0		2	3	4
A0		A2	A3	A4
Inter TH1
B0	C1	C2	C3	C4
	D1	D2	D3	D4
	E1	E2	E3	E4
	F1	F2	F3	F4
Inter TH2
G0		G2	G3	G4

0		2	3	4
A0		A2	A3	A4
Inter TH1
B0	C1	C2	C3	C4
	D1	D2	D3	D4
	E1	E2	E3	E4
	F1	F2	F3	F4
Inter TH2
G0		G2	G3	G4

0	A0	Inter TH1	B0				Inter TH2	G0
0	A0		C1	D1	E1	F1		G0
2	A2		C2	D2	E2	F2		G2
3	A3		C3	D3	E3	F3		G3
4	A4		C4	D4	E4	F4		G4

0	A0	Inter TH1	B0				Inter TH2	G0
0	A0		C1	D1	E1	F1		G0
2	A2		C2	D2	E2	F2		G2
3	A3		C3	D3	E3	F3		G3
4	A4		C4	D4	E4	F4		G4

1·1	1·2	1·3
2·1 - 3·2		2·3
2·1 - 3·2		3·3
4·1	4·2	4·3

1·1	2·1 - 3·2		4·1
1·2	2·1 - 3·2		4·2
1·3	2·3	3·3	4·3

1·1	1·2	1·3
2·1 - 2·2		2·3 - 3·3
3·1	3·2 - 4·2
4·1		4·3

1·1	2·1 - 2·2	3·1	4·1
1·2		3·2 - 4·2
1·3	2·3 - 3·3		4·3

Part	Characteristics
Crown	Covered by enamel Projects above the gingiva (gums)
Neck	Located between the crown and the root
Root	Located in the alveolar surface of the mandible and/or maxilla Connected to the bone by the periodontal ligament (a type of modified periosteal layer) Covered with cementum Mandibular molars have 2 roots. Maxillary molars have 3 roots.

Part	Crown	Neck	Root
Characteristics	Covered by enamel Projects above the gingiva (gums)	Located between the crown and the root	Located in the alveolar surface of the mandible and/or maxilla Connected to the bone by the periodontal ligament (a type of modified periosteal layer) Covered with cementum Mandibular molars have 2 roots. Maxillary molars have 3 roots.

0		2	3	4
A0		A2	A3	A4
B0	C1	C2	C3	C4
	D1	D2	D3	D4
	E1	E2	E3	E4
	F1	F2	F3	F4
G0		G2	G3	G4

0	A0	B0				G0
0	A0	C1	D1	E1	F1	G0
2	A2	C2	D2	E2	F2	G2
3	A3	C3	D3	E3	F3	G3
4	A4	C4	D4	E4	F4	G4

		Dilated cardiomyopathy	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Etiology		Mostly idiopathic Genetic predisposition (TTN gene mutation) Ischemic heart disease Infectious diseases Coxsackie B virus Chagas disease HIV Systemic disorders Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Thiamine deficiency (wet beriberi) Toxic substances Cocaine Alcohol Medication (e.g., doxorubicin) Peripartum cardiomyopathy	Inherited (autosomal dominant) mutation of: Myosin binding protein C β-Myosin heavy chain	Mostly idiopathic Systemic disorders Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Systemic sclerosis Heart disease Loffler endocarditis Endocardial fibroelastosis Post-radiation fibrosis
Pathophysiology		Eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle → ↓ ventricular contractility → ↓ LVEF	Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (including the interventricular septum) → ↓ ventricular relaxation → ↓ diastolic filling and systolic output → ↓ myocardial and peripheral perfusion Obstructive type (HOCM): left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation due to systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve Interventricular septum hypertrophy in combination with mitral valve leaflet displacement towards the interventricular septum can cause severe subaortic obstruction. [#13430]	Proliferation of connective tissue → ↓ Elasticity of cardiac tissue Atrial enlargement and severe diastolic dysfunction
Distinctive clinical features		Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure S3 gallop Systolic murmur	Frequently asymptomatic Signs of left heart failure (dyspnea, syncope, dizziness) Arrhythmias S4 gallop Possible holosystolic murmur from mitral regurgitation Sudden death	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure
Echocardiography	LV cavity size	Significantly increased	Decreased	Decreased
	EF	Significantly decreased	Normal	Normal or increased
	Wall thickness	Normal or decreased	Significantly increased	Usually increased
	Additional findings	Left ventricular (and atrial) dilation Wall movement abnormalities Systolic dysfunction Normal diastolic function	Outflow tract obstruction (SAM, interventricular septum hypertrophy) Reduced diastolic filling	Dilated atria, nondilated ventricles Reduced diastolic filling
Other characteristics		Most common cardiomyopathy	Second most common cardiomyopathy Most common cause of sudden heart failure in athletes and teenagers	Poor prognosis without heart transplant

	Etiology	Pathophysiology	Distinctive clinical features	Echocardiography				Other characteristics
	Etiology	Pathophysiology	Distinctive clinical features	LV cavity size	EF	Wall thickness	Additional findings	Other characteristics
Dilated cardiomyopathy	Mostly idiopathic Genetic predisposition (TTN gene mutation) Ischemic heart disease Infectious diseases Coxsackie B virus Chagas disease HIV Systemic disorders Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Thiamine deficiency (wet beriberi) Toxic substances Cocaine Alcohol Medication (e.g., doxorubicin) Peripartum cardiomyopathy	Eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle → ↓ ventricular contractility → ↓ LVEF	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure S3 gallop Systolic murmur	Significantly increased	Significantly decreased	Normal or decreased	Left ventricular (and atrial) dilation Wall movement abnormalities Systolic dysfunction Normal diastolic function	Most common cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Inherited (autosomal dominant) mutation of: Myosin binding protein C β-Myosin heavy chain	Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (including the interventricular septum) → ↓ ventricular relaxation → ↓ diastolic filling and systolic output → ↓ myocardial and peripheral perfusion Obstructive type (HOCM): left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation due to systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve Interventricular septum hypertrophy in combination with mitral valve leaflet displacement towards the interventricular septum can cause severe subaortic obstruction. [#13430]	Frequently asymptomatic Signs of left heart failure (dyspnea, syncope, dizziness) Arrhythmias S4 gallop Possible holosystolic murmur from mitral regurgitation Sudden death	Decreased	Normal	Significantly increased	Outflow tract obstruction (SAM, interventricular septum hypertrophy) Reduced diastolic filling	Second most common cardiomyopathy Most common cause of sudden heart failure in athletes and teenagers
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	Mostly idiopathic Systemic disorders Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Systemic sclerosis Heart disease Loffler endocarditis Endocardial fibroelastosis Post-radiation fibrosis	Proliferation of connective tissue → ↓ Elasticity of cardiac tissue Atrial enlargement and severe diastolic dysfunction	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure	Decreased	Normal or increased	Usually increased	Dilated atria, nondilated ventricles Reduced diastolic filling	Poor prognosis without heart transplant

	Etiology	Pathophysiology	Distinctive clinical features	Echocardiography				Other characteristics
	Etiology	Pathophysiology	Distinctive clinical features	LV cavity size	EF	Wall thickness	Additional findings	Other characteristics
Dilated cardiomyopathy	Mostly idiopathic Genetic predisposition (TTN gene mutation) Ischemic heart disease Infectious diseases Coxsackie B virus Chagas disease HIV Systemic disorders Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Thiamine deficiency (wet beriberi) Toxic substances Cocaine Alcohol Medication (e.g., doxorubicin) Peripartum cardiomyopathy	Eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle → ↓ ventricular contractility → ↓ LVEF	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure S3 gallop Systolic murmur	Significantly increased	Significantly decreased	Normal or decreased	Left ventricular (and atrial) dilation Wall movement abnormalities Systolic dysfunction Normal diastolic function	Most common cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Inherited (autosomal dominant) mutation of: Myosin binding protein C β-Myosin heavy chain	Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (including the interventricular septum) → ↓ ventricular relaxation → ↓ diastolic filling and systolic output → ↓ myocardial and peripheral perfusion Obstructive type (HOCM): left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation due to systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve Interventricular septum hypertrophy in combination with mitral valve leaflet displacement towards the interventricular septum can cause severe subaortic obstruction. [#13430]	Frequently asymptomatic Signs of left heart failure (dyspnea, syncope, dizziness) Arrhythmias S4 gallop Possible holosystolic murmur from mitral regurgitation Sudden death	Decreased	Normal	Significantly increased	Outflow tract obstruction (SAM, interventricular septum hypertrophy) Reduced diastolic filling	Second most common cardiomyopathy Most common cause of sudden heart failure in athletes and teenagers
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	Mostly idiopathic Systemic disorders Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Systemic sclerosis Heart disease Loffler endocarditis Endocardial fibroelastosis Post-radiation fibrosis	Proliferation of connective tissue → ↓ Elasticity of cardiac tissue Atrial enlargement and severe diastolic dysfunction	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure	Decreased	Normal or increased	Usually increased	Dilated atria, nondilated ventricles Reduced diastolic filling	Poor prognosis without heart transplant

	Etiology	Pathophysiology	Distinctive clinical features	Echocardiography				Other characteristics
	Etiology	Pathophysiology	Distinctive clinical features	LV cavity size	EF	Wall thickness	Additional findings	Other characteristics
Dilated cardiomyopathy	Mostly idiopathic Genetic predisposition (TTN gene mutation) Ischemic heart disease Infectious diseases Coxsackie B virus Chagas disease HIV Systemic disorders Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Thiamine deficiency (wet beriberi) Toxic substances Cocaine Alcohol Medication (e.g., doxorubicin) Peripartum cardiomyopathy	Eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle → ↓ ventricular contractility → ↓ LVEF	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure S3 gallop Systolic murmur	Significantly increased	Significantly decreased	Normal or decreased	Left ventricular (and atrial) dilation Wall movement abnormalities Systolic dysfunction Normal diastolic function	Most common cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Inherited (autosomal dominant) mutation of: Myosin binding protein C β-Myosin heavy chain	Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (including the interventricular septum) → ↓ ventricular relaxation → ↓ diastolic filling and systolic output → ↓ myocardial and peripheral perfusion Obstructive type (HOCM): left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation due to systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve Interventricular septum hypertrophy in combination with mitral valve leaflet displacement towards the interventricular septum can cause severe subaortic obstruction. [#13430]	Frequently asymptomatic Signs of left heart failure (dyspnea, syncope, dizziness) Arrhythmias S4 gallop Possible holosystolic murmur from mitral regurgitation Sudden death	Decreased	Normal	Significantly increased	Outflow tract obstruction (SAM, interventricular septum hypertrophy) Reduced diastolic filling	Second most common cardiomyopathy Most common cause of sudden heart failure in athletes and teenagers
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	Mostly idiopathic Systemic disorders Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis Systemic sclerosis Heart disease Loffler endocarditis Endocardial fibroelastosis Post-radiation fibrosis	Proliferation of connective tissue → ↓ Elasticity of cardiac tissue Atrial enlargement and severe diastolic dysfunction	Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure	Decreased	Normal or increased	Usually increased	Dilated atria, nondilated ventricles Reduced diastolic filling	Poor prognosis without heart transplant