////
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
(the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
////

anchor:gremlin-variants[]
[[gremlin-drivers-variants]]
= Gremlin Drivers and Variants

image::gremlin-house-of-mirrors.png[width=1024]

At this point, readers should be well familiar with the <<intro,Introduction>> to this Reference Documentation and
will likely be thinking about implementation details specific to the graph provider they have selected as well as
the programming language they intend to use. The choice of programming language could have implications to the
architecture and design of the application and the choice itself may have limits imposed upon it by the chosen graph
provider. For example, a <<connecting-rgp,Remote Gremlin Provider>> will require the selection of a driver to interact
with it. On the other hand, a graph system that is designed for embedded use, like TinkerGraph, needs the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) environment which is easily accessed with a JVM programming language. If however the programming
language is not built for the JVM then it will require <<connecting-gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> in the architecture
as well.

TinkerPop provides an array of drivers in different programming languages as a way to connect to a remote Gremlin
Server or Remote Gremlin Provider. Drivers allow the developer to make requests to that remote system and get back
results from the TinkerPop-enabled graphs hosted within. A driver can submit Gremlin strings and Gremlin bytecode
over this sub-protocol. Gremlin strings are written in the scripting language made available by the remote system that
the driver is connecting to (typically, Groovy-based). This connection approach is quite similar to what developers
are likely familiar with when using JDBC and SQL.

The preferred approach is to use bytecode-based requests, which essentially allows the ability to craft Gremlin
directly in the programming language of choice. As Gremlin makes use of two fundamental programming constructs:
link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition[function composition] and
link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_function[function nesting], it is possible to embed the Gremlin language
in any modern programming language. It is a far more natural way to program, because it enables IDE interaction,
compile time checks, and language level checks that can help prevent errors prior to execution. The differences
between these two approaches were outlined in the <<connecting-via-drivers,Connecting Via Drivers>> Section, which
applies to Gremlin Server, but also to Remote Gremlin Providers.

In addition to the languages and drivers that TinkerPop supports, there are also third-party implementations, as well
as extensions to the Gremlin language that might be specific to a particular graph provider. That listing can be
found on the TinkerPop link:https://tinkerpop.apache.org/#graph-systems[home page]. Their description is beyond the
scope of this documentation.

TIP: When possible, it is typically best to align the version of TinkerPop used on the client with the version
supported on the server. While it is not impossible to have a different version between client and server, it may
require additional configuration and/or a deeper knowledge of that changes introduced between versions. It's simply
safer to avoid the conflict, when allowed to do so.

IMPORTANT: Gremlin-Java is the canonical representation of Gremlin and any (proper) Gremlin language variant will
emulate its structure as best as possible given the constructs of the host language. A strong correspondence between
variants ensures that the general Gremlin reference documentation is applicable to all variants and that users moving
between development languages can easily adopt the Gremlin variant for that language.

image::gremlin-variant-architecture.png[width=650]

The following sections describe each language variant and driver that is officially TinkerPop a part of the project,
providing more detailed information about usage, configuration and known limitations.

[[gremlin-groovy]]
== Gremlin-Groovy

image:gremlin-groovy-drawing.png[width=130,float=right] Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin-Groovy implements Gremlin within the
link:http://groovy.apache.org[Apache Groovy] language. As a JVM-based language variant, Gremlin-Groovy is backed by
<<gremlin-java,Gremlin-Java>> constructs. Moreover, given its scripting nature, Gremlin-Groovy serves as the language of
<<gremlin-console,Gremlin Console>> and <<gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>>.

[source,groovy]
----
compile group: 'org.apache.tinkerpop', name: 'gremlin-core', version: 'x.y.z'
compile group: 'org.apache.tinkerpop', name: 'gremlin-driver', version: 'x.y.z'
----

[[gremlin-groovy-differences]]
=== Differences

In Groovy, `as`, `in`, and `not` are reserved words. Gremlin-Groovy does not allow these steps to be called
statically from the anonymous traversal `+__+` and therefore, must always be prefixed with `+__.+` For instance:
`+g.V().as('a').in().as('b').where(__.not(__.as('a').out().as('b')))+`

Since Groovy has access to the full JVM as Java does, it is possible to construct `Date`-like objects directly, but
the Gremlin language does offer a `datetime()` function that is exposed in the Gremlin Console and as a function for
Gremlin scripts sent to Gremlin Server. The function accepts the following forms of dates and times using a default
time zone offset of UTC(+00:00):

* `2018-03-22`
* `2018-03-22T00:35:44`
* `2018-03-22T00:35:44Z`
* `2018-03-22T00:35:44.741`
* `2018-03-22T00:35:44.741Z`
* `2018-03-22T00:35:44.741+1600`

anchor:connecting-via-remotegraph[]
anchor:connecting-via-java[]
[[gremlin-java]]
== Gremlin-Java

image:gremlin-java-drawing.png[width=130,float=right] Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin-Java implements Gremlin within the
Java language and can be used by any Java Virtual Machine. Gremlin-Java is considered the canonical, reference
implementation of Gremlin and serves as the foundation by which all other Gremlin language variants should emulate.
As the Gremlin Traversal Machine that processes Gremlin queries is also written in Java, it can be used in all three
connection methods described in the <<connecting-gremlin,Connecting Gremlin>> Section.

[source,xml]
----
<dependency>
   <groupId>org.apache.tinkerpop</groupId>
   <artifactId>gremlin-core</artifactId>
   <version>x.y.z</version>
</dependency>

<!-- when using Gremlin Server or Remote Gremlin Provider a driver is required -->
<dependency>
   <groupId>org.apache.tinkerpop</groupId>
   <artifactId>gremlin-driver</artifactId>
   <version>x.y.z</version>
</dependency>

<!--
alternatively the driver is packaged as an uberjar with shaded non-optional dependencies including gremlin-core and
tinkergraph-gremlin which are not shaded.
-->
<dependency>
   <groupId>org.apache.tinkerpop</groupId>
   <artifactId>gremlin-driver</artifactId>
   <version>x.y.z</version>
   <classifier>shaded</classifier>
   <!-- The shaded JAR uses the original POM, therefore conflicts may still need resolution -->
   <exclusions>
      <exclusion>
         <groupId>io.netty</groupId>
         <artifactId>*</artifactId>
      </exclusion>
   </exclusions>
</dependency>
----

[[gremlin-java-connecting]]
=== Connecting

The pattern for connecting is described in <<connecting-gremlin,Connecting Gremlin>> and it basically distills down
to creating a `GraphTraversalSource`. For <<connecting-embedded,embedded>> mode, this involves first creating a
`Graph` and then spawning the `GraphTraversalSource`:

[source,java]
----
Graph graph = ...;
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withEmbedded(graph);
----

Using "g" it is then possible to start writing Gremlin. The "g" allows for the setting of many configuration options
which affect traversal execution. The <<traversal, Traversal>> Section describes some of these options and some are
only suitable with <<connecting-embedded,embedded>> style usage. For remote options however there are some added
configurations to consider and this section looks to address those.

When connecting to <<connecting-gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> or <<connecting-rgp,Remote Gremlin Providers>>  it
is possible to configure the `DriverRemoteConnection` manually as shown in earlier examples where the host and port
are provided as follows:

[source,java]
----
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection.using("localhost",8182,"g"));
----

It is also possible to create it from a configuration. The most basic way to do so involves the following line of code:

[source,java]
----
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withRemote('conf/remote-graph.properties');
----

The `remote-graph.properties` file simply provides connection information to the `GraphTraversalSource` which is used
to configure a `RemoteConnection`. That file looks like this:

[source,text]
----
gremlin.remote.remoteConnectionClass=org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.driver.remote.DriverRemoteConnection
gremlin.remote.driver.clusterFile=conf/remote-objects.yaml
gremlin.remote.driver.sourceName=g
----

The `RemoteConnection` is an interface that provides the transport mechanism for "g" and makes it possible to for
that mechanism to be altered (typically by graph providers who have their own protocols). TinkerPop provides one such
implementation called the `DriverRemoteConnection` which enables transport over Gremlin Server protocols using the
TinkerPop driver. The driver is configured by the specified `gremlin.remote.driver.clusterFile` and the local "g" is
bound to the `GraphTraversalSource` on the remote end with `gremlin.remote.driver.sourceName` which in this case is
also "g".

There are other ways to configure the traversal using `withRemote()` as it has other overloads. It can take an
Apache Commons `Configuration` object which would have keys similar to those shown in the properties file and it
can also take a `RemoteConnection` instance directly. The latter is interesting in that it means it is possible to
programmatically construct all aspects of the `RemoteConnection`. For TinkerPop usage, that might mean directly
constructing the `DriverRemoteConnection` and the driver instance that supplies the transport mechanism. For example,
the command shown above could be re-written using programmatic construction as follows:

[source,java]
----
Cluster cluster = Cluster.open();
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection.using(cluster, "g"));
----

Please consider the following example:

[gremlin-groovy]
----
g = traversal().withRemote('conf/remote-graph.properties')
g.V().elementMap()
g.close()
----

[source,java]
----
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withRemote("conf/remote-graph.properties");
List<Map> list = g.V().elementMap();
g.close();
----

Note the call to `close()` above. The call to `withRemote()` internally instantiates a connection via the driver that
can only be released by "closing" the `GraphTraversalSource`. It is important to take that step to release network
resources associated with `g`.

If working with multiple remote `TraversalSource` instances it is more efficient to construct `Cluster` and `Client`
objects and then re-use them.

[gremlin-groovy]
----
cluster = Cluster.open('conf/remote-objects.yaml')
client = cluster.connect()
g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection.using(client, "g"))
g.V().elementMap()
g.close()
client.close()
cluster.close()
----

If the `Client` instance is supplied externally, as is shown above, then it is not closed implicitly by the close of
"g".  Closing "g" will have no effect on "client" or "cluster". When supplying them externally, the `Client` and
`Cluster` objects must also be closed explicitly. It's worth noting that the close of a `Cluster` will close all
`Client` instances spawned by the `Cluster`.

Some connection options can also be set on individual requests made through the Java driver using `with()` step
on the `TraversalSource`. For instance to set request timeout to 500 milliseconds:

[source,java]
----
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withRemote(conf);
List<Vertex> vertices = g.with(Tokens.ARGS_EVAL_TIMEOUT, 500L).V().out("knows").toList()
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated). Use of `Tokens`
to reference these options is preferred.

anchor:java-imports[]
[[gremlin-java-imports]]
=== Common Imports

There are a number of classes, functions and tokens that are typically used with Gremlin. The following imports
provide most of the common functionality required to use Gremlin:

[source,java]
----
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.dsl.graph.GraphTraversalSource;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.IO;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.AnonymousTraversalSource.traversal;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.Operator.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.Order.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.P.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.Pop.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.SackFunctions.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.Scope.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.TextP.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Column.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Direction.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T.*;
import static org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.dsl.graph.__.*;
----

[[gremlin-java-configuration]]
=== Configuration

The following table describes the various configuration options for the Gremlin Driver:

[width="100%",cols="3,10,^2",options="header"]
|=========================================================
|Key |Description |Default
|connectionPool.channelizer |The fully qualified classname of the client `Channelizer` that defines how to connect to the server. |`Channelizer.WebSocketChannelizer`
|connectionPool.enableSsl |Determines if SSL should be enabled or not. If enabled on the server then it must be enabled on the client. |false
|connectionPool.keepAliveInterval |Length of time in milliseconds to wait on an idle connection before sending a keep-alive request. Set to zero to disable this feature. |180000
|connectionPool.keyStore |The private key in JKS or PKCS#12 format. |_none_
|connectionPool.keyStorePassword |The password of the `keyStore` if it is password-protected. |_none_
|connectionPool.keyStoreType |`JKS` (Java 8 default) or `PKCS12` (Java 9+ default)|_none_
|connectionPool.maxContentLength |The maximum length in bytes that a message can be sent to the server. This number can be no greater than the setting of the same name in the server configuration. |65536
|connectionPool.maxInProcessPerConnection |The maximum number of in-flight requests that can occur on a connection. |4
|connectionPool.maxSimultaneousUsagePerConnection |The maximum number of times that a connection can be borrowed from the pool simultaneously. |16
|connectionPool.maxSize |The maximum size of a connection pool for a host. |8
|connectionPool.maxWaitForConnection |The amount of time in milliseconds to wait for a new connection before timing out. |3000
|connectionPool.maxWaitForClose |The amount of time in milliseconds to wait for pending messages to be returned from the server before closing the connection. |3000
|connectionPool.minInProcessPerConnection |The minimum number of in-flight requests that can occur on a connection. |1
|connectionPool.minSimultaneousUsagePerConnection |The maximum number of times that a connection can be borrowed from the pool simultaneously. |8
|connectionPool.minSize |The minimum size of a connection pool for a host. |2
|connectionPool.reconnectInterval |The amount of time in milliseconds to wait before trying to reconnect to a dead host. |1000
|connectionPool.resultIterationBatchSize |The override value for the size of the result batches to be returned from the server. |64
|connectionPool.sslCipherSuites |The list of JSSE ciphers to support for SSL connections. If specified, only the ciphers that are listed and supported will be enabled. If not specified, the JVM default is used.  |_none_
|connectionPool.sslEnabledProtocols |The list of SSL protocols to support for SSL connections. If specified, only the protocols that are listed and supported will be enabled. If not specified, the JVM default is used.  |_none_
|connectionPool.sslSkipCertValidation |Configures the `TrustManager` to trust all certs without any validation. Should not be used in production.|false
|connectionPool.trustStore |File location for a SSL Certificate Chain to use when SSL is enabled. If this value is not provided and SSL is enabled, the default `TrustManager` will be used. |_none_
|connectionPool.trustStorePassword |The password of the `trustStore` if it is password-protected |_none_
|connectionPool.validationRequest |A script that is used to test server connectivity. A good script to use is one that evaluates quickly and returns no data. The default simply returns an empty string, but if a graph is required by a particular provider, a good traversal might be `g.inject()`. |_''_
|connectionPool.connectionSetupTimeoutMillis | Duration of time in milliseconds provided for connection setup to complete which includes WebSocket protocol handshake and SSL handshake. |15000
|hosts |The list of hosts that the driver will connect to. |localhost
|jaasEntry |Sets the `AuthProperties.Property.JAAS_ENTRY` properties for authentication to Gremlin Server. |_none_
|nioPoolSize |Size of the pool for handling request/response operations. |available processors
|password |The password to submit on requests that require authentication. |_none_
|path |The URL path to the Gremlin Server. |_/gremlin_
|port |The port of the Gremlin Server to connect to. The same port will be applied for all hosts. |8192
|protocol |Sets the `AuthProperties.Property.PROTOCOL` properties for authentication to Gremlin Server. |_none_
|serializer.className |The fully qualified class name of the `MessageSerializer` that will be used to communicate with the server. Note that the serializer configured on the client should be supported by the server configuration. |_none_
|serializer.config |A `Map` of configuration settings for the serializer. |_none_
|username |The username to submit on requests that require authentication. |_none_
|workerPoolSize |Size of the pool for handling background work. |available processors * 2
|=========================================================

Please see the link:https://tinkerpop.apache.org/javadocs/x.y.z/core/org/apache/tinkerpop/gremlin/driver/Cluster.Builder.html[Cluster.Builder javadoc] to get more information on these settings.

[[gremlin-java-transactions]]
=== Transactions

Transactions with Java are best described in <<transactions,The Traversal - Transactions>> section of this
documentation as Java covers both embedded and remote use cases.

[[gremlin-java-serialization]]
=== Serialization

Remote systems like Gremlin Server and Remote Gremlin Providers respond to requests made in a particular serialization
format and respond by serializing results to some format to be interpreted by the client. For JVM-based languages,
there are three options for serialization: Gryo, GraphSON and GraphBinary. It is important that the client and server
have the same serializers configured in the same way or else one or the other will experience serialization exceptions
and fail to always communicate. Discrepancy in serializer registration between client and server can happen fairly
easily as different graph systems may automatically include serializers on the server-side, thus leaving the client
to be configured manually. As an example:

[source,java]
----
IoRegistry registry = ...; // an IoRegistry instance exposed by a specific graph provider
TypeSerializerRegistry typeSerializerRegistry = TypeSerializerRegistry.build().addRegistry(registry).create();
MessageSerializer serializer = new GraphBinaryMessageSerializerV1(typeSerializerRegistry);
Cluster cluster = Cluster.build().
                          serializer(serializer).
                          create();
Client client = cluster.connect();
GraphTraversalSource g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection.using(client, "g"));
----

The `IoRegistry` tells the serializer what classes from the graph provider to auto-register during serialization.
Gremlin Server roughly uses this same approach when it configures its serializers, so using this same model will
ensure compatibility when making requests. Obviously, it is possible to switch to GraphSON or Gryo by using
the appropriate `MessageSerializer` (e.g. `GraphSONMessageSerializerV3d0` or `GryoMessageSerializerV3d0` respectively)
in the same way and building that into the `Cluster` object.

NOTE: Gryo is no longer the preferred binary serialization format for Gremlin Server - please prefer GraphBinary.

[[gremlin-java-lambda]]
=== The Lambda Solution

Supporting link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function[anonymous functions] across languages is difficult as
most languages do not support lambda introspection and thus, code analysis. In Gremlin-Java and with
<<connecting-embedded,embedded>> usage, lambdas can be leveraged directly:

[source,java]
----
g.V().out("knows").map(t -> t.get().value("name") + " is the friend name") <1>
g.V().out("knows").sideEffect(System.out::println) <2>
g.V().as("a").out("knows").as("b").select("b").by((Function<Vertex, Integer>) v -> v.<String>value("name").length()) <3>
----

<1> A Java `Function` is used to map a `Traverser<S>` to an object `E`.
<2> Gremlin steps that take consumer arguments can be passed Java method references.
<3> Gremlin-Java may sometimes require explicit lambda typing when types can not be automatically inferred.

When sending traversals remotely to <<connecting-gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> or
<<connecting-rgp,Remote Gremlin Providers>>, the static methods of `Lambda` should be used and should denote a
particular JSR-223 `ScriptEngine` that is available on the remote end (typically, this is Groovy). `Lambda` creates a
string-based lambda that is  then converted into a lambda/closure/anonymous-function/etc. by the respective lambda
language's JSR-223 `ScriptEngine` implementation.

[source,java]
----
g.V().out("knows").map(Lambda.function("it.get().value('name') + ' is the friend name'"))
g.V().out("knows").sideEffect(Lambda.consumer("println it"))
g.V().as("a").out("knows").as("b").select("b").by(Lambda.<Vertex,Integer>function("it.value('name').length()"))
----

Finally, Gremlin `Bytecode` that includes lambdas requires that the traversal be processed by the
`ScriptEngine`. To avoid continued recompilation costs, it supports the encoding of bindings, which allow Gremlin
Server to cache traversals that will be reused over and over again save that some parameterization may change. Thus,
instead of translating, compiling, and then executing each submitted bytecode request, it is possible to simply
execute. To express bindings in Java, use `Bindings`.

[source,java]
----
b = Bindings.instance()
g.V(b.of('id',1)).out('created').values('name').map{t -> "name: " + t.get() }
g.V(b.of('id',4)).out('created').values('name').map{t -> "name: " + t.get() }
g.V(b.of('id',4)).out('created').values('name').getBytecode()
g.V(b.of('id',4)).out('created').values('name').getBytecode().getBindings()
cluster.close()
----

Both traversals are abstractly defined as `g.V(id).out('created').values('name').map{t -> "name: " + t.get() }` and
thus, the first submission can be cached for faster evaluation on the next submission.

WARNING: It is generally advised to avoid lambda usage. Please consider <<a-note-on-lambdas,A Note On Lambdas>> for
more information.

[[gremlin-java-scripts]]
=== Submitting Scripts

image:gremlin-java.png[width=175,float=left] TinkerPop comes equipped with a reference client for Java-based
applications.  It is referred to as `gremlin-driver`, which enables applications to send requests to Gremlin Server
and get back results.

Gremlin scripts are sent to the server from a `Client` instance.  A `Client` is created as follows:

[source,java]
----
Cluster cluster = Cluster.open();  <1>
Client client = cluster.connect(); <2>
----

<1> Opens a reference to `localhost` - note that there are many configuration options available in defining a `Cluster` object.
<2> Creates a `Client` given the configuration options of the `Cluster`.

Once a `Client` instance is ready, it is possible to issue some Gremlin Groovy scripts:

[source,java]
----
ResultSet results = client.submit("[1,2,3,4]");  <1>
results.stream().map(i -> i.get(Integer.class) * 2);       <2>

CompletableFuture<List<Result>> results = client.submit("[1,2,3,4]").all();  <3>

CompletableFuture<ResultSet> future = client.submitAsync("[1,2,3,4]"); <4>

Map<String,Object> params = new HashMap<>();
params.put("x",4);
client.submit("[1,2,3,x]", params); <5>
----

<1> Submits a script that simply returns a `List` of integers.  This method blocks until the request is written to
the server and a `ResultSet` is constructed.
<2> Even though the `ResultSet` is constructed, it does not mean that the server has sent back the results (or even
evaluated the script potentially).  The `ResultSet` is just a holder that is awaiting the results from the server.
In this case, they are streamed from the server as they arrive.
<3> Submit a script, get a `ResultSet`, then return a `CompletableFuture` that will be called when all results have been returned.
<4> Submit a script asynchronously without waiting for the request to be written to the server.
<5> Parameterized request are considered the most efficient way to send Gremlin to the server as they can be cached,
which will boost performance and reduce resources required on the server.

==== Per Request Settings

There are a number of overloads to `Client.submit()` that accept a `RequestOptions` object. The `RequestOptions`
provide a way to include options that are specific to the request made with the call to `submit()`. A good use-case for
this feature is to set a per-request override to the `evaluationTimeout` so that it only applies to the current
request.

[source,java]
----
Cluster cluster = Cluster.open();
Client client = cluster.connect();
RequestOptions options = RequestOptions.build().timeout(500).create();
List<Result> result = client.submit("g.V().repeat(both()).times(100)", options).all().get();
----

The preferred method for setting a per-request timeout for scripts is demonstrated above, but those familiar with
bytecode may try `g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500)` within a script. Gremlin Server will respect timeouts set this way
in scripts as well. With scripts of course, it is possible to send multiple traversals at once in the same script.
In such events, the timeout for the request is interpreted as a sum of all timeouts identified in the script.

[source,java]
----
RequestOptions options = RequestOptions.build().timeout(500).create();
List<Result> result = client.submit("g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500).addV().iterate();" +
                                    "g.addV().iterate();" + 
                                    "g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500).addV();", options).all().get();
----

In the above example, `RequestOptions` defines a timeout of 500 milliseconds, but the script has three traversals with
two internal settings for the timeout using `with()`. The request timeout used by the server will therefore be 1000
milliseconds (overriding the 500 which itself was an override for whatever configuration was on the server).

==== Aliases

Scripts submitted to Gremlin Server automatically have the globally configured `Graph` and `TraversalSource` instances
made available to them.  Therefore, if Gremlin Server configures two `TraversalSource` instances called "g1" and "g2"
a script can simply reference them directly as:

[source,java]
----
client.submit("g1.V()")
client.submit("g2.V()")
----

While this is an acceptable way to submit scripts, it has the downside of forcing the client to encode the server-side
variable name directly into the script being sent.  If the server configuration ever changed such that "g1" became
"g100", the client-side code might have to see a significant amount of change.  Decoupling the script code from the
server configuration can be managed by the `alias` method on `Client` as follows:

[source,java]
----
Client g1Client = client.alias("g1")
Client g2Client = client.alias("g2")
g1Client.submit("g.V()")
g2Client.submit("g.V()")
----

The above code demonstrates how the `alias` method can be used such that the script need only contain a reference
to "g" and "g1" and "g2" are automatically rebound into "g" on the server-side.

[[gremlin-java-dsl]]
=== Domain Specific Languages

Creating a <<dsl,Domain Specific Language>> (DSL) in Java requires the `@GremlinDsl` Java annotation in `gremlin-core`.
This annotation should be applied to a "DSL interface" that extends `GraphTraversal.Admin`:

[source,java]
----
@GremlinDsl
public interface SocialTraversalDsl<S, E> extends GraphTraversal.Admin<S, E> {
}
----

IMPORTANT: The name of the DSL interface should be suffixed with "TraversalDSL". All characters in the interface name
before that become the "name" of the DSL.

In this interface, define the methods that the DSL will be composed of:

[source,java]
----
@GremlinDsl
public interface SocialTraversalDsl<S, E> extends GraphTraversal.Admin<S, E> {
    public default GraphTraversal<S, Vertex> knows(String personName) {
        return out("knows").hasLabel("person").has("name", personName);
    }

    public default <E2 extends Number> GraphTraversal<S, E2> youngestFriendsAge() {
        return out("knows").hasLabel("person").values("age").min();
    }

    public default GraphTraversal<S, Long> createdAtLeast(int number) {
        return outE("created").count().is(P.gte(number));
    }
}
----

IMPORTANT: Follow the TinkerPop convention of using `<S,E>` in naming generics as those conventions are taken into
account when generating the anonymous traversal class. The processor attempts to infer the appropriate type parameters
when generating the anonymous traversal class. If it cannot do it correctly, it is possible to avoid the inference by
using the `GremlinDsl.AnonymousMethod` annotation on the DSL method. It allows explicit specification of the types to
use.

The `@GremlinDsl` annotation is used by the link:https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/index.html?javax/annotation/processing/Processor.html[Java Annotation Processor]
to generate the boilerplate class structure required to properly use the DSL within the TinkerPop framework. These
classes can be generated and maintained by hand, but it would be time consuming, monotonous and error-prone to do so.
Typically, the Java compilation process is automatically configured to detect annotation processors on the classpath
and will automatically use them when found. If that does not happen, it may be necessary to make configuration changes
to the build to allow for the compilation process to be aware of the following `javax.annotation.processing.Processor`
implementation:

[source,java]
----
org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.dsl.GremlinDslProcessor
----

The annotation processor will generate several classes for the DSL:

* `SocialTraversal` - A `Traversal` interface that extends the `SocialTraversalDsl` proxying methods to its underlying
interfaces (such as `GraphTraversal`) to instead return a `SocialTraversal`
* `DefaultSocialTraversal` - A default implementation of `SocialTraversal` (typically not used directly by the user)
* `SocialTraversalSource` - Spawns `DefaultSocialTraversal` instances.
* `__` - Spawns anonymous `DefaultSocialTraversal` instances.

Using the DSL then just involves telling the `Graph` to use it:

[source,java]
----
SocialTraversalSource social = traversal(SocialTraversalSource.class).withEmbedded(graph);
social.V().has("name","marko").knows("josh");
----

The `SocialTraversalSource` can also be customized with DSL functions. As an additional step, include a class that
extends from `GraphTraversalSource` and with a name that is suffixed with "TraversalSourceDsl". Include in this class,
any custom methods required by the DSL:

[source,java]
----
public class SocialTraversalSourceDsl extends GraphTraversalSource {

    public SocialTraversalSourceDsl(Graph graph, TraversalStrategies traversalStrategies) {
        super(graph, traversalStrategies);
    }

    public SocialTraversalSourceDsl(Graph graph) {
        super(graph);
    }

    public SocialTraversalSourceDsl(RemoteConnection connection) {
        super(connection);
    }

    public GraphTraversal<Vertex, Vertex> persons(String... names) {
        GraphTraversalSource clone = this.clone();

        // Manually add a "start" step for the traversal in this case the equivalent of V(). GraphStep is marked
        // as a "start" step by passing "true" in the constructor.
        clone.getBytecode().addStep(GraphTraversal.Symbols.V);
        GraphTraversal<Vertex, Vertex> traversal = new DefaultGraphTraversal<>(clone);
        traversal.asAdmin().addStep(new GraphStep<>(traversal.asAdmin(), Vertex.class, true));

        traversal = traversal.hasLabel("person");
        if (names.length > 0) traversal = traversal.has("name", P.within(names));

        return traversal;
    }
}
----

Then, back in the `SocialTraversal` interface, update the `GremlinDsl` annotation with the `traversalSource` argument
to point to the fully qualified class name of the `SocialTraversalSourceDsl`:

[source,java]
----
@GremlinDsl(traversalSource = "com.company.SocialTraversalSourceDsl")
public interface SocialTraversalDsl<S, E> extends GraphTraversal.Admin<S, E> {
    ...
}
----

It is then possible to use the `persons()` method to start traversals:

[source,java]
----
SocialTraversalSource social = traversal(SocialTraversalSource.class).withEmbedded(graph);
social.persons("marko").knows("josh");
----

NOTE: Using Maven, as shown in the `gremlin-archetype-dsl` module, makes developing DSLs with the annotation processor
straightforward in that it sets up appropriate paths to the generated code automatically.

anchor:java-application-examples[]
anchor:gremlin-archetypes[]
[[gremlin-java-examples]]
=== Application Examples

The available link:https://maven.apache.org/guides/introduction/introduction-to-archetypes.html[Maven archetypes] are
as follows:

* `gremlin-archetype-dsl` - An example project that demonstrates how to build Domain Specific Languages with Gremlin
in Java.
* `gremlin-archetype-server` - An example project that demonstrates the basic structure of a
<<gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> project, how to connect with the Gremlin Driver, and how to embed Gremlin Server in
a testing framework.
* `gremlin-archetype-tinkergraph` - A basic example of how to structure a TinkerPop project with Maven.

Use Maven to generate these example projects with a command like:

[source,shell]
$ mvn archetype:generate -DarchetypeGroupId=org.apache.tinkerpop -DarchetypeArtifactId=gremlin-archetype-server \
      -DarchetypeVersion=x.y.z -DgroupId=com.my -DartifactId=app -Dversion=0.1 -DinteractiveMode=false

This command will generate a new Maven project in a directory called "app" with a `pom.xml` specifying a `groupId` of
`com.my`. Please see the `README.asciidoc` in the root of each generated project for information on how to build and
execute it.

[[gremlin-javascript]]
== Gremlin-JavaScript

image:gremlin-js.png[width=130,float=right] Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin-JavaScript implements Gremlin within the
JavaScript language. It targets Node.js runtime and can be used on different operating systems on any Node.js 6 or
above. Since the JavaScript naming conventions are very similar to that of Java, it should be very easy to switch
between Gremlin-Java and Gremlin-JavaScript.

[source,bash]
npm install gremlin

[[gremlin-javascript-connecting]]
=== Connecting

The pattern for connecting is described in <<connecting-gremlin,Connecting Gremlin>> and it basically distills down to
creating a `GraphTraversalSource`. A `GraphTraversalSource` is created from the `AnonymousTraversalSource.traversal()`
method where the "g" provided to the `DriverRemoteConnection` corresponds to the name of a `GraphTraversalSource` on
the remote end.

[source,javascript]
----
const g = traversal().withRemote(new DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin'));
----

Gremlin-JavaScript supports plain text SASL authentication, you can set it on the connection options.

[source,javascript]
----
const authenticator = new gremlin.driver.auth.PlainTextSaslAuthenticator('myuser', 'mypassword');
const g = traversal().withRemote(new DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', { authenticator });
----

Given that I/O operations in Node.js are asynchronous by default, <<terminal-steps,Terminal Steps>> return a `Promise`:

* `Traversal.toList()`: Returns a `Promise` with an `Array` as result value.
* `Traversal.next()`: Returns a `Promise` with a `{ value, done }` tuple as result value, according to the
link:https://github.com/tc39/proposal-async-iteration[async iterator proposal].
* `Traversal.iterate()`: Returns a `Promise` without a value.

For example:

[source,javascript]
----
g.V().hasLabel('person').values('name').toList()
  .then(names => console.log(names));
----

When using `async` functions it is possible to `await` the promises:

[source,javascript]
----
const names = await g.V().hasLabel('person').values('name').toList();
console.log(names);
----

Some connection options can also be set on individual requests made through the using `with()` step on the
`TraversalSource`. For instance to set request timeout to 500 milliseconds:

[source,javascript]
----
const vertices = await g.with_('evaluationTimeout', 500).V().out('knows').toList()
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated).

[[gremlin-javascript-imports]]
=== Common Imports

There are a number of classes, functions and tokens that are typically used with Gremlin. The following imports
provide most of the typical functionality required to use Gremlin:

[source,javascript]
----
const gremlin = require('gremlin');
const traversal = gremlin.process.AnonymousTraversalSource.traversal;
const __ = gremlin.process.statics;
const DriverRemoteConnection = gremlin.driver.DriverRemoteConnection;
const column = gremlin.process.column
const direction = gremlin.process.direction
const p = gremlin.process.P
const textp = gremlin.process.TextP
const pick = gremlin.process.pick
const pop = gremlin.process.pop
const order = gremlin.process.order
const scope = gremlin.process.scope
const t = gremlin.process.t
----

By defining these imports it becomes possible to write Gremlin in the more shorthand, canonical style that is
demonstrated in most examples found here in the documentation:

[source,javascript]
----
const { P: { gt } } = gremlin.process;
const { order: { desc } } = gremlin.process;
g.V().hasLabel('person').has('age',gt(30)).order().by('age',desc).toList()
----

[[gremlin-javascript-transactions]]
=== Transactions

To get a full understanding of this section, it would be good to start by reading the <<transactions,Transactions>>
section of this documentation, which discusses transactions in the general context of TinkerPop itself. This section
builds on that content by demonstrating the transactional syntax for Javascript.

[source,javascript]
----
const g = traversal().withRemote(new DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin'));
const tx = g.tx(); // create a Transaction

// spawn a new GraphTraversalSource binding all traversals established from it to tx
const gtx = tx.begin();

// execute traversals using gtx occur within the scope of the transaction held by tx. the
// tx is closed after calls to commit or rollback and cannot be re-used. simply spawn a
// new Transaction from g.tx() to create a new one as needed. the g context remains
// accessible through all this as a sessionless connection.
Promise.all([
  gtx.addV("person").property("name", "jorge").iterate(),
  gtx.addV("person").property("name", "josh").iterate()
]).then(() => {
  return tx.commit();
}).catch(() => {
  return tx.rollback();
});
----

[[gremlin-javascript-lambda]]
=== The Lambda Solution

Supporting link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function[anonymous functions] across languages is difficult as
most languages do not support lambda introspection and thus, code analysis. In Gremlin-Javascript, a Gremlin lambda
should be represented as a zero-arg callable that returns a string representation of the lambda expected for use in the
traversal. The returned lambda should be written as a Gremlin-Groovy string. When the lambda is represented in
`Bytecode` its language is encoded such that the remote connection host can infer which translator and ultimate
execution engine to use.

[source,javascript]
----
g.V().out().
  map(() => "it.get().value('name').length()").
  sum().
  toList().then(total => console.log(total))
----

TIP: When running into situations where Groovy cannot properly discern a method signature based on the `Lambda`
instance created, it will help to fully define the closure in the lambda expression - so rather than
`() => "it.get().value('name')"`, prefer `() => "x -> x.get().value('name')"`.

WARNING: As explained throughout the documentation, when possible <<a-note-on-lambdas,avoid>> lambdas.

[[gremlin-javascript-scripts]]
=== Submitting Scripts

It is possible to submit parametrized Gremlin scripts to the server as strings, using the `Client` class:

[source,javascript]
----
const gremlin = require('gremlin');
const client = new gremlin.driver.Client('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', { traversalSource: 'g' });

const result1 = await client.submit('g.V(vid)', { vid: 1 });
const vertex = result1.first();

const result2 = await client.submit('g.V().hasLabel(label).tail(n)', { label: 'person', n: 3 });

// ResultSet is an iterable
for (const vertex of result2) {
  console.log(vertex.id);
}
----

It is also possible to initialize the `Client` to use <<sessions,sessions>>:

[source,javascript]
----
const client = new gremlin.driver.Client('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', { traversalSource: 'g', 'session': 'unique-string-id' });
----

With this configuration, the state of variables within scripts are preserved between requests.

==== Per Request Settings

The `client.submit()` functions accept a `requestOptions` which expects a dictionary. The `requestOptions`
provide a way to include options that are specific to the request made with the call to `submit()`. A good use-case for
this feature is to set a per-request override to the `evaluationTimeout` so that it only applies to the current
request.

[source,javascript]
----
const result = await client.submit("g.V().repeat(both()).times(100)", null, { evaluationTimeout: 5000 })
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated).

IMPORTANT: The preferred method for setting a per-request timeout for scripts is demonstrated above, but those familiar
with bytecode may try `g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500)` within a script. Scripts with multiple traversals and multiple
timeouts will be interpreted as a sum of all timeouts identified in the script for that request.


==== Processing results as they are returned from the Gremlin server


The Gremlin JavaScript driver maintains a WebSocket connection to the Gremlin server and receives messages according to the `batchSize` parameter on the per request settings or the `resultIterationBatchSize` value configured for the Gremlin server. When submitting scripts the default behavior is to wait for the entire result set to be returned from a query before allowing any processing on the result set.

The following examples assume that you have 100 vertices in your graph.

[source,javascript]
----
const result = await client.submit("g.V()");
console.log(result.toArray()); // 100 - all the vertices in your graph
----

When working with larger result sets it may be beneficial for memory management to process each chunk of data as it is returned from the gremlin server. The Gremlin JavaScript driver can return a readable stream instead of waiting for the entire result set to be loaded.

[source,javascript]
----

const readable =  client.stream("g.V()", {}, { batchSize: 25 });

readable.on('data', (data) => {
  console.log(data.toArray()); // 25 vertices
})

readable.on('error', (error) => {
  console.log(error); // errors returned from gremlin server
})

readable.on('end', () => {
  console.log('query complete'); // when the end event is received then all the results have been processed
})
----

If you are using NodeJS >= 10.0, you can asynchronously iterate readable streams:


[source,javascript]
----

const readable = client.stream("g.V()", {}, { batchSize: 25 });

try {
  for await (const result of readable) {
    console.log('data', result.toArray()); // 25 vertices
  }
} catch (err) {
  console.log(err);
}

----


[[gremlin-javascript-dsl]]
=== Domain Specific Languages

Developing Gremlin DSLs in JavaScript largely requires extension of existing core classes with use of standalone
functions for anonymous traversal spawning. The pattern is demonstrated in the following example:

[source,javascript]
----
class SocialTraversal extends GraphTraversal {
  constructor(graph, traversalStrategies, bytecode) {
    super(graph, traversalStrategies, bytecode);
  }

  aged(age) {
    return this.has('person', 'age', age);
  }
}

class SocialTraversalSource extends GraphTraversalSource {
  constructor(graph, traversalStrategies, bytecode) {
    super(graph, traversalStrategies, bytecode, SocialTraversalSource, SocialTraversal);
  }

  person(name) {
    return this.V().has('person', 'name', name);
  }
}

function anonymous() {
  return new SocialTraversal(null, null, new Bytecode());
}

function aged(age) {
  return anonymous().aged(age);
}
----

`SocialTraversal` extends the core `GraphTraversal` class and has a three argument constructor which is immediately
proxied to the `GraphTraversal` constructor. New DSL steps are then added to this class using available steps to
construct the underlying traversal to execute as demonstrated in the `aged()` step.

The `SocialTraversal` is spawned from a `SocialTraversalSource` which is extended from `GraphTraversalSource`. Steps
added here are meant to be start steps. In the above case, the `person()` start step find a "person" vertex to begin
the traversal from.

Typically, steps that are made available on a `GraphTraversal` (i.e. SocialTraversal in this example) should also be
made available as spawns for anonymous traversals. The recommendation is that these steps be exposed in the module
as standalone functions. In the example above, the standalone `aged()` step creates an anonymous traversal through
an `anonymous()` utility function. The method for creating these standalone functions can be handled in other ways if
desired.

To use the DSL, simply initialize the `g` as follows:

[source,javascript]
----
const g = traversal(SocialTraversalSource).withRemote(connection);
g.person('marko').aged(29).values('name').toList().
  then(names => console.log(names));
----

[[javascript-differences]]
[[gremlin-javascript-differences]]
=== Differences

In situations where Javascript reserved words and global functions overlap with standard Gremlin steps and tokens, those
bits of conflicting Gremlin get an underscore appended as a suffix:

*Steps* - <<from-step,from_()>>, <<in-step,in_()>>, <<with-step,with_()>>

Gremlin allows for `Map` instances to include `null` keys, but `null` keys in Javascript have some interesting behavior
as in:

[source,text]
----
> var a = { null: 'something', 'b': 'else' };
> JSON.stringify(a)
'{"null":"something","b":"else"}'
> JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(a))
{ null: 'something', b: 'else' }
> a[null]
'something'
> a['null']
'something'
----

This behavior needs to be considered when using Gremlin to return such results. A typical situation where this might
happen is with `group()` or `groupCount()` as in:

[source,javascript]
----
g.V().groupCount().by('age')
----

where "age" is not a valid key for all vertices. In these cases, it will return `null` for that key and group on that.
It may bet better in Javascript to filter away those vertices to avoid the return of `null` in the returned `Map`:

[source,javascript]
----
g.V().has('age').groupCount().by('age')
g.V().hasLabel('person').groupCount().by('age')
----

Either of the above two options accomplishes the desired goal as both prevent `groupCount()` from having to process
the possibility of `null`.

[[gremlin-javascript-limitations]]
=== Limitations

* The `subgraph()`-step is not supported by any variant that is not running on the Java Virtual Machine as there is
no `Graph` instance to deserialize a result into on the client-side. A workaround is to replace the step with
`aggregate(local)` and then convert those results to something the client can use locally.

anchor:gremlin-DotNet[]
[[gremlin-dotnet]]
== Gremlin.Net

image:gremlin-dotnet-logo.png[width=371,float=right] Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin.Net implements Gremlin within the C#
language. It targets .NET Standard and can therefore be used on different operating systems and with different .NET
frameworks, such as .NET Framework and link:https://www.microsoft.com/net/core[.NET Core]. Since the C# syntax is very
similar to that of Java, it should be easy to switch between Gremlin-Java and Gremlin.Net. The only major syntactical
difference is that all method names in Gremlin.Net use PascalCase as opposed to camelCase in Gremlin-Java in order
to comply with .NET conventions.

[source,powershell]
nuget install Gremlin.Net

[[gremlin-dotnet-connecting]]
=== Connecting

The pattern for connecting is described in <<connecting-gremlin,Connecting Gremlin>> and it basically distills down to
creating a `GraphTraversalSource`. A `GraphTraversalSource` is created from the `AnonymousTraversalSource.traversal()`
method where the "g" provided to the `DriverRemoteConnection` corresponds to the name of a `GraphTraversalSource` on
the remote end.

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=connecting]
----

Some connection options can also be set on individual requests using the `With()` step on the `TraversalSource`.
For instance to set request timeout to 500 milliseconds:

[source,csharp]
----
var l = g.With(Tokens.ArgsEvalTimeout, 500).V().Out("knows").Count().ToList();
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated). These options are
available as constants on the `Gremlin.Net.Driver.Tokens` class.

[[gremlin-dotnet-imports]]
=== Common Imports

There are a number of classes, functions and tokens that are typically used with Gremlin. The following imports
provide most of the typical functionality required to use Gremlin:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=commonImports]
----

[[gremlin-dotnet-configuration]]
=== Configuration

The connection properties for the Gremlin.Net driver can be passed to the `GremlinServer` instance as keyword arguments:

[width="100%",cols="3,10,^2",options="header"]
|=========================================================
|Key |Description |Default
|hostname |The hostname that the driver will connect to. |localhost
|port |The port on which Gremlin Server can be reached. |8182
|enableSsl |Determines if SSL should be enabled or not. If enabled on the server then it must be enabled on the client. |false
|username |The username to submit on requests that require authentication. |_none_
|password |The password to submit on requests that require authentication. |_none_
|=========================================================

==== Connection Pool

It is also possible to configure the `ConnectionPool` of the Gremlin.Net driver.
These configuration options can be set as properties
on the `ConnectionPoolSettings` instance that can be passed to the `GremlinClient`:

[width="100%",cols="3,10,^2",options="header"]
|=========================================================
|Key |Description |Default
|PoolSize |The size of the connection pool. |4
|MaxInProcessPerConnection |The maximum number of in-flight requests that can occur on a connection. |32
|ReconnectionAttempts |The number of attempts to get an open connection from the pool to submit a request. |4
|ReconnectionBaseDelay |The base delay used for the exponential backoff for the reconnection attempts. |1 s
|=========================================================

A `NoConnectionAvailableException` is thrown if all connections have reached the `MaxInProcessPerConnection` limit
when a new request comes in.
A `ServerUnavailableException` is thrown if no connection is available to the server to submit a request after
`ReconnectionAttempts` retries.

==== WebSocket Configuration

The WebSocket connections can also be configured, directly as parameters of the `GremlinClient` constructor. It takes
an optional delegate `webSocketConfiguration` that will be invoked for each connection. This makes it possible to
configure more advanced options like the `KeepAliveInterval` or client certificates.

Starting with .NET 6, it is also possible to use compression for WebSockets. This is enabled by default starting with
TinkerPop 3.5.3 (again, only on .NET 6 or higher). Note that compression might make an application susceptible to
attacks like CRIME/BREACH. Compression should therefore be turned off if the application sends sensitive data to the
server as well as data that could potentially be controlled by an untrusted user. Compression can be disabled via the
`disableCompression` parameter.

[[gremlin-dotnet-serialization]]
=== Serialization

The Gremlin.Net driver uses by default GraphSON 3.0 but it is also possible to use another serialization format by passing a message serializer when creating the `GremlinClient`.

GraphBinary can be configured like this:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=serializationBinary]
----

and GraphSON 2.0 like this:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=serializationGraphSon]
----

[[gremlin-dotnet-strategies]]
=== Traversal Strategies

In order to add and remove traversal strategies from a traversal source, Gremlin.Net has an `AbstractTraversalStrategy`
class along with a collection of subclasses that mirror the standard Gremlin-Java strategies.

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=traversalStrategies]
----

NOTE: Many of the TraversalStrategy classes in Gremlin.Net are proxies to the respective strategy on Apache TinkerPop’s
JVM-based Gremlin traversal machine. As such, their `Apply(ITraversal)` method does nothing. However, the strategy is
encoded in the Gremlin.Net bytecode and transmitted to the Gremlin traversal machine for re-construction machine-side.

[[gremlin-dotnet-transactions]]
=== Transactions

To get a full understanding of this section, it would be good to start by reading the <<transactions,Transactions>>
section of this documentation, which discusses transactions in the general context of TinkerPop itself. This section
builds on that content by demonstrating the transactional syntax for C#.

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=transactions]
----

[[gremlin-dotnet-lambda]]
=== The Lambda Solution

Supporting link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function[anonymous functions] across languages is difficult as
most languages do not support lambda introspection and thus, code analysis. While Gremlin.Net doesn't support C# lambdas, it
is still able to represent lambdas in other languages. When the lambda is represented in `Bytecode` its language is encoded
such that the remote connection host can infer which translator and ultimate execution engine to use.

[source,csharp]
----
g.V().Out().Map<int>(Lambda.Groovy("it.get().value('name').length()")).Sum<int>().ToList();      <1>
g.V().Out().Map<int>(Lambda.Python("lambda x: len(x.get().value('name'))")).Sum<int>().ToList(); <2>
----

<1> `Lambda.Groovy()` can be used to create a Groovy lambda. 
<2> `Lambda.Python()` can be used to create a Python lambda.

The `ILambda` interface returned by these two methods inherits interfaces like `IFunction` and `IPredicate` that mirror
their Java counterparts which makes it possible to use lambdas with Gremlin.Net for the same steps as in Gremlin-Java.

TIP: When running into situations where Groovy cannot properly discern a method signature based on the `Lambda`
instance created, it will help to fully define the closure in the lambda expression - so rather than
`Lambda.Groovy("it.get().value('name'))`, prefer `Lambda.Groovy("x -> x.get().value('name'))`.

[[gremlin-dotnet-scripts]]
=== Submitting Scripts

Gremlin scripts are sent to the server from a `IGremlinClient` instance.  A `IGremlinClient` is created as follows:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=submittingScripts]
----

If the remote system has authentication and SSL enabled, then the `GremlinServer` object can be configured as follows:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=submittingScriptsWithAuthentication]
----

It is also possible to initialize the `Client` to use <<sessions,sessions>>:

[source,csharp]
----
var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer("localhost", 8182);
var client = new GremlinClient(gremlinServer, sessionId: Guid.NewGuid().ToString()))
----

==== Per Request Settings

The `GremlinClient.Submit()` functions accept an option to build a raw `RequestMessage`. A good use-case for this
feature is to set a per-request override to the `evaluationTimeout` so that it only applies to the current request.

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsTests.cs[tags=submittingScriptsWithTimeout]
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated). These options are
available as constants on the `Gremlin.Net.Driver.Tokens` class.

IMPORTANT: The preferred method for setting a per-request timeout for scripts is demonstrated above, but those familiar
with bytecode may try `g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500)` within a script. Scripts with multiple traversals and multiple
timeouts will be interpreted as a sum of all timeouts identified in the script for that request.

anchor:gremlin-net-dsl[]
[[gremlin-dotnet-dsl]]
=== Domain Specific Languages

Developing a <<dsl,Domain Specific Language>> (DSL) for .Net is most easily implemented using
link:https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/extension-methods[Extension Methods]
as they don't require direct extension of classes in the TinkerPop hierarchy. Extension Method classes simply need to
be constructed for the `GraphTraversal` and the `GraphTraversalSource`. Unfortunately, anonymous traversals (spawned
from `+__+`) can't use the Extension Method approach as they do not work for static classes and static classes can't be
extended. The only option is to re-implement the methods of `+__+` as a wrapper in the anonymous traversal for the DSL
or to simply create a static class for the DSL and use the two anonymous traversals creators independently. The
following example uses the latter approach as it saves a lot of boilerplate code with the minor annoyance of having a
second static class to deal with when writing traversals rather than just calling `+__+` for everything.

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsDsl.cs[tags=dsl]
----

Note the creation of `__Social` as the Social DSL's "extension" to the available ways in which to spawn anonymous
traversals. The use of the double underscore prefix in the name is just a convention to consider using and is not a
requirement. To use the DSL, bring it into scope with the `using` directive:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsDslTests.cs[tags=dslUsing]
----

and then it can be called from the application as follows:

[source,csharp]
----
include::../../../gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Docs/Reference/GremlinVariantsDslTests.cs[tags=dslExamples]
----

anchor:gremlin-net-differences[]
[[gremlin-dotnet-differences]]
=== Differences

The biggest difference between Gremlin in .NET and the canonical version in Java is the casing of steps. Canonical
Gremlin utilizes `camelCase` as is typical in Java for function names, but C# utilizes `PascalCase` as it is more
typical in that language. Therefore, when viewing a typical Gremlin example written in Gremlin Console, the conversion
to C# usually just requires capitalization of the first letter in the step name, thus the following example in Groovy:

[source,groovy]
----
g.V().has('person','name','marko').
  out('knows').
  elementMap().toList()
----

would become the following in C#:

[source,csharp]
----
g.V().Has("Person","name","marko").
  Out("knows").
  ElementMap().ToList();
----

In addition to the uppercase change, also note the conversion of the single quotes to double quotes as is expected for
declaring string values in C# and the addition of the semi-colon at the end of the line. In short, don't forget to
apply the common syntax expectations for C# when trying to convert an example of Gremlin from a different language.

Another common conversion issues lies in having to explicitly define generics, which can make canonical Gremlin appear
much more complex in C# where type erasure is not a feature of the language. For example, the following example in
Groovy:

[source,groovy]
----
g.V().repeat(__.out()).times(2).values('name')
----

must be written as:

[source,csharp]
----
g.V().Repeat(__.Out()).Times(2).Values<string>("name");
----

Gremlin allows for `Map` instances to include `null` keys, but `null` keys in C# `Dictionary` instances are not allowed.
It is therefore necessary to rewrite a traversal such as:

[source,javascript]
----
g.V().groupCount().by('age')
----

where "age" is not a valid key for all vertices in a way that will remove the need for a `null` to be returned.

[source,javascript]
----
g.V().has('age').groupCount().by('age')
g.V().hasLabel('person').groupCount().by('age')
----

Either of the above two options accomplishes the desired goal as both prevent `groupCount()` from having to process
the possibility of `null`.

anchor:gremlin-net-limitations[]
[[gremlin-dotnet-limitations]]
=== Limitations

* The `subgraph()`-step is not supported by any variant that is not running on the Java Virtual Machine as there is
no `Graph` instance to deserialize a result into on the client-side. A workaround is to replace the step with
`aggregate(local)` and then convert those results to something the client can use locally.

anchor:gremlin-dotnet-template[]
anchor:dotnet-application-examples[]
anchor:gremlin-net-examples[]
[[gremlin-dotnet-examples]]
=== Application Examples

This link:https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/tools/custom-templates[dotnet template] helps getting started with
<<gremlin-dotnet,Gremlin.Net>>. It creates a new C# console project that shows how to connect to a
<<gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> with Gremlin.Net.

You can install the template with the dotnet CLI tool:
[source,shell]
dotnet new -i Gremlin.Net.Template

After the template is installed, a new project based on this template can be installed:

[source,shell]
dotnet new gremlin

Specify the output directory for the new project which will then also be used as the name of the created project:

[source,shell]
dotnet new gremlin -o MyFirstGremlinProject

[[gremlin-go]]
== Gremlin-Go

image:gremlin-go.png[width=130,float=right] Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin-Go implements Gremlin within the link:https://go.dev/[Go] language and can therefore be used on different operating systems. Go's syntax has the similar constructs as Java including
"dot notation" for function chaining (`a.b.c`) and round bracket function arguments (`a(b,c)`). Something unlike Java is that Gremlin-Go requires a
`gremlingo` prefix when using the namespace (`a(b())` vs `gremlingo.a(gremlingo.T__.b())`). Anyone familiar with Gremlin-Java will be able to work
with Gremlin-Go with relative ease. Moreover, there are a few added constructs to Gremlin-Go that make traversals a bit more
succinct.

To install the Gremlin-Go as a dependency for your project, run the following in the root directory of your project that contains your `go.mod` file:

[source,bash]
----
go get github.com/apache/tinkerpop/gremlin-go/v3[optionally append @<version>, such as @v3.5.3]
----

[[gremlin-go-connecting]]
=== Connecting

The pattern for connecting is described in <<connecting-gremlin,Connecting Gremlin>> and it basically distills down to
creating a `GraphTraversalSource`. A `GraphTraversalSource` is created from the anonymous `Traversal_()`.

[source,go]
----
remote, err := gremlingo.NewDriverRemoteConnection("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin")
g := gremlingo.Traversal_().WithRemote(remote)
----

If you need to additional parameters to connection setup, you can pass in a configuration function.

[source,go]
----
remote, err := gremlingo.NewDriverRemoteConnection("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin",
  func(settings *DriverRemoteConnectionSettings) {
    settings.TraversalSource = "gmodern"
  })
----

Gremlin-go supports plain text authentication. It can be set in the connection function.

[source,go]
----
remote, err := gremlingo.NewDriverRemoteConnection("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin",
  func(settings *DriverRemoteConnectionSettings) {
    settings.TlsConfig = &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true}
    settings.AuthInfo = gremlingo.BasicAuthInfo("login", "password")
  })
----

If you authenticate to a remote <<connecting-gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> or
<<connecting-rgp,Remote Gremlin Provider>>, this server normally has SSL activated and the websockets url will start
with 'wss://'.

Some connection options can also be set on individual requests made through the using `With()` step on the
`TraversalSource`. For instance to set request timeout to 500 milliseconds:

[source,go]
----
results, err := g.With("evaluationTimeout", 500).V().Out("knows").ToList()
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout`.

anchor:go-imports[]
[[gremlin-go-imports]]
=== Common Imports

There are a number of classes, functions and tokens that are typically used with Gremlin. The following import
provide most of the typical functionality required to use Gremlin:

[source,go]
----
import (
	"github.com/apache/tinkerpop/gremlin-go/driver"
)
----

These can be used analogously to how they are used in Gremlin-Java.

[source,go]
----
results, err := g.V().HasLabel("person").Has("age", gremlingo.T__.Is(gremlingo.P.Gt(30))).Order().By("age", gremlingo.Desc).ToList()
[v[6], v[4]]
----

anchor:go-configuration[]
[[gremlin-go-configuration]]
=== Configuration

The following table describes the various configuration options for the Gremlin-go Driver. They
can be passed to the `NewClient` or `NewDriverRemoteConnection` functions as configuration function arguments:

[width="100%",cols="3,10,^2",options="header"]
|=========================================================
|Key |Description |Default
|TraversalSource |Traversal source. |"g"
|TransporterType |Transporter type. |Gorilla
|LogVerbosity |Log verbosity.|gremlingo.INFO
|Logger |Instance of logger. |log
|Language |Language used for logging messages. |language.English
|AuthInfo |Authentification info, can be build with BasicAuthInfo() or HeaderAuthInfo(). |empty
|TlsConfig |TLS configuration. |empty
|KeepAliveInterval |Keep connection alive interval. |5 seconds
|WriteDeadline |Write deadline. |3 seconds
|ConnectionTimeout | Timeout for establishing connection. |45 seconds
|NewConnectionThreshold | Minimum amount of concurrent active traversals on a connection to trigger creation of a new connection. |4
|MaximumConcurrentConnections | Maximum number of concurrent connections. |number of runtime processors
|EnableCompression |Flag to enable compression. |false
|ReadBufferSize |Specify I/O buffer sizes in bytes. If a buffer size is zero, then a useful default size is used |0
|WriteBufferSize |Specify I/O buffer sizes in bytes. If a buffer size is zero, then a useful default size is used |0
|Session |Session ID. |""
|=========================================================

[[gremlin-go-strategies]]
=== Traversal Strategies

In order to add and remove <<traversalstrategy,traversal strategies>> from a traversal source, Gremlin-Go has a
`TraversalStrategy` interface along with a collection of functions that mirror the standard Gremlin-Java strategies.

[source,go]
----
promise := g.WithStrategies(gremlingo.ReadOnlyStrategy()).AddV("person").Property("name", "foo").Iterate()
----

NOTE: Many of the `TraversalStrategy` classes in Gremlin-Go are proxies to the respective strategy on
Apache TinkerPop's JVM-based Gremlin traversal machine. As such, their `apply(Traversal)` method does nothing. However,
the strategy is encoded in the Gremlin-Go bytecode and transmitted to the Gremlin traversal machine for
re-construction machine-side.

[[gremlin-go-transactions]]
=== Transactions

To get a full understanding of this section, it would be good to start by reading the <<transactions,Transactions>>
section of this documentation, which discusses transactions in the general context of TinkerPop itself. This section
builds on that content by demonstrating the transactional syntax for Go.

[source,go]
----
remote, err := NewDriverRemoteConnection("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin")
g := gremlingo.Traversal_().WithRemote(remote)

// Create a Transaction.
tx := g.Tx()

// Spawn a new GraphTraversalSource, binding all traversals established from it to tx.
gtx, _ := tx.Begin()

// Execute a traversal within the transaction.
promise := g.AddV("person").Property("name", "Lyndon").Iterate()
err := <-promise

if err != nil {
  // Rollback the transaction if an error occurs.
  tx.rollback()
} else {
  // Commit the transaction. The transaction can no longer be used and cannot be re-used.
  // A new transaction can be spawned through g.Tx().
  tx.Commit()
}
----

[[gremlin-go-lambda]]
=== The Lambda Solution

Supporting link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function[anonymous functions] across languages is difficult as
most languages do not support lambda introspection and thus, code analysis. In Gremlin-Go, a Gremlin lambda should
be represented as a zero-arg callable that returns a string representation of the lambda expected for use in the
traversal. The lambda should be written as a `Gremlin-Groovy` string. When the lambda is represented in `Bytecode` its
language is encoded such that the remote connection host can infer which translator and ultimate execution engine to
use.

[source,go]
----
r, err := g.V().Out().Map(&gremlingo.Lambda{Script: "it.get().value('name').length()", Language: ""}).Sum().ToList()
----

TIP: When running into situations where Groovy cannot properly discern a method signature based on the `Lambda`
instance created, it will help to fully define the closure in the lambda expression - so rather than
`Script: "it.get().value('name')", Language: "gremlin-groovy"`, prefer `Script: "x -> x.get().value('name')", Language: "gremlin-groovy"`.

Finally, Gremlin `Bytecode` that includes lambdas requires that the traversal be processed by the
`ScriptEngine`. To avoid continued recompilation costs, it supports the encoding of bindings, which allow a remote
engine to to cache traversals that will be reused over and over again save that some parameterization may change. Thus,
instead of translating, compiling, and then executing each submitted bytecode, it is possible to simply execute.

[source,go]
----
r, err := g.V((&gremlingo.Bindings{}).Of("x", 1)).Out("created").Map(&gremlingo.Lambda{Script: "it.get().value('name').length()", Language: ""}).Sum().ToList()
// 3
r, err := g.V((&gremlingo.Bindings{}).Of("x", 4)).Out("created").Map(&gremlingo.Lambda{Script: "it.get().value('name').length()", Language: ""}).Sum().ToList()
// 9
----

WARNING: As explained throughout the documentation, when possible <<a-note-on-lambdas,avoid>> lambdas.

[[gremlin-go-scripts]]
=== Submitting Scripts

The `Client` class implementation/interface is based on the Java Driver, with some restrictions. Most notably,
Gremlin-go does not yet implement the `Cluster` class. Instead, `Client` is instantiated directly.
Usage is as follows:

[source,go]
----
import "github.com/apache/tinkerpop/gremlin-go/v3/driver" <1>
client, err := gremlingo.NewClient("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin") <2>
----

<1> Import the Gremlin-Go module.
<2> Opens a reference to `localhost` - note that there are various configuration options that can be passed
to the `Client` object upon instantiation as keyword arguments.

Once a `Client` instance is ready, it is possible to issue some Gremlin:

[source,go]
----
resultSet, err := client.Submit("g.V().count()") <1>
result, err := resultSet.All() <2>
fmt.Println(result[0].GetString()) <3>
----

<1> Submit a script that simply returns a Count of vertexes.
<2> Get results from resultSet. Block until the the script is evaluated and results are sent back by the server.
<3> Use the result.

==== Per Request Settings

The `client.Submit()` functions accept a `bindings` which expects a map. The `bindings` provide a way to include options
that are specific to the request made with the call to `Submit()`. A good use-case for this feature is to set a per-request
override to the `evaluationTimeout` so that it only applies to the current request.

[source,go]
----
resultSet, err := client.Submit("g.V().repeat(both()).times(100)", map[string]interface{}{"evaluationTimeout": 5000})
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout`.

IMPORTANT: The preferred method for setting a per-request timeout for scripts is demonstrated above, but those familiar
with bytecode may try `g.with("evaluationTimeout", 500)` within a script. Scripts with multiple traversals and multiple
timeouts will be interpreted as a sum of all timeouts identified in the script for that request.

[source,go]
----
resultSet, err := client.Submit("g.with('evaluationTimeout', 500).addV().iterate();"+
  "g.addV().iterate();"+
  "g.with('evaluationTimeout', 500).addV();", map[string]interface{}{"evaluationTimeout": 500})
results, err := resultSet.All()
----

In the above example, defines a timeout of 500 milliseconds, but the script has three traversals with
two internal settings for the timeout using `with()`. The request timeout used by the server will therefore be 1000
milliseconds (overriding the 500 which itself was an override for whatever configuration was on the server).

[[gremlin-go-dsl]]
=== Domain Specific Languages

Writing a Gremlin <<dsl,Domain Specific Language>> (DSL) in Go requires embedding of several structs and interfaces:

* `GraphTraversal` - which exposes the various steps used in traversal writing
* `GraphTraversalSource` - which spawns `GraphTraversal` instances
* `AnonymousTraversal` - which spawns anonymous traversals from steps

The Social DSL based on the link:https://tinkerpop.apache.org/docs/current/images/tinkerpop-modern.png["modern" toy graph]
might look like this:

[source,go]
----
// Optional syntactic sugar.
var __ = gremlingo.T__
var P = gremlingo.P
var gt = gremlingo.P.Gt
// Optional alias for import convenience.
type GraphTraversal = gremlingo.GraphTraversal
type GraphTraversalSource = gremlingo.GraphTraversalSource
type AnonymousTraversal = gremlingo.AnonymousTraversal

// Embed Graph traversal inside custom traversal struct to add custom traversal functions.
// In go, capitalizing the first letter exports (makes public) the struct/method to outside of package, for this example
// we have defined everything package private. In actual usage, please see fit to your application.
type socialTraversal struct {
	*GraphTraversal
}

func (s *socialTraversal) knows(personName string) *socialTraversal {
	return &socialTraversal{s.Out("knows").HasLabel("person").Has("name", personName)}
}

func (s *socialTraversal) youngestFriendsAge() *socialTraversal {
	return &socialTraversal{s.Out("knows").HasLabel("person").Values("age").Min()}
}

func (s *socialTraversal) createdAtLeast(number int) *socialTraversal {
	return &socialTraversal{s.OutE("created").Count().Is(gt(number))}
}

// Add custom social traversal source to spaw custom traversals.
type socialTraversalSource struct {
	*GraphTraversalSource
}

// Define the source step function by adding steps to the bytecode.
func (sts *socialTraversalSource) persons(personNames ...interface{}) *socialTraversal {
	t := sts.GetGraphTraversal()
	t.Bytecode.AddStep("V")
	t.Bytecode.AddStep("hasLabel", "person")
	if personNames != nil {
		t.Bytecode.AddStep("has", "name", P.Within(personNames...))
	}
	return &socialTraversal{t}
}


// Create the social anonymous traversal interface to embed and extend the anonymous traversal functions.
type iSocialAnonymousTraversal interface {
	AnonymousTraversal
	knows(personName string) *GraphTraversal
	youngestFriendsAge() *GraphTraversal
	createdAtLeast(number int) *GraphTraversal
}

// Add the struct to implement the iSocialAnonymousTraversal interface.
type socialAnonymousTraversal struct {
	AnonymousTraversal
	socialTraversal func() *socialTraversal
}

// Add the variable s__ to call anonymous traversal step functions in place of __.
var s__ iSocialAnonymousTraversal = &socialAnonymousTraversal{
	__,
	func() *socialTraversal {
		return &socialTraversal{gremlingo.NewGraphTraversal(nil, gremlingo.NewBytecode(nil), nil)}
	},
}

// Extended anonymous traversal functions need to return GraphTraversal for serialization purposes
func (sat *socialAnonymousTraversal) knows(personName string) *GraphTraversal {
	return sat.socialTraversal().knows(personName).GraphTraversal
}

func (sat *socialAnonymousTraversal) youngestFriendsAge() *GraphTraversal {
	return sat.socialTraversal().youngestFriendsAge().GraphTraversal
}

func (sat *socialAnonymousTraversal) createdAtLeast(number int) *GraphTraversal {
	return sat.socialTraversal().createdAtLeast(number).GraphTraversal
}
----

Using the DSL requires a social traversal source to be created from the default traversal source:

[source,go]
----
// Creating the driver remote connection as regular.
driverRemoteConnection, _ := gremlingo.NewDriverRemoteConnection("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin",
	func(settings *gremlingo.DriverRemoteConnectionSettings) {
		settings.TraversalSource = "gmodern"
	})
defer driverRemoteConnection.Close()

// Create social traversal source from graph traversal source.
social := &socialTraversalSource{gremlingo.Traversal_().WithRemote(driverRemoteConnection)}

// We can now use the social traversal source as well as traversal steps
resBool, _ := social.persons("marko", "stephen").knows("josh").HasNext()
fmt.Println(resBool)

// Using the createdAtLeast step.
resCreated, _ := social.persons().createdAtLeast(1).Next()
fmt.Println(resCreated.GetString())

// Using the social anonymous traversal.
resAnon, _ := social.persons().Filter(s__.createdAtLeast(1)).Count().Next()
fmt.Println(resAnon.GetString())

// Note that error handling has been omitted with _ from the above examples.
----

[[gremlin-go-differences]]
=== Differences

In situations where Go reserved words and global functions overlap with standard Gremlin steps and tokens, those
bits of conflicting Gremlin get an underscore appended as a suffix. In addition, all function names start with a
capital letter in order to be public:

*Steps* - <<and-step,And()>>, <<as-step,As()>>, <<filter-step,Filter()>>, <<from-step,From()>>, <<id-step,Id()>>,
<<is-step,Is()>>, <<in-step,In()>>, <<max-step,Max()>>, <<min-step,Min()>>, <<not-step,Not()>>, <<or-step,Or()>>,
<<range-step,Range()>>, <<sum-step,Sum()>>, <<with-step,With()>>

*Tokens* - <<a-note-on-scopes,Scope.Global>>, <<a-note-on-scopes,Scope.Local>>

[[gremlin-go-aliases]]
=== Aliases
To make the code more readable and close to the Gremlin query language), you can use aliases. These aliases can be named with capital letters to be consistent with non-aliased steps but will result in exported variables which could be problematic if not being used in a top-level program (i.e. not a redistributable package).
[source,go]
----
	var __ = gremlingo.T__
	var gt = gremlingo.P.Gt
	var order = gremlingo.Order

	results, err := g.V().HasLabel("person").Has("age", __.Is(gt(30))).Order().By("age", order.Desc).ToList()
----

==== List of useful aliases
[source,go]
----
	// common
	var __ = gremlingo.T__
	var TextP = gremlingo.TextP

	// predicates
	var between = gremlingo.P.Between
	var eq = gremlingo.P.Eq
	var gt = gremlingo.P.Gt
	var gte = gremlingo.P.Gte
	var inside = gremlingo.P.Inside
	var lt = gremlingo.P.Lt
	var lte = gremlingo.P.Lte
	var neq = gremlingo.P.Neq
	var not = gremlingo.P.Not
	var outside = gremlingo.P.Outside
	var test = gremlingo.P.Test
	var within = gremlingo.P.Within
	var without = gremlingo.P.Without
	var and = gremlingo.P.And
	var or = gremlingo.P.Or

	// sorting
	var order = gremlingo.Order
----

[[gremlin-go-limitations]]
=== Limitations

* There is no default `set` type in Go. Any set type code from server will be deserialized into slices with the list
type implementation. To input a set into Gremlin-Go, a custom struct which implements the `gremlingo.Set` interface
will be serialized as a set. `gremlingo.NewSimpleSet` is a basic implementation of a set that is provided by Gremlin-Go
that can be used to fulfill the `gremlingo.Set` interface if desired.
* The `path` data type serialization is currently incomplete as labels are represented as list of lists instead of list
of sets. Fully functional Path serialization will be implemented when set is implemented in the next milestone. Path
can be successfully deserialized.
* Traversal step functions currently take `string` arguments with double quotes only. Operations using Gremlin keywords,
such as `By(label)`, will be supported in the next milestone.

[[gremlin-go-examples]]
=== Application Examples

The TinkerPop source code contains a simple Go script that shows a basic example of how gremlin-go works. It
can be found in GitHub link:https://github.com/apache/tinkerpop/tree/x.y.z/gremlin-go/example/example.go[here]
and is designed to work best with a running <<gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> configured with the default
`conf/gremlin-server.yaml` file as included with the standard release packaging.

[source,shell]
----
go run example.go
----

[[gremlin-python]]
== Gremlin-Python

image:gremlin-python-drawing.png[width=130,float=right] Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin-Python implements Gremlin within
the link:https://www.python.org/[Python] language and can be used on any Python virtual machine including the popular
link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPython[CPython] machine. Python's syntax has the same constructs as Java including
"dot notation" for function chaining (`a.b.c`), round bracket function arguments (`a(b,c)`), and support for global
namespaces (`a(b())` vs `a(__.b())`). As such, anyone familiar with Gremlin-Java will immediately be able to work
with Gremlin-Python. Moreover, there are a few added constructs to Gremlin-Python that make traversals a bit more
succinct.

To install Gremlin-Python, use Python's link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)[pip] package manager.

[source,bash]
----
pip install gremlinpython
pip install gremlinpython[kerberos]     # Optional, not available on Microsoft Windows
----

[[gremlin-python-connecting]]
=== Connecting

The pattern for connecting is described in <<connecting-gremlin,Connecting Gremlin>> and it basically distills down to
creating a `GraphTraversalSource`. A `GraphTraversalSource` is created from the anonymous `traversal()` method where
the "g" provided to the `DriverRemoteConnection` corresponds to the name of a `GraphTraversalSource` on the remote end.

[source,python]
----
g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin','g'))
----

If you need to send additional headers in the websockets connection, you can pass an optional `headers` parameter
to the `DriverRemoteConnection` constructor.

[source,python]
----
g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection(
    'ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', 'g', headers={'Header':'Value'}))
----

Gremlin-Python supports plain text and Kerberos SASL authentication, you can set it on the connection options.

[source,python]
----
# Plain text authentication
g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection(
    'ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', 'g', username='stephen', password='password'))

# Kerberos authentication
g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection(
    'ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', 'g', kerberized_service='gremlin@hostname.your.org'))
----

The value specified for the kerberized_service should correspond to the first part of the principal name configured for
the gremlin service, but with the slash replaced by an _at_ sign. The Gremlin-Python client reads the kerberos
configurations from your system. It finds the KDC's hostname and port from the krb5.conf file at the
https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-devel/doc/mitK5defaults.html[default location] or as indicated in the KRB5_CONFIG
environment variable. It finds credentials from the credential cache or a keytab file at the
https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-devel/doc/mitK5defaults.html[default locations] or as indicated
in the KRB5CCNAME or KRB5_KTNAME environment variables.

If you authenticate to a remote <<connecting-gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> or
<<connecting-rgp,Remote Gremlin Provider>>, this server normally has SSL activated and the websockets url will start
with 'wss://'. If Gremlin-Server uses a self-signed certificate for SSL, Gremlin-Python needs access to a local copy of
the CA certificate file (in openssl .pem format), to be specified in the SSL_CERT_FILE environment variable.

NOTE: If connecting from an inherently single-threaded Python process where blocking while waiting for Gremlin
traversals to complete is acceptable, it might be helpful to set `pool_size` and `max_workers` parameters to 1.
See the <<python-configuration,Configuration>> section just below.  Examples where this could apply are serverless cloud functions or WSGI
worker processes.

Some connection options can also be set on individual requests made through the using `with()` step on the
`TraversalSource`. For instance to set request timeout to 500 milliseconds:

[source,python]
----
vertices = g.with_('evaluationTimeout', 500).V().out('knows').toList()
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated).

anchor:python-imports[]
[[gremlin-python-imports]]
=== Common Imports

There are a number of classes, functions and tokens that are typically used with Gremlin. The following imports
provide most of the typical functionality required to use Gremlin:

[source,python]
----
from gremlin_python import statics
from gremlin_python.process.anonymous_traversal import traversal
from gremlin_python.process.graph_traversal import __
from gremlin_python.process.strategies import *
from gremlin_python.driver.driver_remote_connection import DriverRemoteConnection
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import T
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Order
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Cardinality
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Column
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Direction
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Operator
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import P
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import TextP
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Pop
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Scope
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Barrier
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import Bindings
from gremlin_python.process.traversal import WithOptions
----

These can be used analogously to how they are used in Gremlin-Java.

[source,python]
----
>>> g.V().hasLabel('person').has('age',P.gt(30)).order().by('age',Order.desc).toList()
[v[6], v[4]]
----

Moreover, by importing the `statics` of Gremlin-Python, the class prefixes can be omitted.

[source,python]
----
>>> statics.load_statics(globals())
----

With statics loaded its possible to represent the above traversal as below.

[source,python]
----
>>> g.V().hasLabel('person').has('age',gt(30)).order().by('age',desc).toList()
[v[6], v[4]]
----

Statics includes all the `+__+`-methods and thus, anonymous traversals like `+__.out()+` can be expressed as below.
That is, without the `+__+`-prefix.

[source,python]
----
>>> g.V().repeat(out()).times(2).name.fold().toList()
[['ripple', 'lop']]
----

There may be situations where certain graphs may want a more exact data type than what Python will allow as a language.
To support these situations `gremlin-python` has a few special type classes that can be imported from `statics`. They
include:

[source,python]
----
from gremlin_python.statics import long         # Java long
from gremlin_python.statics import timestamp    # Java timestamp
from gremlin_python.statics import SingleByte   # Java byte type
from gremlin_python.statics import SingleChar   # Java char type
from gremlin_python.statics import GremlinType  # Java Class
----

anchor:python-configuration[]
[[gremlin-python-configuration]]
=== Configuration

The following table describes the various configuration options for the Gremlin-Python Driver. They
can be passed to the `Client` or `DriverRemoteConnection` instance as keyword arguments:

[width="100%",cols="3,10,^2",options="header"]
|=========================================================
|Key |Description |Default
|headers |Additional headers that will be added to each request message. |`None`
|max_workers |Maximum number of worker threads. |Number of CPUs * 5
|message_serializer |The message serializer implementation.|`gremlin_python.driver.serializer.GraphSONMessageSerializer`
|password |The password to submit on requests that require authentication. |""
|pool_size |The number of connections used by the pool. |4
|protocol_factory |A callable that returns an instance of `AbstractBaseProtocol`. |`gremlin_python.driver.protocol.GremlinServerWSProtocol`
|transport_factory |A callable that returns an instance of `AbstractBaseTransport`. |`gremlin_python.driver.aiohttp.transport.AiohttpTransport`
|username |The username to submit on requests that require authentication. |""
|kerberized_service |the first part of the principal name configured for the gremlin service|"""
|session | A unique string-based identifier (typically a UUID) to enable a <<sessions,session-based connection>>. This is not a valid configuration for `DriverRemoteConnection`. |None
|=========================================================

Note that the `transport_factory` can allow for additional configuration of the `AiohttpTransport`, which allows
pass through of the named parameters available in
link:https://docs.aiohttp.org/en/stable/client_reference.html#aiohttp.ClientSession.ws_connect[AIOHTTP's ws_connect],
and the ability to call the api from an event loop:

[source,python]
----
import ssl
...
g = traversal().withRemote(
  DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin','g',
                         transport_factory=lambda: AiohttpTransport(read_timeout=10,
                                                                    write_timeout=10,
                                                                    heartbeat=1.0,
                                                                    call_from_event_loop=True,
                                                                    max_content_length=100*1024*1024,
                                                                    ssl_options=ssl.create_default_context(Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH))))
----

Compression configuration options are described in the
link:https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/zlib.html#zlib.compressobj[zlib documentation]. By default, compression
settings are configured as shown in the above example.

[[gremlin-python-strategies]]
=== Traversal Strategies

In order to add and remove <<traversalstrategy,traversal strategies>> from a traversal source, Gremlin-Python has a
`TraversalStrategy` class along with a collection of subclasses that mirror the standard Gremlin-Java strategies.

[source,python]
----
>>> g = g.withStrategies(SubgraphStrategy(vertices=hasLabel('person'),edges=has('weight',gt(0.5))))
>>> g.V().name.toList()
['marko', 'vadas', 'josh', 'peter']
>>> g.V().outE().elementMap().toList()
[{<T.id: 1>: 8, <T.label: 4>: 'knows', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 4, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 1, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 1.0}]
>>> g = g.withoutStrategies(SubgraphStrategy)
>>> g.V().name.toList()
['marko', 'vadas', 'lop', 'josh', 'ripple', 'peter']
>>> g.V().outE().elementMap().toList()
[{<T.id: 1>: 9, <T.label: 4>: 'created', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 3, <T.label: 4>: 'software'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 1, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 0.4}, {<T.id: 1>: 7, <T.label: 4>: 'knows', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 2, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 1, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 0.5}, {<T.id: 1>: 8, <T.label: 4>: 'knows', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 4, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 1, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 1.0}, {<T.id: 1>: 10, <T.label: 4>: 'created', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 5, <T.label: 4>: 'software'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 4, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 1.0}, {<T.id: 1>: 11, <T.label: 4>: 'created', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 3, <T.label: 4>: 'software'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 4, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 0.4}, {<T.id: 1>: 12, <T.label: 4>: 'created', <Direction.IN: 2>: {<T.id: 1>: 3, <T.label: 4>: 'software'}, <Direction.OUT: 3>: {<T.id: 1>: 6, <T.label: 4>: 'person'}, 'weight': 0.2}]
>>> g = g.withComputer(workers=2,vertices=has('name','marko'))
>>> g.V().name.toList()
['marko']
>>> g.V().outE().valueMap().with_(WithOptions.tokens).toList()
[{<T.id: 1>: 9, <T.label: 4>: 'created', 'weight': 0.4}, {<T.id: 1>: 7, <T.label: 4>: 'knows', 'weight': 0.5}, {<T.id: 1>: 8, <T.label: 4>: 'knows', 'weight': 1.0}]
----

NOTE: Many of the `TraversalStrategy` classes in Gremlin-Python are proxies to the respective strategy on
Apache TinkerPop's JVM-based Gremlin traversal machine. As such, their `apply(Traversal)` method does nothing. However,
the strategy is encoded in the Gremlin-Python bytecode and transmitted to the Gremlin traversal machine for
re-construction machine-side.

[[gremlin-python-transactions]]
=== Transactions

To get a full understanding of this section, it would be good to start by reading the <<transactions,Transactions>>
section of this documentation, which discusses transactions in the general context of TinkerPop itself. This section
builds on that content by demonstrating the transactional syntax for Python.

[source,python]
----
g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin'))

# Create a Transaction.
tx = g.tx()

# Spawn a new GraphTraversalSource, binding all traversals established from it to tx.
gtx = tx.begin()

try:
    # Execute a traversal within the transaction.
    gtx.addV("person").property("name", "Lyndon").iterate(),

    # Commit the transaction. The transaction can no longer be used and cannot be re-used.
    # A new transaction can be spawned through g.tx().
    # The context of g remains sessionless throughout the process.
    tx.commit()
except Exception as e:
    # Rollback the transaction if an error occurs.
    tx.rollback()

----

[[gremlin-python-lambda]]
=== The Lambda Solution

Supporting link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function[anonymous functions] across languages is difficult as
most languages do not support lambda introspection and thus, code analysis. In Gremlin-Python, a Gremlin lambda should
be represented as a zero-arg callable that returns a string representation of the lambda expected for use in the
traversal. The lambda should be written as a `Gremlin-Groovy` string. When the lambda is represented in `Bytecode` its
language is encoded such that the remote connection host can infer which translator and ultimate execution engine to
use.

[source,python]
----
>>> g.V().out().map(lambda: "it.get().value('name').length()").sum().toList()
[24]
----

TIP: When running into situations where Groovy cannot properly discern a method signature based on the `Lambda`
instance created, it will help to fully define the closure in the lambda expression - so rather than
`lambda: ('it.get().value('name')','gremlin-groovy')`, prefer `lambda: ('x -> x.get().value('name'),'gremlin-groovy')`.

Finally, Gremlin `Bytecode` that includes lambdas requires that the traversal be processed by the
`ScriptEngine`. To avoid continued recompilation costs, it supports the encoding of bindings, which allow a remote
engine to to cache traversals that will be reused over and over again save that some parameterization may change. Thus,
instead of translating, compiling, and then executing each submitted bytecode, it is possible to simply execute.

[source,python]
----
>>> g.V(Bindings.of('x',1)).out('created').map(lambda: "it.get().value('name').length()").sum().toList()
[3]
>>> g.V(Bindings.of('x',4)).out('created').map(lambda: "it.get().value('name').length()").sum().toList()
[9]
----

WARNING: As explained throughout the documentation, when possible <<a-note-on-lambdas,avoid>> lambdas.

[[gremlin-python-scripts]]
=== Submitting Scripts

The `Client` class implementation/interface is based on the Java Driver, with some restrictions. Most notably,
Gremlin-Python does not yet implement the `Cluster` class. Instead, `Client` is instantiated directly.
Usage is as follows:

[source,python]
----
from gremlin_python.driver import client <1>
client = client.Client('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin', 'g') <2>
----

<1> Import the Gremlin-Python `client` module.
<2> Opens a reference to `localhost` - note that there are various configuration options that can be passed
to the `Client` object upon instantiation as keyword arguments.

Once a `Client` instance is ready, it is possible to issue some Gremlin:

[source,python]
----
result_set = client.submit('[1,2,3,4]')  <1>
future_results = result_set.all()  <2>
results = future_results.result() <3>
assert results == [1, 2, 3, 4] <4>

future_result_set = client.submitAsync('[1,2,3,4]') <5>
result_set = future_result_set.result() <6>
result = result_set.one() <7>
assert results == [1, 2, 3, 4] <8>
assert result_set.done.done() <9>

client.close() <10>
----

<1> Submit a script that simply returns a `List` of integers.  This method blocks until the request is written to
the server and a `ResultSet` is constructed.
<2> Even though the `ResultSet` is constructed, it does not mean that the server has sent back the results (or even
evaluated the script potentially).  The `ResultSet` is just a holder that is awaiting the results from the server. The `all` method
returns a `concurrent.futures.Future` that resolves to a list when it is complete.
<3> Block until the the script is evaluated and results are sent back by the server.
<4> Verify the result.
<5> Submit the same script to the server but don't block.
<6> Wait until request is written to the server and `ResultSet` is constructed.
<7> Read a single result off the result stream.
<8> Again, verify the result.
<9> Verify that the all results have been read and stream is closed.
<10> Close client and underlying pool connections.

==== Per Request Settings

The `client.submit()` functions accept a `request_options` which expects a dictionary. The `request_options`
provide a way to include options that are specific to the request made with the call to `submit()`. A good use-case for
this feature is to set a per-request override to the `evaluationTimeout` so that it only applies to the current
request.

[source,python]
----
result_set = client.submit('g.V().repeat(both()).times(100)', result_options={'evaluationTimeout': 5000})
----

The following options are allowed on a per-request basis in this fashion: `batchSize`, `requestId`, `userAgent` and
`evaluationTimeout` (formerly `scriptEvaluationTimeout` which is also supported but now deprecated).

IMPORTANT: The preferred method for setting a per-request timeout for scripts is demonstrated above, but those familiar
with bytecode may try `g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500)` within a script. Scripts with multiple traversals and multiple
timeouts will be interpreted as a sum of all timeouts identified in the script for that request.

[source,java]
----
RequestOptions options = RequestOptions.build().timeout(500).create();
List<Result> result = client.submit("g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500).addV().iterate();" +
                                    "g.addV().iterate();
                                    "g.with(EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, 500).addV();", options).all().get();
----

In the above example, `RequestOptions` defines a timeout of 500 milliseconds, but the script has three traversals with
two internal settings for the timeout using `with()`. The request timeout used by the server will therefore be 1000
milliseconds (overriding the 500 which itself was an override for whatever configuration was on the server).

[[gremlin-python-dsl]]
=== Domain Specific Languages

Writing a Gremlin <<dsl,Domain Specific Language>> (DSL) in Python simply requires direct extension of several classes:

* `GraphTraversal` - which exposes the various steps used in traversal writing
* `__` - which spawns anonymous traversals from steps
* `GraphTraversalSource` - which spawns `GraphTraversal` instances

The Social DSL based on the link:https://tinkerpop.apache.org/docs/current/images/tinkerpop-modern.png["modern" toy graph]
might look like this:

[source,python]
----
class SocialTraversal(GraphTraversal):

    def knows(self, person_name):
        return self.out('knows').hasLabel('person').has('name', person_name)

    def youngestFriendsAge(self):
        return self.out('knows').hasLabel('person').values('age').min()

    def createdAtLeast(self, number):
        return self.outE('created').count().is_(P.gte(number))

class __(AnonymousTraversal):

    graph_traversal = SocialTraversal

    @classmethod
    def knows(cls, *args):
        return cls.graph_traversal(None, None, Bytecode()).knows(*args)

    @classmethod
    def youngestFriendsAge(cls, *args):
        return cls.graph_traversal(None, None, Bytecode()).youngestFriendsAge(*args)

    @classmethod
    def createdAtLeast(cls, *args):
        return cls.graph_traversal(None, None, Bytecode()).createdAtLeast(*args)


class SocialTraversalSource(GraphTraversalSource):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(SocialTraversalSource, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.graph_traversal = SocialTraversal

    def persons(self, *args):
        traversal = self.get_graph_traversal()
        traversal.bytecode.add_step('V')
        traversal.bytecode.add_step('hasLabel', 'person')

        if len(args) > 0:
            traversal.bytecode.add_step('has', 'name', P.within(args))

        return traversal
----

NOTE: The `AnonymousTraversal` class above is just an alias for `+__+` as in
`+from gremlin_python.process.graph_traversal import __ as AnonymousTraversal+`

Using the DSL is straightforward and just requires that the graph instance know the `SocialTraversalSource` should
be used:

[source,python]
----
social = traversal(SocialTraversalSource).withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection('ws://localhost:8182/gremlin','g'))
social.persons('marko').knows('josh')
social.persons('marko').youngestFriendsAge()
social.persons().filter(__.createdAtLeast(2)).count()
----

[[gremlin-python-sugar]]
=== Syntactic Sugar

Python supports meta-programming and operator overloading. There are three uses of these techniques in Gremlin-Python
that makes traversals a bit more concise.

[source,python]
----
>>> g.V().both()[1:3].toList()
[v[2], v[4]]
>>> g.V().both()[1].toList()
[v[2]]
>>> g.V().both().name.toList()
['lop', 'lop', 'lop', 'vadas', 'josh', 'josh', 'josh', 'marko', 'marko', 'marko', 'peter', 'ripple']
----

[[gremlin-python-differences]]
=== Differences

In situations where Python reserved words and global functions overlap with standard Gremlin steps and tokens, those
bits of conflicting Gremlin get an underscore appended as a suffix:

*Steps* - <<and-step,and_()>>, <<as-step,as_()>>, <<filter-step,filter_()>>, <<from-step,from_()>>, <<id-step,id_()>>,
<<is-step,is_()>>, <<in-step,in_()>>, <<max-step,max_()>>, <<min-step,min_()>>, <<not-step,not_()>>, <<or-step,or_()>>,
<<range-step,range_()>>, <<sum-step,sum_()>>, <<with-step,with_()>>

*Tokens* - <<a-note-on-scopes,Scope.global_>>

[[gremlin-python-limitations]]
=== Limitations

* Traversals that return a `Set` *might* be coerced to a `List` in Python. In the case of Python, number equality
is different from JVM languages which produces different `Set` results when those types are in use. When this case
is detected during deserialization, the `Set` is coerced to a `List` so that traversals return consistent
results within a collection across different languages. If a `Set` is needed then convert `List` results
to `Set` manually.
* Gremlin is capable of returning `Dictionary` results that use non-hashable keys (e.g. Dictionary as a key) and Python
does not support that at a language level. Using GraphSON 3.0 or GraphBinary (after 3.5.0) makes it possible to return
such results. In all other cases, Gremlin that returns such results will need to be re-written to avoid that sort of
key.
* The `subgraph()`-step is not supported by any variant that is not running on the Java Virtual Machine as there is
no `Graph` instance to deserialize a result into on the client-side. A workaround is to replace the step with
`aggregate(local)` and then convert those results to something the client can use locally.
* Use of the aiohttp library in the default transport requires the use of asyncio's event loop to run the async functions.
This can be an issue in situations where the application calling Gremlin-Python is already using an event loop.
Certain types of event loops can be patched using nest-asyncio which allows Gremlin-Python to proceed without an error like
"Cannot run the event loop while another loop is running". This is the preferred approach to avoiding the issue and can be
enabled by passing `call_from_event_loop=True` to the `AiohttpTransport` class.

+
However, in situations where the loop cannot be patched (e.g. uvloop), then the current suggested workaround is to run
Gremlin-Python in a separate thread. This is not ideal for asynchronous web servers as the number of concurrent connections
will be limited by the number of threads the system can handle. The following snippet shows how Gremlin-Python can be called
from asynchronous code using a thread.

+
[source,python]
----
def print_vertices():
    g = traversal().withRemote(DriverRemoteConnection("ws://localhost:8182/gremlin"))
    # Do your traversal.

async def run_in_thread():
    running_loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

    with ThreadPoolExecutor() as pool:
        await running_loop.run_in_executor(pool, print_vertices)
----

[[gremlin-python-examples]]
=== Application Examples

The TinkerPop source code contains a simple Python script that shows a basic example of how gremlinpython works. It
can be found in GitHub link:https://github.com/apache/tinkerpop/tree/x.y.z/gremlin-python/src/main/python/example.py[here]
and is designed to work best with a running <<gremlin-server,Gremlin Server>> configured with the default
`conf/gremlin-server.yaml` file as included with the standard release packaging.

[source,shell]
----
pip install gremlinpython
pip install aiohttp
python example.py
----
