# Processing XML

version 2.5.18

## 1. Parsing XML

### 1.1. XmlParser and XmlSlurper

The most commonly used approach for parsing XML with Groovy is to use one of:

- `groovy.util.XmlParser`

- `groovy.util.XmlSlurper`

Both have the same approach to parse an xml. Both come with a bunch of overloaded parse methods plus some special methods such as `parseText`, parseFile and others. For the next example we will use the `parseText` method. It parses a XML `String` and recursively converts it to a list or map of objects.

XmlSlurper

    def text = '''
        <list>
            <technology>
                <name>Groovy</name>
            </technology>
        </list>
    '''

    def list = new XmlSlurper().parseText(text) (1)

    assert list instanceof groovy.util.slurpersupport.GPathResult (2)
    assert list.technology.name == 'Groovy' (3)

1 | Parsing the XML an returning the root node as a GPathResult
2 | Checking we’re using a GPathResult
3 | Traversing the tree in a GPath style

XmlParser

    def text = '''
        <list>
            <technology>
                <name>Groovy</name>
            </technology>
        </list>
    '''

    def list = new XmlParser().parseText(text) (1)

    assert list instanceof groovy.util.Node (2)
    assert list.technology.name.text() == 'Groovy' (3)

1 | Parsing the XML an returning the root node as a Node
2 | Checking we’re using a Node
3 | Traversing the tree in a GPath style

Let’s see the similarities between `XMLParser` and `XMLSlurper` first:

- Both are based on `SAX` so they both are low memory footprint

- Both can update/transform the XML

But they have key differences:

- `XmlSlurper` evaluates the structure lazily. So if you update the xml you’ll have to evaluate the whole tree again.

- `XmlSlurper` returns `GPathResult` instances when parsing XML

- `XmlParser` returns `Node` objects when parsing XML

When to use one or the another?

| There is a discussion at StackOverflow. The conclusions written here are based partially on this entry.

- If you want to transform an existing document to another then `XmlSlurper` will be the choice

- If you want to update and read at the same time then `XmlParser` is the choice.

The rationale behind this is that every time you create a node with `XmlSlurper` it won’t be available until you parse the document again with another `XmlSlurper` instance. Need to read just a few nodes XmlSlurper is for you ".

- If you just have to read a few nodes `XmlSlurper` should be your choice, since it will not have to create a complete structure in memory"

In general both classes perform similar way. Even the way of using GPath expressions with them are the same (both use `breadthFirst()` and `depthFirst()` expressions). So I guess it depends on the write/read frequency.

### 1.2. DOMCategory

There is another way of parsing XML documents with Groovy with the used of `groovy.xml.dom.DOMCategory` which is a category class which adds GPath style operations to Java’s DOM classes.

| Java has in-built support for DOM processing of XML using classes representing the various parts of XML documents, e.g. `Document`, `Element`, `NodeList`, `Attr` etc. For more information about these classes, refer to the respective JavaDocs.

Having a XML like the following:

    static def CAR_RECORDS = '''
    <records>
      <car name='HSV Maloo' make='Holden' year='2006'>
        <country>Australia</country>
        <record type='speed'>Production Pickup Truck with speed of 271kph</record>
      </car>
      <car name='P50' make='Peel' year='1962'>
        <country>Isle of Man</country>
        <record type='size'>Smallest Street-Legal Car at 99cm wide and 59 kg in weight</record>
      </car>
      <car name='Royale' make='Bugatti' year='1931'>
        <country>France</country>
        <record type='price'>Most Valuable Car at $15 million</record>
      </car>
    </records>
    '''

You can parse it using `groovy.xml.DOMBuilder` and `groovy.xml.dom.DOMCategory`.

    def reader = new StringReader(CAR_RECORDS)
    def doc = DOMBuilder.parse(reader) (1)
    def records = doc.documentElement

    use(DOMCategory) { (2)
        assert records.car.size() == 3
    }

1 | Parsing the XML
2 | Creating `DOMCategory` scope to be able to use helper method calls

## 2. GPath

The most common way of querying XML in Groovy is using `GPath`:

GPath is a path expression language integrated into Groovy which allows parts of nested structured data to be identified. In this sense, it has similar aims and scope as XPath does for XML. The two main places where you use GPath expressions is when dealing with nested POJOs or when dealing with XML

It is similar to XPath expressions and you can use it not only with XML but also with POJO classes. As an example, you can specify a path to an object or element of interest:

- `a.b.c` → for XML, yields all the `<c>` elements inside `<b>` inside `<a>`

- `a.b.c` → all POJOs, yields the `<c>` properties for all the `<b>` properties of `<a>` (sort of like a.getB().getC() in JavaBeans)

For XML, you can also specify attributes, e.g.:

- `a["@href"]` → the href attribute of all the a elements

- `a.'@href'` → an alternative way of expressing this

- `a.@href` → an alternative way of expressing this when using XmlSlurper

Let’s illustrate this with an example:

    static final String books = '''
        <response version-api="2.0">
            <value>
                <books>
                    <book available="20" id="1">
                        <title>Don Quixote</title>
                        <author id="1">Miguel de Cervantes</author>
                    </book>
                    <book available="14" id="2">
                        <title>Catcher in the Rye</title>
                       <author id="2">JD Salinger</author>
                   </book>
                   <book available="13" id="3">
                       <title>Alice in Wonderland</title>
                       <author id="3">Lewis Carroll</author>
                   </book>
                   <book available="5" id="4">
                       <title>Don Quixote</title>
                       <author id="4">Miguel de Cervantes</author>
                   </book>
               </books>
           </value>
        </response>
    '''

### 2.1. Simply traversing the tree

First thing we could do is to get a value using POJO’s notation. Let’s get the first book’s author’s name

Getting node value

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)
    def authorResult = response.value.books.book[0].author

    assert authorResult.text() == 'Miguel de Cervantes'

First we parse the document with `XmlSlurper` and the we have to consider the returning value as the root of the XML document, so in this case is "response".

That’s why we start traversing the document from response and then `value.books.book[0].author`. Note that in `XPath` the node arrays starts in [1] instead of [0], but because `GPath` is Java-based it begins at index 0.

In the end we’ll have the instance of the `author` node and because we wanted the text inside that node we should be calling the `text()` method. The `author` node is an instance of `GPathResult` type and `text()` a method giving us the content of that node as a String.

When using `GPath` with an xml parsed with `XmlSlurper` we’ll have as a result a `GPathResult` object. `GPathResult` has many other convenient methods to convert the text inside a node to any other type such as:

- `toInteger()`

- `toFloat()`

- `toBigInteger()`

- …​

All these methods try to convert a `String` to the appropriate type.

If we were using a XML parsed with `XmlParser` we could be dealing with instances of type `Node`. But still all the actions applied to `GPathResult` in these examples could be applied to a Node as well. Creators of both parsers took into account `GPath` compatibility.

Next step is to get the some values from a given node’s attribute. In the following sample we want to get the first book’s author’s id. We’ll be using two different approaches. Let’s see the code first:

Getting an attribute’s value

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)

    def book = response.value.books.book[0] (1)
    def bookAuthorId1 = book.@id (2)
    def bookAuthorId2 = book['@id'] (3)

    assert bookAuthorId1 == '1' (4)
    assert bookAuthorId1.toInteger() == 1 (5)
    assert bookAuthorId1 == bookAuthorId2

1 | Getting the first book node
2 | Getting the book’s id attribute `@id`
3 | Getting the book’s id attribute with `map notation` `['@id']`
4 | Getting the value as a String
5 | Getting the value of the attribute as an `Integer`

As you can see there are two types of notations to get attributes, the

- direct notation with `@nameoftheattribute`

- map notation using `['@nameoftheattribute']`

Both of them are equally valid.

### 2.2. Flexible navigation with children (*), depthFirst (**) and breadthFirst

If you ever have used XPath, you may have used expressions like:

- `/following-sibling::othernode` : Look for a node "othernode" in the same level

- `//` : Look everywhere

More or less we have their counterparts in GPath with the shortcuts `*` (aka `children()`) and `**` (aka `depthFirst()`).

The first example shows a simple use of `*`, which only iterates over the direct children of the node.

Using *

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)

    // .'*' could be replaced by .children()
    def catcherInTheRye = response.value.books.'*'.find { node ->
        // node.@id == 2 could be expressed as node['@id'] == 2
        node.name() == 'book' && node.@id == '2'
    }

    assert catcherInTheRye.title.text() == 'Catcher in the Rye'

This test searches for any child nodes of the "books" node matching the given condition. In a bit more detail, the expression says: Look for any node with a tag name equal to 'book' having an id with a value of '2' directly under the 'books' node.

This operation roughly corresponds to the `breadthFirst()` method, except that it only stops at one level instead of continuing to the inner levels.

What if we would like to look for a given value without having to know exactly where it is. Let’s say that the only thing we know is the id of the author "Lewis Carroll" . How are we going to be able to find that book? Using `**` is the solution:

Using **

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)

    // .'**' could be replaced by .depthFirst()
    def bookId = response.'**'.find { book ->
        book.author.text() == 'Lewis Carroll'
    }.@id

    assert bookId == 3

`**` is the same as looking for something everywhere in the tree from this point down. In this case, we’ve used the method `find(Closure cl)` to find just the first occurrence.

What if we want to collect all book’s titles? That’s easy, just use `findAll`:

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)

    def titles = response.'**'.findAll { node -> node.name() == 'title' }*.text()

    assert titles.size() == 4

In the last two examples, `**` is used as a shortcut for the `depthFirst()` method. It goes as far down the tree as it can while navigating down the tree from a given node. The `breadthFirst()` method finishes off all nodes on a given level before traversing down to the next level.

The following example shows the difference between these two methods:

depthFirst() vs .breadthFirst

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)
    def nodeName = { node -> node.name() }
    def withId2or3 = { node -> node.@id in [2, 3] }

    assert ['book', 'author', 'book', 'author'] ==
            response.value.books.depthFirst().findAll(withId2or3).collect(nodeName)
    assert ['book', 'book', 'author', 'author'] ==
            response.value.books.breadthFirst().findAll(withId2or3).collect(nodeName)

In this example, we search for any nodes with an id attribute with value 2 or 3. There are both `book` and `author` nodes that match that criteria. The different traversal orders will find the same nodes in each case but in different orders corresponding to how the tree was traversed.

It is worth mentioning again that there are some useful methods converting a node’s value to an integer, float, etc. Those methods could be convenient when doing comparisons like this:

helpers

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)

    def titles = response.value.books.book.findAll { book ->
        /* You can use toInteger() over the GPathResult object */
        book.@id.toInteger() > 2
    }*.title

    assert titles.size() == 2

In this case the number 2 has been hardcoded but imagine that value could have come from any other source (database…​ etc.).

## 3. Creating XML

The most commonly used approach for creating XML with Groovy is to use a builder, i.e. one of:

- `groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder`

- `groovy.xml.StreamingMarkupBuilder`

### 3.1. MarkupBuilder

Here is an example of using Groovy’s MarkupBuilder to create a new XML file:

Creating Xml with MarkupBuilder

    def writer = new StringWriter()
    def xml = new MarkupBuilder(writer) (1)

    xml.records() { (2)
        car(name: 'HSV Maloo', make: 'Holden', year: 2006) {
            country('Australia')
            record(type: 'speed', 'Production Pickup Truck with speed of 271kph')
        }
        car(name: 'Royale', make: 'Bugatti', year: 1931) {
            country('France')
            record(type: 'price', 'Most Valuable Car at $15 million')
        }
    }

    def records = new XmlSlurper().parseText(writer.toString()) (3)

    assert records.car.first().name.text() == 'HSV Maloo'
    assert records.car.last().name.text() == 'Royale'

1 | Create an instance of `MarkupBuilder`
2 | Start creating the XML tree
3 | Create an instance of `XmlSlurper` to traverse and test the generated XML

Let’s take a look a little bit closer:

Creating XML elements

    def xmlString = "<movie>the godfather</movie>" (1)

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter() (2)
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter)

    xmlMarkup.movie("the godfather") (3)

    assert xmlString == xmlWriter.toString() (4)

1 | We’re creating a reference string to compare against
2 | The `xmlWriter` instance is used by `MarkupBuilder` to convert the xml representation to a String instance eventually
3 | The `xmlMarkup.movie(…​)` call will create a XML node with a tag called `movie` and with content `the godfather`.

Creating XML elements with attributes

    def xmlString = "<movie id='2'>the godfather</movie>"

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter()
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter)

    xmlMarkup.movie(id: "2", "the godfather") (1)

    assert xmlString == xmlWriter.toString()

1 | This time in order to create both attributes and node content you can create as many map entries as you like and finally add a value to set the node’s content

| The value could be any `Object`, the value will be serialized to its `String` representation.

Creating XML nested elements

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter()
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter)

    xmlMarkup.movie(id: 2) { (1)
        name("the godfather")
    }

    def movie = new XmlSlurper().parseText(xmlWriter.toString())

    assert movie.@id == 2
    assert movie.name.text() == 'the godfather'

1 | A closure represents the children elements of a given node. Notice this time instead of using a String for the attribute we’re using a number.

Sometimes you may want to use a specific namespace in your xml documents:

Namespace aware

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter()
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter)

    xmlMarkup
            .'x:movies'('xmlns:x': 'http://www.groovy-lang.org') { (1)
        'x:movie'(id: 1, 'the godfather')
        'x:movie'(id: 2, 'ronin')
    }

    def movies =
            new XmlSlurper() (2)
                    .parseText(xmlWriter.toString())
                    .declareNamespace(x: 'http://www.groovy-lang.org')

    assert movies.'x:movie'.last().@id == 2
    assert movies.'x:movie'.last().text() == 'ronin'

1 | Creating a node with a given namespace `xmlns:x`
2 | Creating a `XmlSlurper` registering the namespace to be able to test the XML we just created

What about having some more meaningful example. We may want to generate more elements, to have some logic when creating our XML:

Mix code

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter()
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter)

    xmlMarkup
            .'x:movies'('xmlns:x': 'http://www.groovy-lang.org') {
        (1..3).each { n -> (1)
            'x:movie'(id: n, "the godfather $n")
            if (n % 2 == 0) { (2)
                'x:movie'(id: n, "the godfather $n (Extended)")
            }
        }
    }

    def movies =
            new XmlSlurper()
                    .parseText(xmlWriter.toString())
                    .declareNamespace(x: 'http://www.groovy-lang.org')

    assert movies.'x:movie'.size() == 4
    assert movies.'x:movie'*.text().every { name -> name.startsWith('the') }

1 | Generating elements from a range
2 | Using a conditional for creating a given element

Of course the instance of a builder can be passed as a parameter to refactor/modularize your code:

Mix code

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter()
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter)

    (1)
    Closure<MarkupBuilder> buildMovieList = { MarkupBuilder builder ->
        (1..3).each { n ->
            builder.'x:movie'(id: n, "the godfather $n")
            if (n % 2 == 0) {
                builder.'x:movie'(id: n, "the godfather $n (Extended)")
            }
        }

        return builder
    }

    xmlMarkup.'x:movies'('xmlns:x': 'http://www.groovy-lang.org') {
        buildMovieList(xmlMarkup) (2)
    }

    def movies =
            new XmlSlurper()
                    .parseText(xmlWriter.toString())
                    .declareNamespace(x: 'http://www.groovy-lang.org')

    assert movies.'x:movie'.size() == 4
    assert movies.'x:movie'*.text().every { name -> name.startsWith('the') }

1 | In this case we’ve created a Closure to handle the creation of a list of movies
2 | Just using the `buildMovieList` function when necessary

### 3.2. StreamingMarkupBuilder

The class `groovy.xml.StreamingMarkupBuilder` is a builder class for creating XML markup. This implementation uses a `groovy.xml.streamingmarkupsupport.StreamingMarkupWriter` to handle output.

Using StreamingMarkupBuilder

    def xml = new StreamingMarkupBuilder().bind { (1)
        records {
            car(name: 'HSV Maloo', make: 'Holden', year: 2006) { (2)
                country('Australia')
                record(type: 'speed', 'Production Pickup Truck with speed of 271kph')
            }
            car(name: 'P50', make: 'Peel', year: 1962) {
                country('Isle of Man')
                record(type: 'size', 'Smallest Street-Legal Car at 99cm wide and 59 kg in weight')
            }
            car(name: 'Royale', make: 'Bugatti', year: 1931) {
                country('France')
                record(type: 'price', 'Most Valuable Car at $15 million')
            }
        }
    }

    def records = new XmlSlurper().parseText(xml.toString()) (3)

    assert records.car.size() == 3
    assert records.car.find { it.@name == 'P50' }.country.text() == 'Isle of Man'

1 | Note that `StreamingMarkupBuilder.bind` returns a `Writable` instance that may be used to stream the markup to a Writer
2 | We’re capturing the output in a String to parse it again an check the structure of the generated XML with `XmlSlurper`.

### 3.3. MarkupBuilderHelper

The `groovy.xml.MarkupBuilderHelper` is, as its name reflects, a helper for `groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder`.

This helper normally can be accessed from within an instance of class `groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder` or an instance of `groovy.xml.StreamingMarkupBuilder`.

This helper could be handy in situations when you may want to:

- Produce a comment in the output

- Produce an XML processing instruction in the output

- Produce an XML declaration in the output

- Print data in the body of the current tag, escaping XML entities

- Print data in the body of the current tag

In both `MarkupBuilder` and `StreamingMarkupBuilder` this helper is accessed by the property `mkp`:

Using MarkupBuilder’s 'mkp'

    def xmlWriter = new StringWriter()
    def xmlMarkup = new MarkupBuilder(xmlWriter).rules {
        mkp.comment('THIS IS THE MAIN RULE') (1)
        rule(sentence: mkp.yield('3 > n')) (2)
    }

    (3)
    assert xmlWriter.toString().contains('3 &gt; n')
    assert xmlWriter.toString().contains('<!-- THIS IS THE MAIN RULE -->')

1 | Using `mkp` to create a comment in the XML
2 | Using `mkp` to generate an escaped value
3 | Checking both assumptions were true

Here is another example to show the use of `mkp` property accessible from within the `bind` method scope when using `StreamingMarkupBuilder`:

Using StreamingMarkupBuilder’s 'mkp'

    def xml = new StreamingMarkupBuilder().bind {
        records {
            car(name: mkp.yield('3 < 5')) (1)
            car(name: mkp.yieldUnescaped('1 < 3')) (2)
        }
    }

    assert xml.toString().contains('3 &lt; 5')
    assert xml.toString().contains('1 < 3')

1 | If we want to generate a escaped value for the name attribute with `mkp.yield`
2 | Checking the values later on with `XmlSlurper`

### 3.4. DOMToGroovy

Suppose we have an existing XML document and we want to automate generation of the markup without having to type it all in? We just need to use `org.codehaus.groovy.tools.xml.DOMToGroovy` as shown in the following example:

Building MarkupBuilder from DOMToGroovy

    def songs = """
        <songs>
          <song>
            <title>Here I go</title>
            <band>Whitesnake</band>
          </song>
        </songs>
    """

    def builder =
            javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance().newDocumentBuilder()

    def inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(songs.bytes)
    def document = builder.parse(inputStream)
    def output = new StringWriter()
    def converter = new DomToGroovy(new PrintWriter(output)) (1)

    converter.print(document) (2)

    String xmlRecovered =
            new GroovyShell()
                    .evaluate("""
               def writer = new StringWriter()
               def builder = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder(writer)
               builder.${output}

               return writer.toString()
            """) (3)

    assert new XmlSlurper().parseText(xmlRecovered).song.title.text() == 'Here I go' (4)

1 | Creating `DOMToGroovy` instance
2 | Converts the XML to `MarkupBuilder` calls which are available in the output `StringWriter`
3 | Using `output` variable to create the whole MarkupBuilder
4 | Back to XML string

## 4. Manipulating XML

In this chapter you’ll see the different ways of adding / modifying / removing nodes using `XmlSlurper` or `XmlParser`. The xml we are going to be handling is the following:

    def xml = """
    <response version-api="2.0">
        <value>
            <books>
                <book id="2">
                    <title>Don Quixote</title>
                    <author id="1">Miguel de Cervantes</author>
                </book>
            </books>
        </value>
    </response>
    """

### 4.1. Adding nodes

The main difference between `XmlSlurper` and `XmlParser` is that when former creates the nodes they won’t be available until the document’s been evaluated again, so you should parse the transformed document again in order to be able to see the new nodes. So keep that in mind when choosing any of both approaches.

If you needed to see a node right after creating it then `XmlParser` should be your choice, but if you’re planning to do many changes to the XML and send the result to another process maybe `XmlSlurper` would be more efficient.

You can’t create a new node directly using the `XmlSlurper` instance, but you can with `XmlParser`. The way of creating a new node from XmlParser is through its method `createNode(..)`

    def parser = new XmlParser()
    def response = parser.parseText(xml)
    def numberOfResults = parser.createNode(
            response,
            new QName("numberOfResults"),
            [:]
    )

    numberOfResults.value = "1"
    assert response.numberOfResults.text() == "1"

The `createNode()` method receives the following parameters:

- parent node (could be null)

- The qualified name for the tag (In this case we only use the local part without any namespace). We’re using an instance of `groovy.xml.QName`

- A map with the tag’s attributes (None in this particular case)

Anyway you won’t normally be creating a node from the parser instance but from the parsed XML instance. That is from a `Node` or a `GPathResult` instance.

Take a look at the next example. We are parsing the xml with `XmlParser` and then creating a new node from the parsed document’s instance (Notice the method here is slightly different in the way it receives the parameters):

    def parser = new XmlParser()
    def response = parser.parseText(xml)

    response.appendNode(
            new QName("numberOfResults"),
            [:],
            "1"
    )

    response.numberOfResults.text() == "1"

When using `XmlSlurper`, `GPathResult` instances don’t have `createNode()` method.

### 4.2. Modifying / Removing nodes

We know how to parse the document, add new nodes, now I want to change a given node’s content. Let’s start using `XmlParser` and `Node`. This example changes the first book information to actually another book.

    def response = new XmlParser().parseText(xml)

    /* Use the same syntax as groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder */
    response.value.books.book[0].replaceNode { (1)
        book(id: "3") {
            title("To Kill a Mockingbird")
            author(id: "3", "Harper Lee")
        }
    }

    def newNode = response.value.books.book[0]

    assert newNode.name() == "book"
    assert newNode.@id == "3"
    assert newNode.title.text() == "To Kill a Mockingbird"
    assert newNode.author.text() == "Harper Lee"
    assert newNode.author.@id.first() == "3"

When using `replaceNode()` the closure we pass as parameter should follow the same rules as if we were using `groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder`:

Here’s the same example using `XmlSlurper`:

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)

    /* Use the same syntax as groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder */
    response.value.books.book[0].replaceNode {
        book(id: "3") {
            title("To Kill a Mockingbird")
            author(id: "3", "Harper Lee")
        }
    }

    assert response.value.books.book[0].title.text() == "Don Quixote"

    /* That mkp is a special namespace used to escape away from the normal building mode
       of the builder and get access to helper markup methods
       'yield', 'pi', 'comment', 'out', 'namespaces', 'xmlDeclaration' and
       'yieldUnescaped' */
    def result = new StreamingMarkupBuilder().bind { mkp.yield response }.toString()
    def changedResponse = new XmlSlurper().parseText(result)

    assert changedResponse.value.books.book[0].title.text() == "To Kill a Mockingbird"

Notice how using `XmlSlurper` we have to parse the transformed document again in order to find the created nodes. In this particular example could be a little bit annoying isn’t it?

Finally both parsers also use the same approach for adding a new attribute to a given attribute. This time again the difference is whether you want the new nodes to be available right away or not. First `XmlParser`:

    def parser = new XmlParser()
    def response = parser.parseText(xml)

    response.@numberOfResults = "1"

    assert response.@numberOfResults == "1"

And `XmlSlurper`:

    def response = new XmlSlurper().parseText(books)
    response.@numberOfResults = "2"

    assert response.@numberOfResults == "2"

When using `XmlSlurper`, adding a new attribute does not require you to perform a new evaluation.

### 4.3. Printing XML

#### 4.3.1. XmlUtil

Sometimes is useful to get not only the value of a given node but the node itself (for instance to add this node to another XML).

For that you can use `groovy.xml.XmlUtil` class. It has several static methods to serialize the xml fragment from several type of sources (Node, GPathResult, String…​)

Getting a node as a string

    def response = new XmlParser().parseText(xml)
    def nodeToSerialize = response.'**'.find { it.name() == 'author' }
    def nodeAsText = XmlUtil.serialize(nodeToSerialize)

    assert nodeAsText ==
            XmlUtil.serialize('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><author id="1">Miguel de Cervantes</author>')