGenericsTypes()[0].getName()), gt);
            } else if (di.isUsingGenerics()) {
                extractGenericsConnections(connections, ui.getGenericsTypes(), di.getGenericsTypes());
            }
        }
    }

    static GenericsType[] getGenericsWithoutArray(ClassNode type) {
        if (type.isArray()) return getGenericsWithoutArray(type.getComponentType());
        return type.getGenericsTypes();
    }

    static Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> applyGenericsContextToParameterClass(
            Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> spec, ClassNode parameterUsage
    ) {
        GenericsType[] gts = parameterUsage.getGenericsTypes();
        if (gts == null) return Collections.EMPTY_MAP;

        GenericsType[] newGTs = applyGenericsContext(spec, gts);
        ClassNode newTarget = parameterUsage.redirect().getPlainNodeReference();
        newTarget.setGenericsTypes(newGTs);
        return GenericsUtils.extractPlaceholders(newTarget);
    }

    private static GenericsType[] applyGenericsContext(
            Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> spec, GenericsType[] gts
    ) {
        if (gts == null) return null;
        GenericsType[] newGTs = new GenericsType[gts.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < gts.length; i++) {
            GenericsType gt = gts[i];
            newGTs[i] = applyGenericsContext(spec, gt);
        }
        return newGTs;
    }

    private static GenericsType applyGenericsContext(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> spec, GenericsType gt) {
        if (gt.isPlaceholder()) {
            GenericsTypeName name = new GenericsTypeName(gt.getName());
            GenericsType specType = spec.get(name);
            if (specType != null) return specType;
            if (hasNonTrivialBounds(gt)) {
                GenericsType newGT = new GenericsType(gt.getType(), applyGenericsContext(spec, gt.getUpperBounds()), applyGenericsContext(spec, gt.getLowerBound()));
                newGT.setPlaceholder(true);
                return newGT;
            }
            return gt;
        } else if (gt.isWildcard()) {
            GenericsType newGT = new GenericsType(gt.getType(), applyGenericsContext(spec, gt.getUpperBounds()), applyGenericsContext(spec, gt.getLowerBound()));
            newGT.setWildcard(true);
            return newGT;
        }
        ClassNode type = gt.getType();
        ClassNode newType;
        if (type.isArray()) {
            newType = applyGenericsContext(spec, type.getComponentType()).makeArray();
        } else {
            if (type.getGenericsTypes()==null) return gt;
            newType = type.getPlainNodeReference();
            newType.setGenericsPlaceHolder(type.isGenericsPlaceHolder());
            newType.setGenericsTypes(applyGenericsContext(spec, type.getGenericsTypes()));
        }
        return new GenericsType(newType);
    }

    private static boolean hasNonTrivialBounds(GenericsType gt) {
        ClassNode[] upperBounds = gt.getUpperBounds();
        return gt.getLowerBound() != null || gt.isWildcard() ||
                (upperBounds != null && (
                        upperBounds.length != 1
                                || upperBounds[0].isGenericsPlaceHolder()
                                || !OBJECT_TYPE.equals(upperBounds[0])));
    }

    private static ClassNode[] applyGenericsContext(
            Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> spec, ClassNode[] bounds
    ) {
        if (bounds == null) return null;
        ClassNode[] newBounds = new ClassNode[bounds.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < bounds.length; i++) {
            newBounds[i] = applyGenericsContext(spec, bounds[i]);
        }
        return newBounds;
    }

    static ClassNode applyGenericsContext(
            Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> spec, ClassNode bound
    ) {
        if (bound == null) return null;
        if (bound.isArray()) {
            return applyGenericsContext(spec, bound.getComponentType()).makeArray();
        }
        if (!bound.isUsingGenerics()) return bound;
        ClassNode newBound = bound.getPlainNodeReference();
        newBound.setGenericsTypes(applyGenericsContext(spec, bound.getGenericsTypes()));
        if (bound.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
            GenericsType[] gt = newBound.getGenericsTypes();
            boolean hasBounds = hasNonTrivialBounds(gt[0]);
            if (hasBounds || !gt[0].isPlaceholder()) return getCombinedBoundType(gt[0]);
            String placeHolderName = newBound.getGenericsTypes()[0].getName();
            if (!placeHolderName.equals(newBound.getUnresolvedName())) {
                // we should produce a clean placeholder ClassNode here
                ClassNode clean = make(placeHolderName);
                clean.setGenericsTypes(newBound.getGenericsTypes());
                clean.setRedirect(newBound);
                newBound = clean;
            }
            newBound.setGenericsPlaceHolder(true);
        }
        return newBound;
    }

    private static ClassNode getCombinedBoundType(GenericsType genericsType) {
        //TODO: this method should really return some kind of meta ClassNode
        // representing the combination of all bounds. The code here, just picks
        // something out to be able to proceed and is not actually correct
        if (hasNonTrivialBounds(genericsType)) {
            if (genericsType.getLowerBound() != null) return genericsType.getLowerBound();
            if (genericsType.getUpperBounds() != null) return genericsType.getUpperBounds()[0];
        }
        return genericsType.getType();
    }

    private static void applyContextGenerics(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> resolvedPlaceholders, Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> placeholdersFromContext) {
        if (placeholdersFromContext == null) return;
        for (Entry<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> entry : resolvedPlaceholders.entrySet()) {
            GenericsType gt = entry.getValue();
            if (gt.isPlaceholder()) {
                GenericsTypeName name = new GenericsTypeName(gt.getName());
                GenericsType outer = placeholdersFromContext.get(name);
                if (outer == null) continue;
                entry.setValue(outer);
            }
        }
    }

    private static Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> getGenericsParameterMapOfThis(ClassNode cn) {
        if (cn == null) return null;
        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> map = null;
        if (cn.getEnclosingMethod() != null) {
            map = extractGenericsParameterMapOfThis(cn.getEnclosingMethod());
        } else if (cn.getOuterClass() != null) {
            map = getGenericsParameterMapOfThis(cn.getOuterClass());
        }
        map = mergeGenerics(map, cn.getGenericsTypes());
        return map;
    }

    /**
     * Apply the bounds from the declared type when the using type simply declares a parameter as an unbounded wildcard.
     *
     * @param type A parameterized type
     * @return A parameterized type with more precise wildcards
     */
    static ClassNode boundUnboundedWildcards(ClassNode type) {
        if (type.isArray()) {
            return boundUnboundedWildcards(type.getComponentType()).makeArray();
        }
        ClassNode target = type.redirect();
        if (target == null || type == target || !isUsingGenericsOrIsArrayUsingGenerics(target)) return type;
        ClassNode newType = type.getPlainNodeReference();
        newType.setGenericsPlaceHolder(type.isGenericsPlaceHolder());
        newType.setGenericsTypes(boundUnboundedWildcards(type.getGenericsTypes(), target.getGenericsTypes()));
        return newType;
    }

    private static GenericsType[] boundUnboundedWildcards(GenericsType[] usage, GenericsType[] declaration) {
        GenericsType[] newGts = new GenericsType[usage.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < usage.length; i++) {
            newGts[i] = boundUnboundedWildcard(usage[i], declaration[i]);
        }
        return newGts;
    }

    private static GenericsType boundUnboundedWildcard(GenericsType gt, GenericsType spec) {
        if (isUnboundedWildcard(gt)) {
            ClassNode base = makeWithoutCaching("?");
            // The bounds on the declared type are at least as good as the ones on an unbounded wildcard, since it has
            // none!
            GenericsType newGt = new GenericsType(base, spec.getUpperBounds(), spec.getLowerBound());
            newGt.setWildcard(true);
            return newGt;
        }
        return gt;
    }

    private static boolean isUnboundedWildcard(GenericsType gt) {
        if (gt.isWildcard() && gt.getLowerBound() == null) {
            ClassNode[] upperBounds = gt.getUpperBounds();
            return upperBounds == null ||
                    upperBounds.length == 0 ||
                    (upperBounds.length == 1 && OBJECT_TYPE.equals(upperBounds[0]));
        }
        return false;
    }

    static Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> extractGenericsParameterMapOfThis(MethodNode mn) {
        if (mn == null) return null;

        Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> map;
        if (mn.isStatic()) {
            map = new HashMap<>();
        } else {
            map = getGenericsParameterMapOfThis(mn.getDeclaringClass());
        }

        return mergeGenerics(map, mn.getGenericsTypes());
    }

    private static Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> mergeGenerics(Map<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType> current, GenericsType[] newGenerics) {
        if (newGenerics == null || newGenerics.length == 0) return current;
        if (current == null) current = new HashMap<GenericsTypeName, GenericsType>();
        for (GenericsType gt : newGenerics) {
            if (!gt.isPlaceholder()) continue;
            GenericsTypeName name = new GenericsTypeName(gt.getName());
            if (!current.containsKey(name)) current.put(name, gt);
        }
        return current;
    }

    /**
     * A DGM-like method which adds support for method calls which are handled
     * specifically by the Groovy compiler.
     */
    private static class ObjectArrayStaticTypesHelper {
        public static <T> T getAt(T[] arr, int index) {
            return null;
        }

        public static <T, U extends T> void putAt(T[] arr, int index, U object) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * This class is used to make extension methods lookup faster. Basically, it will only
     * collect the list of extension methods (see {@link ExtensionModule} if the list of
     * extension modules has changed. It avoids recomputing the whole list each time we perform
     * a method lookup.
     */
    private static class ExtensionMethodCache {
        private final EvictableCache<ClassLoader, Map<String, List<MethodNode>>> cache = new ConcurrentCommonCache<ClassLoader, Map<String, List<MethodNode>>>(new WeakHashMap<ClassLoader, Map<String, List<MethodNode>>>());

        public Map<String, List<MethodNode>> getExtensionMethods(ClassLoader loader) {
            return cache.getAndPut(
                    loader,
                    new EvictableCache.ValueProvider<ClassLoader, Map<String, List<MethodNode>>>() {
                        @Override
                        public Map<String, List<MethodNode>> provide(final ClassLoader key) {
                            final List<ExtensionModule> modules = new LinkedList<ExtensionModule>();
                            ExtensionModuleScanner scanner =
                                    new ExtensionModuleScanner(
                                            new ExtensionModuleScanner.ExtensionModuleListener() {
                                                public void onModule(final ExtensionModule module) {
                                                    boolean skip = false;
                                                    for (ExtensionModule extensionModule : modules) {
                                                        if (extensionModule.getName().equals(module.getName())) {
                                                            skip = true;
                                                            break;
                                                        }
                                                    }
                                                    if (!skip) modules.add(module);
                                                }
                                            },
                                            key
                                    );
                            scanner.scanClasspathModules();

                            return Collections.unmodifiableMap(getDGMMethods(modules));
                        }
                    });
        }

        /**
         * Returns a map which contains, as the key, the name of a class. The value
         * consists of a list of MethodNode, one for each default groovy method found
         * which is applicable for this class.
         *
         * @param modules
         * @return
         */
        private static Map<String, List<MethodNode>> getDGMMethods(List<ExtensionModule> modules) {
            Set<Class> instanceExtClasses = new LinkedHashSet<Class>();
            Set<Class> staticExtClasses = new LinkedHashSet<Class>();
            for (ExtensionModule module : modules) {
                if (module instanceof MetaInfExtensionModule) {
                    MetaInfExtensionModule extensionModule = (MetaInfExtensionModule) module;
                    instanceExtClasses.addAll(extensionModule.getInstanceMethodsExtensionClasses());
                    staticExtClasses.addAll(extensionModule.getStaticMethodsExtensionClasses());
                }
            }
            Map<String, List<MethodNode>> methods = new HashMap<String, List<MethodNode>>();
            Collections.addAll(instanceExtClasses, DefaultGroovyMethods.DGM_LIKE_CLASSES);
            Collections.addAll(instanceExtClasses, DefaultGroovyMethods.ADDITIONAL_CLASSES);
            staticExtClasses.add(DefaultGroovyStaticMethods.class);
            instanceExtClasses.add(ObjectArrayStaticTypesHelper.class);

            Collections.addAll(instanceExtClasses, VMPluginFactory.getPlugin().getPluginDefaultGroovyMethods());
            Collections.addAll(staticExtClasses, VMPluginFactory.getPlugin().getPluginStaticGroovyMethods());

            scanClassesForDGMMethods(methods, staticExtClasses, true);
            scanClassesForDGMMethods(methods, instanceExtClasses, false);

            return methods;
        }

        private static void scanClassesForDGMMethods(Map<String, List<MethodNode>> accumulator,
                                                     Iterable<Class> allClasses, boolean isStatic) {
            for (Class dgmLikeClass : allClasses) {
                ClassNode cn = makeWithoutCaching(dgmLikeClass, true);
                for (MethodNode metaMethod : cn.getMethods()) {
                    Parameter[] types = metaMethod.getParameters();
                    if (metaMethod.isStatic() && metaMethod.isPublic() && types.length > 0
                            && metaMethod.getAnnotations(Deprecated_TYPE).isEmpty()) {
                        Parameter[] parameters = new Parameter[types.length - 1];
                        System.arraycopy(types, 1, parameters, 0, parameters.length);
                        ExtensionMethodNode node = new ExtensionMethodNode(
                                metaMethod,
                                metaMethod.getName(),
                                metaMethod.getModifiers(),
                                metaMethod.getReturnType(),
                                parameters,
                                ClassNode.EMPTY_ARRAY, null,
                                isStatic);
                        node.setGenericsTypes(metaMethod.getGenericsTypes());
                        ClassNode declaringClass = types[0].getType();
                        String declaringClassName = declaringClass.getName();
                        node.setDeclaringClass(declaringClass);

                        List<MethodNode> nodes = accumulator.get(declaringClassName);
                        if (nodes == null) {
                            nodes = new LinkedList<MethodNode>();
                            accumulator.put(declaringClassName, nodes);
                        }
                        nodes.add(node);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    /**
     * @return true if the class node is either a GString or the LUB of String and GString.
     */
    public static boolean isGStringOrGStringStringLUB(ClassNode node) {
        return GSTRING_TYPE.equals(node) || GSTRING_STRING_CLASSNODE.equals(node);
    }

    /**
     * @param node the node to be tested
     * @return true if the node is using generics types and one of those types is a gstring or string/gstring lub
     */
    public static boolean isParameterizedWithGStringOrGStringString(ClassNode node) {
        if (node.isArray()) return isParameterizedWithGStringOrGStringString(node.getComponentType());
        if (node.isUsingGenerics()) {
            GenericsType[] genericsTypes = node.getGenericsTypes();
            if (genericsTypes != null) {
                for (GenericsType genericsType : genericsTypes) {
                    if (isGStringOrGStringStringLUB(genericsType.getType())) return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return node.getSuperClass() != null && isParameterizedWithGStringOrGStringString(node.getUnresolvedSuperClass());
    }

    /**
     * @param node the node to be tested
     * @return true if the node is using generics types and one of those types is a string
     */
    public static boolean isParameterizedWithString(ClassNode node) {
        if (node.isArray()) return isParameterizedWithString(node.getComponentType());
        if (node.isUsingGenerics()) {
            GenericsType[] genericsTypes = node.getGenericsTypes();
            if (genericsTypes != null) {
                for (GenericsType genericsType : genericsTypes) {
                    if (STRING_TYPE.equals(genericsType.getType())) return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return node.getSuperClass() != null && isParameterizedWithString(node.getUnresolvedSuperClass());
    }

    public static boolean missesGenericsTypes(ClassNode cn) {
        if (cn.isArray()) return missesGenericsTypes(cn.getComponentType());
        GenericsType[] cnTypes = cn.getGenericsTypes();
        GenericsType[] rnTypes = cn.redirect().getGenericsTypes();
        if (rnTypes != null && cnTypes == null) return true;
        if (cnTypes != null) {
            for (GenericsType genericsType : cnTypes) {
                if (genericsType.isPlaceholder()) return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * A helper method that can be used to evaluate expressions as found in annotation
     * parameters. For example, it will evaluate a constant, be it referenced directly as
     * an integer or as a reference to a field.
     * <p>
     * If this method throws an exception, then the expression cannot be evaluated on its own.
     *
     * @param expr   the expression to be evaluated
     * @param config the compiler configuration
     * @return the result of the expression
     */
    public static Object evaluateExpression(Expression expr, CompilerConfiguration config) {
        String className = "Expression$" + UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace('-', '$');
        ClassNode node = new ClassNode(className, Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, OBJECT_TYPE);
        ReturnStatement code = new ReturnStatement(expr);
        addGeneratedMethod(node, "eval", Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC + Opcodes.ACC_STATIC, OBJECT_TYPE, Parameter.EMPTY_ARRAY, ClassNode.EMPTY_ARRAY, code);
        CompilerConfiguration copyConf = new CompilerConfiguration(config);
        CompilationUnit cu = new CompilationUnit(copyConf);
        cu.addClassNode(node);
        cu.compile(Phases.CLASS_GENERATION);
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        List<GroovyClass> classes = (List<GroovyClass>) cu.getClasses();
        Class aClass = cu.getClassLoader().defineClass(className, classes.get(0).getBytes());
        try {
            return aClass.getMethod("eval").invoke(null);
        } catch (IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
            throw new GroovyBugError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Collects all interfaces of a class node, including those defined by the
     * super class.
     *
     * @param node a class for which we want to retrieve all interfaces
     * @return a set of interfaces implemented by this class node
     */
    public static Set<ClassNode> collectAllInterfaces(ClassNode node) {
        Set<ClassNode> result = new HashSet<ClassNode>();
        collectAllInterfaces(node, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Collects all interfaces of a class node, including those defined by the
     * super class.
     *
     * @param node a class for which we want to retrieve all interfaces
     * @param out  the set where to collect interfaces
     */
    private static void collectAllInterfaces(final ClassNode node, final Set<ClassNode> out) {
        if (node == null) return;
        Set<ClassNode> allInterfaces = node.getAllInterfaces();
        out.addAll(allInterfaces);
        collectAllInterfaces(node.getSuperClass(), out);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the class node represents a the class node for the Class class
     * and if the parametrized type is a neither a placeholder or a wildcard. For example,
     * the class node Class&lt;Foo&gt; where Foo is a class would return true, but the class
     * node for Class&lt;?&gt; would return false.
     *
     * @param classNode a class node to be tested
     * @return true if it is the class node for Class and its generic type is a real class
     */
    public static boolean isClassClassNodeWrappingConcreteType(ClassNode classNode) {
        GenericsType[] genericsTypes = classNode.getGenericsTypes();
        return CLASS_Type.equals(classNode)
                && classNode.isUsingGenerics()
                && genericsTypes != null
                && !genericsTypes[0].isPlaceholder()
                && !genericsTypes[0].isWildcard();
    }

    public static List<MethodNode> findSetters(ClassNode cn, String setterName, boolean voidOnly) {
        List<MethodNode> result = null;
        for (MethodNode method : cn.getDeclaredMethods(setterName)) {
            if (setterName.equals(method.getName())
                    && (!voidOnly || VOID_TYPE == method.getReturnType())
                    && method.getParameters().length == 1) {
                if (result == null) {
                    result = new LinkedList<MethodNode>();
                }
                result.add(method);
            }
        }
        if (result == null) {
            ClassNode parent = cn.getSuperClass();
            if (parent != null) {
                return findSetters(parent, setterName, voidOnly);
            }
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }
        return result;
    }

    public static ClassNode isTraitSelf(VariableExpression vexp) {
        if (Traits.THIS_OBJECT.equals(vexp.getName())) {
            Variable accessedVariable = vexp.getAccessedVariable();
            ClassNode type = accessedVariable != null ? accessedVariable.getType() : null;
            if (accessedVariable instanceof Parameter
                    && Traits.isTrait(type)) {
                return type;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
}
