# Advanced Usage

In this chapter we will cover some techniques and options that you can use to improve your testing experience
and keep your project better organized.

## Cest Classes

If you want to get a class-like structure for your Cepts, you can use the Cest format instead of plain PHP.
It is very simple and is fully compatible with Cept scenarios. It means that if you feel that your test is long enough
and you want to split it, you can easily move it into classes.

You can create a Cest file by running the command:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept generate:cest suitename CestName
```

The generated file will look like this:

```php
<?php
class BasicCest
{
    public function _before(\AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
    }

    public function _after(\AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
    }

    // tests
    public function tryToTest(\AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
    }
}
```

**Each public method of Cest (except those starting with `_`) will be executed as a test**
and will receive an instance of the Actor class as the first parameter and the `$scenario` variable as the second one.

In `_before` and `_after` methods you can use common setups and teardowns for the tests in the class.

As you see, we are passing the Actor object into `tryToTest` method. This allows us to write scenarios the way we did before:

```php
<?php
class BasicCest
{
    // test
    public function tryToTest(\AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        $I->amOnPage('/');
        $I->click('Login');
        $I->fillField('username', 'john');
        $I->fillField('password', 'coltrane');
        $I->click('Enter');
        $I->see('Hello, John');
        $I->seeInCurrentUrl('/account');
    }
}
```

As you see, Cest classes have no parents.
This is done intentionally. It allows you to extend your classes with common behaviors and workarounds
that may be used in child classes. But don't forget to make these methods `protected` so they won't be executed as tests.

Cest format also can contain hooks based on test results:

* `_failed` will be executed on failed test
* `_passed` will be executed on passed test

```php
<?php
public function _failed(\AcceptanceTester $I)
{
    // will be executed on test failure
}

public function _passed(\AcceptanceTester $I)
{
    // will be executed when test is successful
}
```

## Dependency Injection

Codeception supports simple dependency injection for Cest and \Codeception\TestCase\Test classes.
It means that you can specify which classes you need as parameters of the special `_inject()` method,
and Codeception will automatically create the respective objects and invoke this method,
passing all dependencies as arguments. This may be useful when working with Helpers. Here's an example for Cest:

```php
<?php
class SignUpCest
{
    /**
     * @var Helper\SignUp
     */
    protected $signUp;

    /**
     * @var Helper\NavBarHelper
     */
    protected $navBar;

    protected function _inject(\Helper\SignUp $signUp, \Helper\NavBar $navBar)
    {
        $this->signUp = $signUp;
        $this->navBar = $navBar;
    }

    public function signUp(\AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        $this->navBar->click('Sign up');
        $this->signUp->register([
            'first_name'            => 'Joe',
            'last_name'             => 'Jones',
            'email'                 => 'joe@jones.com',
            'password'              => '1234',
            'password_confirmation' => '1234'
        ]);
    }
}
```

And for Test classes:

```php
<?php
class MathTest extends \Codeception\TestCase\Test
{
   /**
    * @var \UnitTester
    */
    protected $tester;

    /**
     * @var Helper\Math
     */
    protected $math;

    protected function _inject(\Helper\Math $math)
    {
        $this->math = $math;
    }

    public function testAll()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->math->add(1, 2));
        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->math->subtract(3, 2));
    }
}
```

However, Dependency Injection is not limited to this. It allows you to **inject any class**,
which can be constructed with arguments known to Codeception.

In order to make auto-wiring work, you will need to implement the `_inject()` method with the list of desired arguments.
It is important to specify the type of arguments, so Codeception can guess which objects are expected to be received.
The `_inject()` will only be invoked once, just after creation of the TestCase object (either Cest or Test).
Dependency Injection will also work in a similar manner for Helper and Actor classes.

Each test of a Cest class can declare its own dependencies and receive them from method arguments:

```php
<?php
class UserCest
{
    function updateUser(\Helper\User $u, \AcceptanceTester $I, \Page\User $userPage)
    {
        $user = $u->createDummyUser();
        $userPage->login($user->getName(), $user->getPassword());
        $userPage->updateProfile(['name' => 'Bill']);
        $I->see('Profile was saved');
        $I->see('Profile of Bill','h1');
    }
}
```

Moreover, Codeception can resolve dependencies recursively (when `A` depends on `B`, and `B` depends on `C` etc.)
and handle parameters of primitive types with default values (like `$param = 'default'`).
Of course, you are not allowed to have *cyclic dependencies*.

## Example Annotation

What if you want to execute the same test scenario with different data? In this case you can inject examples
as `\Codeception\Example` instances.
Data is defined via the `@example` annotation, using JSON or Doctrine-style notation (limited to a single line). Doctrine-style:

```php
<?php
class EndpointCest
{
 /**
  * @example ["/api/", 200]
  * @example ["/api/protected", 401]
  * @example ["/api/not-found-url", 404]
  * @example ["/api/faulty", 500]
  */
  public function checkEndpoints(ApiTester $I, \Codeception\Example $example)
  {
    $I->sendGET($example[0]);
    $I->seeResponseCodeIs($example[1]);
  }
}
```

JSON:

```php
<?php
class PageCest
{
 /**
  * @example { "url": "/", "title": "Welcome" }
  * @example { "url": "/info", "title": "Info" }
  * @example { "url": "/about", "title": "About Us" }
  * @example { "url": "/contact", "title": "Contact Us" }
  */
  public function staticPages(AcceptanceTester $I, \Codeception\Example $example)
  {
    $I->amOnPage($example['url']);
    $I->see($example['title'], 'h1');
    $I->seeInTitle($example['title']);
  }
}
```

<div class="alert alert-info">
If you use JSON notation please keep in mind that all string keys
and values should be enclosed in double quotes (`"`) according to JSON standard.
</div>

Key-value data in Doctrine-style annotation syntax:

```php
<?php
class PageCest
{
 /**
  * @example(url="/", title="Welcome")
  * @example(url="/info", title="Info")
  * @example(url="/about", title="About Us")
  * @example(url="/contact", title="Contact Us")
  */
  public function staticPages(AcceptanceTester $I, \Codeception\Example $example)
  {
    $I->amOnPage($example['url']);
    $I->see($example['title'], 'h1');
    $I->seeInTitle($example['title']);
  }
}
```

## DataProvider Annotations

You can also use the `@dataProvider` annotation for creating dynamic examples for [Cest classes](#Cest-Classes), using a **protected method** for providing example data:

```php
<?php
class PageCest
{
   /**
    * @dataProvider pageProvider
    */
    public function staticPages(AcceptanceTester $I, \Codeception\Example $example)
    {
        $I->amOnPage($example['url']);
        $I->see($example['title'], 'h1');
        $I->seeInTitle($example['title']);
    }

    /**
     * @return array
     */
    protected function pageProvider() // alternatively, if you want the function to be public, be sure to prefix it with `_`
    {
        return [
            ['url'=>"/", 'title'=>"Welcome"],
            ['url'=>"/info", 'title'=>"Info"],
            ['url'=>"/about", 'title'=>"About Us"],
            ['url'=>"/contact", 'title'=>"Contact Us"]
        ];
    }
}
```

`@dataprovider` annotation is also available for [unit tests](https://codeception.com/docs/05-UnitTests), in this case the data provider **method must be public**.
For more details about how to use data provider for unit tests, please refer to [PHPUnit documentation](https://phpunit.de/manual/current/en/writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.data-providers).

## Before/After Annotations

You can control execution flow with `@before` and `@after` annotations. You may move common actions
into protected (non-test) methods and invoke them before or after the test method by putting them into annotations.
It is possible to invoke several methods by using more than one `@before` or `@after` annotation.
Methods are invoked in order from top to bottom.

```php
<?php
class ModeratorCest {

    protected function login(AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        $I->amOnPage('/login');
        $I->fillField('Username', 'miles');
        $I->fillField('Password', 'davis');
        $I->click('Login');
    }

    /**
     * @before login
     */
    public function banUser(AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        $I->amOnPage('/users/charlie-parker');
        $I->see('Ban', '.button');
        $I->click('Ban');
    }

    /**
     * @before login
     * @before cleanup
     * @after logout
     * @after close
     */
    public function addUser(AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        $I->amOnPage('/users/charlie-parker');
        $I->see('Ban', '.button');
        $I->click('Ban');
    }
}
```

## Environments

For cases where you need to run tests with different configurations you can define different config environments.
The most typical use cases are running acceptance tests in different browsers,
or running database tests using different database engines.

Let's demonstrate the usage of environments for the browsers case.

We need to add some new lines to `acceptance.suite.yml`:

``` yaml
actor: AcceptanceTester
modules:
    enabled:
        - WebDriver
        - \Helper\Acceptance
    config:
        WebDriver:
            url: 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/'
            browser: 'firefox'

env:
    phantom:
         modules:
            config:
                WebDriver:
                    browser: 'phantomjs'

    chrome:
         modules:
            config:
                WebDriver:
                    browser: 'chrome'

    firefox:
        # nothing changed
```

Basically you can define different environments inside the `env` root, name them (`phantom`, `chrome` etc.),
and then redefine any configuration parameters that were set before.

You can also define environments in separate configuration files placed in the directory specified by the `envs` option in
the `paths` configuration:

```yaml
paths:
    envs: tests/_envs
```

The names of these files are used as environments names
(e.g. `chrome.yml` or `chrome.dist.yml` for an environment named `chrome`).
You can generate a new file with this environment configuration by using the `generate:environment` command:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept g:env chrome
```

In that file you can specify just the options you wish to override:

```yaml
modules:
    config:
        WebDriver:
            browser: 'chrome'
```

The environment configuration files are merged into the main configuration before the suite configuration is merged.

You can easily switch between those configs by running tests with `--env` option.
To run the tests only for PhantomJS you just need to pass `--env phantom` as an option:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run acceptance --env phantom
```

To run the tests in all 3 browsers, list all the environments:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run acceptance --env phantom --env chrome --env firefox
```

The tests will be executed 3 times, each time in a different browser.

It's also possible to merge multiple environments into a single configuration by separating them with a comma:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run acceptance --env dev,phantom --env dev,chrome --env dev,firefox
```

The configuration is merged in the order given.
This way you can easily create multiple combinations of your environment configurations.

Depending on the environment, you may choose which tests are to be executed.
For example, you might need some tests to be executed in Firefox only, and some tests in Chrome only.

The desired environments can be specified with the `@env` annotation for tests in Test and Cest formats:

```php
<?php
class UserCest
{
    /**
     * This test will be executed only in 'firefox' and 'phantom' environments
     *
     * @env firefox
     * @env phantom
     */
    public function webkitOnlyTest(AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        // I do something
    }
}
```

For Cept you should use simple comments:

```php
<?php
// @env firefox
// @env phantom
```

This way you can easily control which tests will be executed for each environment.

### Current values

Sometimes you may need to change the test behavior in real time.
For instance, the behavior of the same test may differ in Firefox and in Chrome.
In runtime we can retrieve the current environment name, test name,
or list of enabled modules by calling the `$scenario->current()` method.

```php
<?php
// retrieve current environment
$scenario->current('env');

// list of all enabled modules
$scenario->current('modules');

// test name
$scenario->current('name');

// browser name (if WebDriver module enabled)
$scenario->current('browser');

// capabilities (if WebDriver module enabled)
$scenario->current('capabilities');
```

You can access `\Codeception\Scenario` in the Cept and Cest formats.
In Cept, the `$scenario` variable is available by default,
while in Cest you should retrieve it through dependency injection:

```php
<?php
public function myTest(\AcceptanceTester $I, \Codeception\Scenario $scenario)
{
    if ($scenario->current('browser') == 'phantomjs') {
      // emulate popups for PhantomJS
      $I->executeScript('window.alert = function(){return true;}');
    }
}
```

`Codeception\Scenario` is also available in Actor classes and StepObjects. You can access it with `$this->getScenario()`.

### Dependencies

With the `@depends` annotation you can specify a test that should be passed before the current one.
If that test fails, the current test will be skipped. You should pass the method name of the test you are relying on.

```php
<?php
class ModeratorCest {

    public function login(AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        // logs moderator in
    }

    /**
     * @depends login
     */
    public function banUser(AcceptanceTester $I)
    {
        // bans user
    }
}
```

`@depends` applies to the `Cest` and `Codeception\Test\Unit` formats. Dependencies can be set across different classes.
To specify a dependent test from another file you should provide a *test signature*.
Normally, the test signature matches the `className:methodName` format.
But to get the exact test signature just run the test with the `--steps` option to see it:

```
Signature: ModeratorCest:login`
```

Codeception reorders tests so dependent tests will always be executed before the tests that rely on them.

## Interactive Console

The interactive console was added to try Codeception commands before executing them inside a test.

![console](http://codeception.com/images/console.png)

You can run the console with the following command:

``` bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept console suitename
```

Now you can execute all the commands of an appropriate Actor class and see the results immediately.
This is especially useful when used with the `WebDriver` module. It always takes too long to launch Selenium
and the browser for tests. But with the console you can try different selectors, and different commands,
and then write a test that should pass when executed.

And a special hint: show your boss how you can easily manipulate web pages with the console and Selenium.
It will be easy to convince them to automate this step and introduce acceptance testing to the project.

## Running from different folders

If you have several projects with Codeception tests, you can use a single `codecept` file to run all of your tests.
You can pass the `-c` option to any Codeception command (except `bootstrap`), to execute Codeception in another directory:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run -c ~/projects/ecommerce/
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run -c ~/projects/drupal/
$ php vendor/bin/codecept generate:cept acceptance CreateArticle -c ~/projects/drupal/
```

To create a project in directory different from the current one, just provide its path as a parameter:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept bootstrap ~/projects/drupal/
```

Also, the `-c` option allows you to specify another config file to be used.
Thus, you can have several `codeception.yml` files for your test suite (e.g. to to specify different environments
and settings). Just pass the `.yml` filename as the `-c` parameter to execute tests with specific config settings.

## Groups

There are several ways to execute a bunch of tests. You can run tests from a specific directory:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run tests/acceptance/admin
```

You can execute one (or several) specific groups of tests:

```bash
$ php vendor/bin/codecept run -g admin -g editor
```

The concept of groups was taken from PHPUnit and behave in the same way.

For Test and Cest files you can use the `@group` annotation to add a test to a group.

```php
<?php
/**
 * @group admin
 */
public function testAdminUser()
{
}
```

For Cept files, use pseudo-annotations in comments:

```php
<?php
// @group admin
// @group editor
$I = new AcceptanceTester($scenario);
$I->wantToTest('admin area');
```

For `.feature`-files (Gherkin) use tags:

```gherkin
@admin @editor
Feature: Admin area
```

### Group Files

Groups can be defined in global or suite configuration files.
Tests for groups can be specified as an array of file names or directories containing them:

```yaml
groups:
  # add 2 tests to db group
  db: [tests/unit/PersistTest.php, tests/unit/DataTest.php]

  # add all tests from a directory to api group
  api: [tests/functional/api]
```

A list of tests for the group can be passed from a Group file. It should be defined in plain text with test names on separate lines:

```bash
tests/unit/DbTest.php
tests/unit/UserTest.php:create
tests/unit/UserTest.php:update
```
A group file can be included by its relative filename:

```yaml
groups:
  # requiring a group file
  slow: tests/_data/slow.txt
```

You can create group files manually or generate them from third party applications.
For example, you can write a script that updates the slow group by taking the slowest tests from xml report.

You can even specify patterns for loading multiple group files with a single definition:

```yaml
groups:
  p*: tests/_data/p*
```

This will load all found `p*` files in `tests/_data` as groups. Group names will be as follows p1,p2,...,pN.

## Formats

In addition to the standard test formats (Cept, Cest, Unit, Gherkin) you can implement your own format classes to customise your test execution.
Specify these in your suite configuration:

```yaml
formats:
  - \My\Namespace\MyFormat
```

Then define a class which implements the LoaderInterface

```php
namespace My\Namespace;

class MyFormat implements \Codeception\Test\Loader\LoaderInterface
{
    protected $tests;
    
    protected $settings;
    
    public function __construct($settings = [])
    {
        //These are the suite settings
        $this->settings = $settings;
    }
    
    public function loadTests($filename)
    {
        //Load file and create tests
    }

    public function getTests()
    {
        return $this->tests;
    }

    public function getPattern()
    {
        return '~Myformat\.php$~';
    }
}
```

## Shell auto-completion

For bash and zsh shells, you can use auto-completion for your Codeception projects by executing the following in your shell (or add it to your .bashrc/.zshrc):
```bash
# BASH ~4.x, ZSH
source <([codecept location] _completion --generate-hook --program codecept --use-vendor-bin)

# BASH ~3.x, ZSH
[codecept location] _completion --generate-hook --program codecept --use-vendor-bin | source /dev/stdin

# BASH (any version)
eval $([codecept location] _completion --generate-hook --program codecept --use-vendor-bin)
```

### Explanation

By using the above code in your shell, Codeception will try to autocomplete the following:
* Commands
* Suites
* Test paths

Usage of `-use-vendor-bin` is optional. This option will work for most Codeception projects, where Codeception is located in your `vendor/bin` folder.
But in case you are using a global Codeception installation for example, you wouldn't use this option.

Note that with the `-use-vendor-bin` option, your commands will be completed using the Codeception binary located in your project's root.
Without the option, it will use whatever Codeception binary you originally used to generate the completion script ('codecept location' in the above examples)

## Conclusion

Codeception is a framework which may look simple at first glance
but it allows you to build powerful tests with a single API, refactor them,
and write them faster using the interactive console. Codeception tests can be easily organized in groups or Cest classes.
