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package org.apache.stanbol.enhancer.nlp.pos;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.EnumMap;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import org.apache.clerezza.rdf.core.UriRef;
import org.apache.stanbol.enhancer.nlp.morpho.Tense;

import com.ibm.icu.impl.Punycode;


/**
 * Enumeration over all POS (Part of Speach) categories as defined by the 
 * MorphosyntacticCategory class hierarchy og the 
 * <a heref="http://olia.nlp2rdf.org/">Olia</a> Ontology.<p>
 * The top-level morphosyntactic categories are not defined by this enum, but link
 * to the {@link LexicalCategory} enumeration. The multi-sub-class hierarchy of the
 * morphosyntactic categories is also reflected by this enumeration and accessible
 * via the <ul>
 * <li> {@link #parents()}: the direct parent categories
 * <li> {@link #hierarchy()}: the transitive closure
 * <li> {@link #categories()}: the {@link LexicalCategory LexicalCategories}
 * </ul>
 * Enumeration elements that represent classes that are deprecated within the Olia
 * Ontology are also deprecated within this Enumeration.
 */
public enum Pos {
    /**
     * 
     An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and that precedes the noun,
     * e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter".<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
     */
    AttributiveAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * It is an adjective, which expresses the character and feature of subject or an object, while modifying
     * a noun.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     ང་འ ་ ང ་ འ ག།
     *     Shing-di rim du
     *     'The tree is tall'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    CharacteristicAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * It is an adjective, which expresses the time or period of the circumstances, while modifying a noun.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     ན་ ང་ ང་ ་ ལ་ ་ འ ་ །
     *     Nahing Nga chigyel-lu joyi
     *     'I went abroad last year'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    PeriodicAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * A PossessiveAdjective is an denominal adjective, often derived from a ProperNoun, that serves to
     * indicate possession in most Slavic languages. Unlike a genitival construction, a possessive adjective
     * shows agreement with its head noun. (Chiarcos)
     * <p>
     * Adjective/Type="possessive" are denominal, not pronominal expressions of possession (Ivan A Derzhanski,
     * email 2010/06/09). Therefore not to be confused with Pronoun/Type=adjectival(a) (Bulgarian only), for
     * words like умно /cleverly, wisely, sensibly/, which are derived from adjectives. (Dimitrova et al.
     * 2009)
     * <p>
     * e.g., Slovene dušikovima/dušikov, Marsovi/Marsov,
     * <p>
     * Slovak vojvodova/vojvodov, vojvodove/vojvodov, vojvodovej/vojvodov, vojvodovho/vojvodov,
     * vojvodovi/vojvodov, vojvodovmu/vojvodov, vojvodovo/vojvodov, vojvodovom/vojvodov, vojvodovou/vojvodov,
     * <p>
     * Serbian evroazijske/evroazijska, evroazijskih/evroazijski, Goldštajnov, govornikov, Jehovine/Jehovin,
     * malabarskom/malabarski, O'Brajenov, O'Brajenovog/O'Brajenov, oficirov,
     * <p>
     * Czech Riegrovými/Riegrův, Stradellovými/Stradellův, Tristanovou/Tristanův, Wagnerových/Wagnerův,
     * Wagnerovým/Wagnerův, Weberovi/Weberův, Weberových/Weberův, Wertherovi/Wertherův, Winstonovi/Winstonův <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveAdjective)
     */
    PossessiveAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * 
     A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a sentence. This means that
     * it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such as to be). <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
     */
    PredicativeAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * Relative adjectives express similarity or a comparison. (Schmidt 1999, p.218,
     * http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RelativeAdjective)
     */
    RelativeAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * 
     An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into
     * English, you must supply the missing noun. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394)
     * <p>
     * (Chiarcos: this seems to pertain to nominalization)
     */
    SubstantiveAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * 
     Adjective expressing a numeric ranking.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338)
     * <p>
     * Cf. "second", "next", "last"
     * 
     * @deprecated The DCR definition and this term are incorrect. "Ordinal adjective" entered ISOcat from
     *             MULTEXT-East, where it was originally applied to relational adjectives (Slovene, Resian,
     *             Ukrainian, Czech). "Ordinal adjective" is a mistranslation from Slovene _vrstni pridevniki_
     *             that should be properly rendered in English as "relational adjective" (Derzhanski and
     *             Kotsyba 2009). However, the Macedonian MULTEXT v.4 guidelines use this category for ordinal
     *             numerals. Due to its inherent ambiguity, this category is to be avoided.
     */
    OrdinalAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * Adjective used to qualify.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477)
     */
    QualifierAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective, LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * The Slovene adjective expresses three main ideas: quality (qualitative adjectives, kakovostni
     * pridevniki), relation (relational adjectives, vrstni pridevniki) and possession (possessive adjectives,
     * svojilni pridevniki). Relational adjectives express type, class or numerical sequence of a noun. For
     * instance: kemijska in fizikalna sprememba (chemical and physical change), fotografski aparat
     * (photographic device (=camera)).<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_grammar)
     */
    RelationalAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
    /**
     * A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part after. It is much less
     * common than prepositions or postpositions.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06)
     */
    Circumposition(LexicalCategory.Adposition),
    /**
     * A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Postposition(LexicalCategory.Adposition),
    /**
     * A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Preposition(LexicalCategory.Adposition),
    /**
     * Preposition that is a aggregation of words<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934)
     */
    CompoundPreposition(Preposition),
    /**
     * Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901)
     */
    FusedPreposition(Preposition),
    /**
     * Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900)
     */
    SimplePreposition(Preposition),
    /**
     * An adjectival adverb is an adverb that is formally identical to an adjective.<br/>
     * MULTEXT-East Adverb/Type="adjectival" (Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian)<br/>
     * Bulgarian AdjectivalAdverbs have the same form as adjectives in Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number =
     * singular. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb)
     */
    AdjectivalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Adverb/Type="causal" is used in the Hungarian MTE v4, but no examples are provided. <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb)
     * 
     * @deprecated equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some CauseRole
     */
    CausalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a preposition, a conjunction or a
     * determiner is a degree adverb.<br>
     * (http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc, p. 113, 8.1 Degree Adverbs 23.09.06)
     * <p>
     * Also known as specifier adverb<br>
     * (http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php)
     */
    DegreeAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some LocationRole
     */
    LocationAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some MannerRole
     */
    MannerAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Adverb/Type="modifier" is used in the English, Romanian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. For Romanian,
     * Adverb/Type="modifier" applies to adverbs which can have predicative role, that is they can govern a
     * subordinate sentence (ex. Fireşte că o ştiu -- Certainly I know it). Here (for uniformity within a
     * multilingual environment), they are squeezed into the modifier class. (MTE v4) e.g., better (en) <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb)
     */
    ModifierAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Adverb/Type="negative" are used in the Serbian and Romanian MTE v4 specs, e.g., for Romanian nicăieri -
     * nowhere, niciodată - never. (MTE v4)<br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb)
     */
    NegativeAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them) and an NP, cf.
     * English therefore lit. "for this (reason, ...)", German deswegen lit. "because of this (reason, ...)". <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html 21.09.06, examples Ch. Chiarcos)
     */
    PronominalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Pronominal adverb derived from a demonstrative stem (Ch. Chiarcos)
     */
    DemonstrativeAdverb(PronominalAdverb),
    /**
     * Adverb/Type="verbal" applies to adverbs derived from from verbs (verbal adverbs) in the Serbian,
     * Macedonian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. Macedonian verbal adverbs (gerunds) like odejkji are thus not
     * considered as verbal forms, but as Adverb/Type="verbal". (MTE v4) <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb)
     */
    VerbalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * Adverb that serves to express interrogativity, exclamation or that serves to link a subordinate clause
     * to the matrix clause. (Ch. Chiarcos)
     */
    WHTypeAdverbs(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
    /**
     * An ExclamatoryAdverb seves to express exclamation, cf. how in "How well everyone played!"
     * <p>
     * Exclamative sentences or exclamatives An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more
     * emphatic form of statement, in particular, they are used are used to express strong feelings (Latin
     * exclamare : "to call out, to cry out"). <br>
     * (http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html 07.05.07,
     * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)
     */
    ExclamatoryAdverb(WHTypeAdverbs),
    /**
     * Interrogative adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. "When are you coming?" (Angelika Adam)
     */
    InterrogativeAdverb(WHTypeAdverbs),
    /**
     * The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place 'where' I met you.",
     * "The reason 'why' I did it."<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.33, 07.05.07)
     */
    RelativeAdverb(WHTypeAdverbs),
    /**
     * Multi-word conjunction
     * <p>
     * Besides the usual and, or, but, etc., certain prepositions and subordinating conjunctions can be used
     * as coordinating conjunctions. Multi-word coordinating conjunctions are labeled CONJP (see section 7
     * [Coordination]). ... CONJP — Conjunction Phrase. Used to mark certain “multi-word” conjunctions, such
     * as as well as, instead of. (Bies et al. 1995)
     */
    ConjunctionPhrase(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
    /**
     * Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two items of equal
     * syntactic importance.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
     */
    CoordinatingConjunction(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
    /**
     * When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former
     * occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
     * <p>
     * Conjunction/Coord_Type="correlat" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions
     * depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between
     * conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie...
     * (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific
     * coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction)
     */
    CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial
     * value.<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
     */
    InitialCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial
     * value.<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
     */
    NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * Conjunction/Coord_Type="repetit" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions
     * depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between
     * conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie...
     * (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific
     * coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction)
     */
    RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
     * <p>
     * In the Romanian MTE v4 specs, Conjunction/Coord_Type="simple" is defined in contrast to repetitive and
     * correlative coordinating conjunctions. In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on
     * their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion
     * ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John
     * or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between
     * conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4), e.g., aşa_că, va_să_zică (ro) <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction)
     */
    SimpleCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent
     * clause.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
     */
    SubordinatingConjunction(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
    /**
     * 
     For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative
     * clause (including clauses without finite verbs). <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
     */
    SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative(SubordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
     */
    SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause(SubordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
     */
    SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite(SubordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires
     * another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute
     * Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal
     * double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit,
     * nimeni NU vorbeşte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicăieri N-am văzut (MTE v4,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction)
     */
    SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation(SubordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires
     * another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute
     * Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal
     * double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit,
     * nimeni NU vorbeşte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicăieri N-am văzut (MTE v4,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction)
     */
    SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation(SubordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * 0|Zero represents a zero complementizer (= subordinating conjunction); it may need to be deleted. The
     * zero complementizer is generally the counterpart of the overt complementizer that. Example: Iâ ¹m
     * sure 0 heâ ¹ll be here any minute. ...
     * <p>
     * 0 stands in for overt subordinating conjunctions like that in tensed subordinate clauses, including
     * relative clauses. So the relative clause the man I saw should be bracketed as follows: (NP (NP the man)
     * (SBAR 0 (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T)))))
     * 
     * (Santorini 1991)
     */
    ZeroComplementizer(SubordinatingConjunction),
    /**
     * 
     An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as
     * an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, often with
     * respect to an accompanying sentence and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the
     * language, e.g. in English: psst; ugh; well, well <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Interjection(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
    /**
     * A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    CommonNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
    /**
     * Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ན་བཟའ་/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun གོ་
     * ལ་/gola/(cloths), གསངས་/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb སབ་/lab/(tell). We opted to mark
     * them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research
     * on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we
     * describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb
     * form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. བངམ་/jun/(created), the past particle
     * form of བང་/jung/(create). (Chungku et al. 2010)
     * <p>
     * A noun, which indicates respect for the person being addressed, e.g., Miwang Gel-poi Yab “A king's
     * father” [Though father=Apa, but colloquially we say YAB in Dzongkha] <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    HonorificCommonNoun(CommonNoun),
    /**
     * A title designates the function or the social status of an individual. Often, it accompanies a proper
     * noun, but it can also be used in place of a proper noun (if the bearer of the title is contextually
     * unambiguous). E.g. "The/Det German/Adj Chancellor/Title Angela/Name Merkel/Name said ..." can be used
     * besides "the German Chancellor said ...". Accordingly, some schemes (e.g., Chungku et al. 2010, for
     * Dzongkha) group titles together with proper names <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#ParticularPersonNoun).
     * <p>
     * However, if multiple people hold the same title, they can be referred to as a group, e.g.,
     * "Since WWII, the politics of the German chancellors always followed ...", and in this usage, titles are
     * more comparable to common nouns. Functionally, titles are thus an intermediate category between
     * CommonNoun and ProperNoun (cf. also Mulkern 1996).
     * <p>
     * Titles do, however, share important characteristics with common nouns. In English, for example, titles
     * generally require a definite determiner (unlike proper nouns), even if unambiguous ("the pope"). They
     * are thus classified here as a subtype of CommonNoun.
     * <p>
     * (Ann E. Mulkern. The name of the game. In Jeanette Gundel and Thorstein Fretheim, editors. Reference
     * and Referent Accessibility: Pragmatics and Beyond. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1996,
     * pages 235–250.)
     */
    TitleNoun(CommonNoun),
    /**
     * Measuring units are frequently used with numerals. However, they have a different syntactic structure
     * than numerals (Sajjad 2007).
     * <p>
     * In European languages, Units are generally expressed as nouns, e.g., English
     * "ten/Numeral kilogram/Unit". "Kilogram" can also be used as a common noun:
     * "The kilogram is losing weight"<br>
     * (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12276822)
     * <p>
     * Hassan Sajjad (2007), Urdu Part of Speech Tagset, version 1.0.0.0, 07-12-2007, Center for research in
     * Urdu Language Processing. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan,
     * http://www.crulp.org/Downloads/langproc/UrduPOStagger/UrduPOStagset.pdf
     */
    UnitNoun(CommonNoun),
    /**
     * NLOC Noun Location This is an entirely new tag introduced to cover an important phenomenon of Indian
     * Languages. Words like 'Age', 'upara', 'pahele', 'bAda', etc. are used in various ways in Hindi.
     * <ol>
     * <li>They act as a postposition along with 'ke' e.g. ghade ke upara thAlI rakhI HE. ("pot" "on" "plate"
     * "kept" "is") Here 'ke upara' is a post position which is the direct equivalent of the English
     * preposition 'on'.
     * <li>They also act as adverbs. e.g. tuma upara jAo. ("You" "up" "go") Here 'upara' is an adverbial of
     * place.
     * <li>These words also take post positions themselves and so in some sense behave like nouns. e.g. vaHa
     * upara se AyA. ("He" "above" "from" "came")
     * <li>As pointed out in 3. above, these words take postpositions and act as arguments of the verb in the
     * sentence. And they also take a post position to join with a another noun. So in that sense also they
     * behave like nouns. e.g. upara kA HissA ("above" "of" "portion")
     * </ol>
     * To tag such words one option is to tag them according to the category to which they belong in the given
     * sentence. For example in 1. above, the word is occurring as a postposition so can be marked as a
     * postposition. In example 2. above, it is an adverb so can be marked as an adverb and so on.
     * <p>
     * But we feel that these words are more like nouns as is evident from 3. and 4. above, and also if we
     * consider for examples, 'aage', 'upara', etc. as places which are in front, up, etc then we can tag them
     * as nouns.
     * <p>
     * But these are not pure nouns. They are nouns which indicate a location or time. These also function as
     * adverbs or prepositions in a context. So a new tag NLOC is introduced for such words. This tag will
     * cater to a finite set of such words. set: (Age, piche, upara, nIce, bAda, pahele) ("front", "behind",
     * "above", "below", "before") Such words if tagged according to their syntactic function, it will hamper
     * machine learning. So a single tag, NLOC has been devised for such words which indicate location and
     * time.
     * <p>
     * e.g., (upara, Age, pahele, bAda) (IIIT (2007), A Part of Speech Tagger for Indian Languages (POS
     * tagger), Tagset developed at IIIT - Hyderabad after consultations with several institutions through two
     * workshops. available under http://shiva.iiit.ac.in/SPSAL2007/iiit_tagset_guidelines.pdf)
     */
    SpatiotemporalNoun(CommonNoun),
    /**
     * relation noun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226)
     */
    RelationNoun(CommonNoun),
    /**
     * 
     A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both
     * singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each,
     * several, most, etc..<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
     */
    CountableNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
    /**
     * A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in
     * singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
     */
    MassNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
    /**
     * Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
     */
    ProperNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
    /**
     * diminutive noun (MIRACL LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225)
     */
    DiminutiveNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
    /**
     * A noun which quantifies one or more things, regardless of subject and an object.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *             ང་གིས་ བམོ་ ལ་ དང་ ཕད་ཅི།
     *             NGAGI BUM 'NGA 'DA CHECI
     *             I girl five with met
     *             “I met with five girls.”
     * </pre>
     * 
     * (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010)
     */
    NominalQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Noun, LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * noun of a voice<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253)
     */
    VoiceNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
    /**
     * A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context,
     * including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. This part of speech is defined in
     * some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most
     * English dictionaries still identify the determiners as adjectives. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
     */
    Determiner(LexicalCategory.PronounOrDeterminer),
    /**
     * An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite
     * reference, and the new or given status. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm 02.05.07)
     */
    Article(Determiner),
    /**
     * A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular member of a
     * group.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
     */
    DefiniteArticle(Article),
    /**
     * clitic definite determiner, e.g., in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Romanian <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDeterminerType)
     */
    CliticDefiniteArticle(DefiniteArticle),
    /**
     * For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause. (DFKI;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928)
     */
    FullDefiniteArticle(DefiniteArticle),
    /**
     * For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927)
     */
    ShortDefiniteArticle(DefiniteArticle),
    /**
     * The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find it practical to split
     * fused words such as French au (= à + le) into two text words. This very common phenomenon of a fused
     * preposition + article in West European languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning
     * two tags to the same orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article). <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06)
     */
    FusedPrepArt(Preposition, Article),
    /**
     * An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a group. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
     */
    IndefiniteArticle(Article),
    /**
     * A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in
     * English, though the words some or any often have that function. An example is French du / de la / des,
     * as in Voulez-vous du café? ("Do you want some coffee?" or "Do you want coffee"). <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) 19.09.06)
     */
    PartitiveArticle(Article),
    /**
     * In Romanian, the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element in the structure of
     * the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al meu (mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of
     * the indefinite genitive forms of the nouns (e.g. capitol al cărţii (chapter of the book)), e.g.,
     * -al/al, a/al, ai/al, al, ale/al, alor/al<br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle)
     */
    PossessiveArticle(Article),
    /**
     * "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English
     * indefinites like (3):
     * <p>
     * (3) Iʼm looking for a deer.
     * <p>
     * In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the
     * non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English
     * of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is
     * being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous
     * pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are
     * indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite."
     * <p>
     * (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference
     * on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in
     * Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
     * http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
     */
    NonspecificDeterminer(Article),
    /**
     * "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English
     * indefinites like (3):
     * <p>
     * (3) Iʼm looking for a deer.
     * <p>
     * In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the
     * non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English
     * of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is
     * being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous
     * pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are
     * indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite."
     * <p>
     * (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference
     * on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in
     * Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
     * http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
     */
    SpecificArticle(Article),
    /**
     * Persian does have an article, but it marks specificity rather than definiteness. The Persian article is
     * similar to the Balkan one (a clitic of pronominal origin that's written together with the word), except
     * that it isn't exactly definite (you can even see it described as an indefinite article). (Ivan A.
     * Derzhanski, p.c. 2010/06/18)
     */
    CliticSpecificArticle(SpecificArticle),
    /**
     * Determiner/Type="emphatic" (Romanian)<br/>
     * <p>
     * In Romanian, there are specific forms for the so-called emphatic determiner, which may accompany both a
     * noun and a personal pronoun: fata însăşi (the girl herself), also ea însăşi (she herself). e.g.,
     * însele/însumi, însemi/însumi, însene/însumi, însevă/însumi, înseşi/însumi, înseţi/însumi, însumi,
     * însuşi/însumi, însuţi/însumi<br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer)
     */
    EmphaticDeterminer(Determiner),
    /**
     * An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite number or amount, i.e.
     * "some", "any", "many".<br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 22.09.06)
     * <p>
     * Note that here, a separate top-level class Quantifier has been introduced that covers expressions of
     * number and amount as *semantic* concepts. Plural indefinite determiners are thus to be modeled as
     * IndefiniteDeteriner and Quantifier.
     */
    IndefiniteDeterminer(Determiner),
    /**
     * Determiner/Type="negative" (Romanian)<br/>
     * In Romanian the negative determiner is expressed by the unit nici + indefinite article (e.g. nici un,
     * nici o). (MTE v4)
     * <p>
     * e.g., nici-o/nici_un, nici_o/nici_un, nici_un, nici_unei/nici_un, nici_unii/nici_un, nici_unor/nici_un,
     * nici_unui/nici_un<br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer)
     */
    NegativeDeterminer(IndefiniteDeterminer),
    /**
     * A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article
     * in English, though the words some or any often have that function. (Wilson and Leech 1996)
     */
    PartitiveDeterminer(Determiner),
    /**
     * Determiner/Type="exceptional" is applied to the Persian uniquitive determiner تنها i.e., "the only"
     * (MTE v4; Hamidreza Kobdani, email 2010/06/15,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer)
     */
    UniquitiveDeterminer(Determiner),
    /**
     * @deprecated to be replaced by InterrogativeDeterminer or RelativeDeterminer
     */
    WHDeterminer(Determiner),
    /**
     * A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a Nominal Phrase in order to create an exclamation
     * (a more emphatic form of statement), e.g. "What a lovely colour!", "What a wonderful day this is!" <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.27, 07.05.07;
     * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics), 07.05.07)
     */
    ExclamatoryDeterminer(WHDeterminer),
    /**
     * A interrogative is a function word used to introduce an interrogative clause. E.g. "which", "what",
     * "whose" (interrogative possessive determiner) are interrogative determiner in English. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word 02.05.07)
     */
    InterrogativeDeterminer(WHDeterminer),
    /**
     * The relative determiner describes a attributive relative pronoun. In German "wessen" in
     * "Ich weiss nicht, wessen Auto das ist." or the English "whose" in "The man whose daughter became ill.".
     * <p>
     * The relative determiner needs a noun to complete a NP (Nominal Phrase). <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.28, 07.05.07)
     */
    RelativeDeterminer(WHDeterminer),
    /**
     * Determiner that refers to the same entity.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377)
     */
    ReflexiveDeterminer(Determiner),
    /**
     * A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or a noun-phrase. A
     * language may have several classes of pronouns. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     * <p>
     * A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun
     * (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369)
     */
    Pronoun(LexicalCategory.PronounOrDeterminer),
    /**
     * An attributive pronoun is a pronoun that modifies an NP.
     */
    AttributivePronoun(Determiner, Pronoun),
    /**
     * Demonstratives are deictic expressions (they depend on an external frame of reference) which indicate
     * entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually
     * employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages
     * they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and
     * propositions mentioned in speech.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative 19.09.06)
     */
    DemonstrativeDeterminer(AttributivePronoun),
    /**
     * Demonstrative pronouns are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference). They indicate
     * which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun 19.09.06)
     */
    DemonstrativePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * A pronoun, which classifies or differentiates(pronoun) by a single basis, like everybody; each;
     * individual etc.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *             འ ག་པ ་ ་ ར་ ག་ར་ ན་ ང་ ང་ཁ་ ས་ད །
     *             Drupai Miser Gara Enrung Dzongkha ShegÔ
     *             'Every Bhutanese must know Dzongkha'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    DifferentialPronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * When the subject is conjoined, the reflexive cannot refer to only one of them. The proform has to be a
     * distributive pronoun, i.e., the reduplicated form, when it has coreference to respective subjects,
     * e.g., kumaarum_i/Kumar.and umaavum_j/Uma.and tan_i+j/self-poss puunekki/cat.to paalu/milk
     * kuDuttaanaanga/give-pst-aggr. "*Kumar_i and Uma gave milk to his_i/her_j cat." (Annamalai 2000, p. 189,
     * on Tamil)
     * <p>
     * Unlike reciprocals, the two parts of a distributive pronoun cannot be considered as two full,
     * independent NPs. In "awar/1 awar/2", only "awar/2" is case marked; "awar/1" is its citation form. Also,
     * the two parts cannot be separated by intervening material (cf. English "one another"). (Jayaseelan
     * 2000, p. 149, on Malayalam)
     * <p>
     * (K.A. Jayaseelan, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Malayalam, In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali,
     * James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A
     * Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 113-168) (E. Annamalai, 2000, Lexical anaphors and
     * pronouns in Tamil, , In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical
     * Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter,
     * Berlin, p. 169-216)
     */
    DistributivePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.
     * Examples in English are "anybody", "one", "somebody". <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnIndefinitePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    IndefinitePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * In the Russian MTE v4 specs, Pronoun/Type="nonspecific" marks the following Russian words: весь 'all',
     * всякий 'any, every', сам 'oneself', самый 'the very', каждый 'every, each', иной 'other', любой 'any',
     * другой 'other'. The name "nonspecific" follows Halliday (1985, Section 6.2.1.1). (MTE v4)
     * <p>
     * A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*",
     * "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite
     * one. (Andrews 2003).
     * <p>
     * Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday,
     * M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
     */
    NonspecificPronoun(IndefinitePronoun),
    /**
     * Pronoun lacking person referent. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426)
     * <p>
     * More precisely, a form of pronoun that denotes the absence of a concrete or specific referent, e.g.,
     * German "man".
     * <p>
     * As opposed to IndefinitePronoun, this referent is not just discourse-new, but generic or hypothetical.
     */
    ImpersonalPronoun(IndefinitePronoun),
    /**
     * Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925)
     */
    NegativePronoun(IndefinitePronoun),
    /**
     * A Locative pronoun is a pronoun, which locates the object of a noun or place of anything.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *             ་ ན་ གས་ ང་ ་ ག།
     *             Nâ[LP] PhÜntsho'ling-lu ShÔ
     *             'Come here at Phuntsholing'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    LocativePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value Pers./Refl. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
     */
    PersReflPronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * The Estonian determinal pronouns _ise_, _end(a)_ `(one)self'." combine aspects of emphatic pronouns and
     * reflexive pronouns. It could also be described as an intensifier that is formally identical with the
     * reflexive pronoun or as an emphatic reflexive pronoun. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, Heiki-Jaan Kaalep,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun;
     * <p>
     * Insa Gülzow (2006), The acquisition of intensifiers: Emphatic reflexives in English and German child
     * language, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 258)
     */
    DeterminalPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents grouped with the
     * speaker.<br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    FirstPersonPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    PersonalPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * *|An asterisk represents a zero pronoun; it may need to be deleted. ... is used to represent the empty
     * subject of gerunds, imperatives and to-infinitive clauses. (Santorini 1991)
     * <p>
     * (NP *) â ´ arbitrary PRO, controlled PRO, and trace of A-movement (Bies et al. 1995)
     */
    ZeroPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
    /**
     * Personnal pronoun that is affixed. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221)
     */
    AffixedPersonalPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
    /**
     * Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal
     * pronoun. (Eagles; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390)
     */
    StrongPersonalPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
    /**
     * Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal
     * pronoun.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414)
     */
    WeakPersonalPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
    /**
     * A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a
     * plural subject.<br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    ReciprocalPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    ReflexivePronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * Second person deixis means deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    SecondPersonPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g.
     * Dutch u and Spanish usted. The concept FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun applies to the corresponding
     * unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
     */
    FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun(SecondPersonPronoun),
    /**
     * In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g.
     * Dutch u and Spanish usted.<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
     */
    PoliteSecondPersonPronoun(SecondPersonPronoun),
    /**
     * Third person reference is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or
     * addressee.<br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    ThirdPersonPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
    /**
     * A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and
     * other forms of association. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    PossessivePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing ownership to someone or
     * something.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06)
     */
    PossessiveDeterminer(AttributivePronoun, PossessivePronoun),
    /**
     * Attributive possessive pronoun form of the reflexive pronoun, e.g., Russian свой:
     * <p>
     * Обама на свой день рождения угощал гостей стейками и хот-догами. Obama on his day of.birth entertained
     * guests with.steaks and hot.dogs
     * "On his birthday, Obama entertained his guests with steaks and hot dogs." <br>
     * (http://ua.rian.ru/world_news/20110805/78815136.html)
     * <p>
     * The antecedent of a possessive reflexive is not determined by its gender, but by its syntactic
     * prominence.
     */
    ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer(ReflexiveDeterminer, PossessiveDeterminer),
    /**
     * non-attributive pronoun
     */
    SubstitutivePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * @deprecated to be replaced with InterrogativePronoun or #RelativePronoun
     */
    @Deprecated
    WHPronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    ExclamatoryPronoun(WHPronoun),
    /**
     * A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions in place of the item questioned for. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    InterrogativePronoun(WHPronoun),
    /**
     * A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the
     * relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsARelativePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    RelativePronoun(WHPronoun),
    /**
     * pronoun that have reference to something characterized by allusions. (MIRACL & LSCA;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223)
     * <p>
     * an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term (Khemakhem Aida,
     * 2010-05-10 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr)
     * <p>
     * examples from Arabic (Monica Monachini 2010-05-06 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr): "kam nahaituhu" (how
     * often I forbade him, Hans Wehr), "baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil" (He just
     * turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary),
     * "gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH" ([how] he jumped for joy, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English
     * Dictionary)
     */
    AllusivePronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * conditional pronoun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222)
     */
    ConditionalPronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * Pronoun marked to show its importance.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941)
     */
    EmphaticPronoun(Pronoun),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a
     * text.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075)
     */
    MainPunctuation(LexicalCategory.Punctuation),
    /**
     * SentenceFinalPunctuation are . ? !.<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
     */
    SentenceFinalPunctuation(MainPunctuation),
    /**
     * Sign used to express a question.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444)
     */
    QuestionMark(SentenceFinalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445)
     */
    Point(SentenceFinalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441)
     */
    ExclamativePoint(MainPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087)
     */
    InterrogativePunctuation(MainPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076)
     */
    SecondaryPunctuation(LexicalCategory.Punctuation),
    /**
     * Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that set off a
     * parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are contained within the PRN node.
     * Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or
     * parentheses strongly suggests a parenthetical. (Bies et al. 1995)
     */
    ParentheticalPunctuation(SecondaryPunctuation),
    /**
     * Beginning of a paired punctuation.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078)
     */
    LeftParentheticalPunctuation(ParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * &lt; LAB* Left angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
     */
    OpenAngleBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * [ LSB* Left square bracket (Santorini 1991)
     */
    OpenSquareBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Inverted comma.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443)
     */
    InvertedComma(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088)
     */
    InvertedQuestionMark(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is represented graphically as [<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082)
     */
    OpenBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is graphically represented as {<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084)
     */
    OpenCurlyBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Beginning of a pair of parenthesis.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442)
     */
    OpenParenthesis(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * End of a paired punctuation.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079)
     * 
     * RightParentheticalPunctuation is a punctuation mark which concludes a constituent whose the opening is
     * marked by a LeftParentheticalPunctuation, e.g. ), ] and Spanish ?. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
     */
    RightParentheticalPunctuation(ParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * &gt; RAB* Right angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
     */
    CloseAngleBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * ] RSB* Right square bracket (Santorini 1991)
     */
    CloseSquareBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is graphically represented by ]<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083)
     */
    CloseBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is graphically represented by }<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085)
     */
    CloseCurlyBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * End of a parenthesis pair.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440)
     */
    CloseParenthesis(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
    /**
     * SentenceMedialPunctuation are , ; : - .<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
     */
    SentenceMedialPunctuation(SecondaryPunctuation),
    /**
     * Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example
     * or quotation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439)
     */
    Colon(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
    /**
     * Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list. (Longman DCE 2005;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448)
     */
    Comma(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-".<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077)
     */
    Hyphen(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
    /**
     * Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446)
     */
    SemiColon(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
    /**
     * Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or "etc" (abbreviated form). <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447)
     */
    SuspensionPoints(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
    /**
     * Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081)
     */
    Quote(SecondaryPunctuation),
    /**
     * quotation mark, closing
     */
    CloseQuote(Quote),
    /**
     * quotation mark, opening
     */
    OpenQuote(Quote),
    /**
     * The punctuation sign /<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437)
     */
    Slash(SecondaryPunctuation),
    /**
     * Quantifiers that enforce dual agreement (i.e., as with the numeral "2").
     * <p>
     * Some feminine and neuter body parts in Czech have preserved dual forms, and if the noun is dual, so are
     * its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So the agreement of the numeral 2 differs formally from 3-4
     * (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/16, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
     * <p>
     * Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific
     * patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic
     * singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite). <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
     */
    DualQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number,
     * and relation to the number, such as one of the following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Numeral(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * Bulgarian has Numeral/Form=approx(a), used for approximate numerals (десетина /about a ten/, стотина
     * /about a hundred/) (Dimitrova et al. 2009,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral)
     */
    ApproximateNumeral(Numeral),
    /**
     * A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, used in
     * counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    CardinalNumber(Numeral),
    /**
     * Numeral/Type="collect" (Romanian)<br/>
     * In traditional Romanian grammars, expressions like amândoi "both", toţi trei "all three" are referred
     * to as collective numerals. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
     * <p>
     * e.g., ambelor/ambii, ambilor/ambii, amânduror/amândoi, amândurora/amândoi, câteşipatru, tuspatru (ro,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
     * <p>
     * e.g., czworga/czworo, czworgiem/czworo, czworgu/czworo, czworo/czworo, dwoje/dwoje, dwojga/dwoje,
     * dwojgiem/dwoje, dwojgu/dwoje, jedenaścioro/jedenaścioro (pl,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
     * <p>
     * e.g., dvadesetora/dvadesetoro, dvoja/dvoje, dvoje, dvoji/dvoje, dvojih/dvoje, dvojim/dvoje, oboje,
     * tridesetora/tridesetoro, troja/troje (sr, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
     * <p>
     * e.g., обата, обајцата, обете, шеесетминава/шеесетмина, шеесетминана/шеесетмина,
     * шеесетмината/шеесетмина, шеснаесетминава/шеснаесетмина, шеснаесетминана/шеснаесетмина,
     * шеснаесетмината/шеснаесетмина (mk, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
     */
    CollectiveNumeral(Numeral),
    /**
     * Nominal numbers are used to identify or refer the things. It does not show the quantity or rank.
     * <p>
     * Example:
     * 
     * <pre>
     *             ངེ་གི་ འགལ་འཕིན་ ཨང་གངས་ འདི་ ༡༧༦༤༩༠༣༧ ཨིན།
     *             NGIGI DRUELTHRIN ANGDRANG 'DI 17649037 INN
     *             my mobile number is 17649037 be
     *             “ My mobile number is 17649037.”
     * </pre>
     * 
     * (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NominalNumber)
     */
    NominalNumber(Numeral),
    /**
     * An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence,
     * e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third". <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    OrdinalNumber(Numeral),
    /**
     * Numeral/Form="fractional" (Romanian)<br/>
     * In traditional Romanian grammars, FractionalNumeral refers to expressions like treime-one third. (MTE
     * v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
     */
    Fraction(Numeral),
    /**
     * Quantifiers that enforce paucal agreement. In many Slavic languages, numerals between 2 and 4 (and some
     * quantifiers) involve a specific agreement patterns that is different from that of smaller and greater
     * numbers. In Russian, for example, genitive singular is requires. These numerals and quantifiers with
     * the same characteristics are referred to here as "paucal quantifiers". (cf. David Pesetsky,
     * http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~jtrommer/Harvard/pesetsky.pdf)
     */
    PaucalQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * A PluralQuantifier is a Quantifier (or Numeral) that specifies a large multitude of entities. The
     * agreement pattern of a plural quantifier is different from that or an singular quantifier, but as
     * opposed to DualQuantifier and PaucalQuantifier, PluralQuantifier includes quantifiers that denote
     * arbitrarily large sets of entities. (Chiarcos) The corresponding category in Czech, Polish and Slovak
     * MTE v4 specs is Numeral/Class="definite", that refers to numerals larger than four. (MTE v4)
     */
    PluralQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * A ProQuantifier is a quantifier derived from a pronominal element. ProQuantifiers thus partly
     * characterized as pronouns (e.g., as pronominal adverbs) or quantifiers (e.g., "indefinite numeral" as
     * in MTE v.4).<br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier)
     */
    ProQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier, Pronoun),
    /**
     * In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="demonstrative" are items meaning `this many/much',
     * etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't
     * recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns (because they contain a
     * demonstrative element) or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or
     * very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier)
     */
    DemonstrativeQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
    /**
     * In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="indefinite" are items meaning `several/some', etc.
     * Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise
     * such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic
     * distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier)
     */
    IndefiniteQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
    /**
     * In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 pecs, Numeral/Class="interrogative" are items meaning `how many/much',
     * etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't
     * recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their
     * syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier)
     */
    InterrogativeQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
    /**
     * In the Czech MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="relative" are items meaning `how many/much', `as many/much'
     * etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't
     * recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their
     * syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier)
     */
    RelativeQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
    /**
     * A singular quantifier is a quantifier or a numeral that specifies a single referent from a set.
     * (Chiarcos) In Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, the corresponding category Numeral/Class="definite1" is
     * applied to the numeral "one". (MTE v4)
     */
    SingularQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * A Multiple Numeral serves to define a complex whole, with respect to the number of its parts, e.g.,
     * English "twofold", "twice" or "manyfold". Used in morphosyntactic descriptions of, e.g., Romanian,
     * Slovak and Czech. (Joseph Ghostwick [1878], English language -- Grammar, Historical, London, Longmans,
     * Green, and Co.; http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral)
     */
    MultiplicativeNumeral(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
    /**
     * Abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is strictly speaking a shorter form of a word, but more
     * particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed
     * to represent them for the sake of brevity. For example, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as
     * "abbr." or "abbrev."<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation 19.09.06)
     */
    Abbreviation(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * Abbreviation/Syntactic_Type="pronominal" (Romanian), e.g., d-ta/dumneata, d-tale/dumitale,
     * d-voastră/dumneavoastră, dv./dumneavoastră, dvs./dumneavoastră <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal)
     */
    AbbreviatedPronoun(Pronoun, Abbreviation),
    /**
     * An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters
     * of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. Acronyms are used most often to
     * abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym 19.09.06)
     */
    Acronym(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * Date is a stretch of text that specifies a specific point in time and that is not further
     * linguistically analysed. (Chiarcos)
     */
    Date(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical
     * classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
     */
    Foreign(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of
     * grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
     */
    Formula(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * Introduced to account for Bullet http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
     */
    LayoutElement(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * LST — List marker. (Bies et al. 1995)
     */
    ListMarker(LayoutElement),
    /**
     * 
     Sign used to mark an item in a list.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438)
     */
    Bullet(LayoutElement),
    /**
     * 
     graphical representation<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249)
     */
    Image(LayoutElement),
    /**
     * In morphosyntactic annotation schemes, a symbol is a single graphical sign that occurs in a written
     * text with a conventionalized meaning but that does not represent a phoneme (like ordinary characters),
     * an orthogaphic sign (punctuation), or a number. (Christian Chiarcos)
     * <p>
     * Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in
     * `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such
     * symbols also have gender.<br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr)
     */
    Symbol(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * a mis-typed word
     */
    Typo(LexicalCategory.Residual),
    /**
     * adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010). If its tradition of grammar description is
     * influenced by the Indian, these case markers are variously described as case morphemes or as
     * postpositions. Therefore introduced as a shorthand for Adposition or MorphologicalParticle
     */
    CaseMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm 19.09.06)
     * <p>
     * Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages. In some Asian languages, classifiers are used
     * as particles to combine a noun with a numeral, e.g. chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three
     * people' (Bußmann 2002, under Klassifikator)
     * <p>
     * Bharati et al. (2006, for Indian languages) group Classifiers together with Quantifiers and Numerals,
     * but they do not provide a detailed characterization of this class.
     * <p>
     * Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora.
     * Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies
     * Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
     */
    Classifier(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * Generally, discourse markers are expressions or phrases of greeting, apologizing, thanking, short
     * emotional utterances, and interjections. Their node label is DM. ... Typical discourse markers are: ja,
     * nein, hallo, oh, aha, pst, nunja, gewiß, toll, nun ja, etc. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p. 136)
     */
    DiscourseMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * For Hindi, words like 'bahuta', 'kama', etc. when intensifying adjectives or adverbs will be annotated
     * as INTF. Example, h37. hEdarAbAda meM aMgUra bahuta_INTF acche milate hEM 'HyderabAd' 'in' 'grapes'
     * 'very' 'good' 'available' 'are' “Very good grapes are available in Hyderabad” (Bharati et al. 2006) <br>
     * Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora.
     * Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies
     * Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
     */
    Intensifier(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * The izāfat (pronounced as a shorter form of –ē–) is an enclitic of Persian origin which is used in
     * Farsi and neighboring languages. In Urdu, it can be considered a preposition under certain
     * circumstances: it links two nouns in a possessive relationship, although the phrase thus produced may
     * often have a different meaning to a phrase produced with the native Urdu postposition kā. However, the
     * izāfat may also join a noun to an adjective, in which case it is not so clearly accurate to describe it
     * as a preposition parallel to the prepositions in European languages for which the EAGLES guidelines
     * were compiled. A better way to treat izāfat is in the context of the Unique category of miscellaneous
     * one-member wordclasses, discussed below. (Hardie 2003, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#Izafat)
     */
    Izafat(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * In Urdu, multiplicative numerals are formed by adding the suffix gunâ (Schmidt 1999, p.
     * 260,http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MultiplicativeMarker)
     */
    MultiplicativeMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * synonym of Unique, to be avoided because of its divergent definitions (Chiarcos)
     */
    Particle(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * Particle that serves to form adjective phrases, e.g., Urdu sā <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#AdjectivalParticle)
     */
    AdjectivalParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * Contrastive particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu tô:
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     vo urdû parhê gâ
     *     "He will study Urdu." (simple statement)
     * 
     *     vo tô urdû parhê gâ
     *     "HE will study Urdu." (Contrast: the other students may not.)
     * </pre>
     * 
     * (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
     */
    ContrastiveParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * Emphatic particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu tô:
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     vo urdû parhê gâ
     *     "He will study Urdu." (simple statement)
     *         
     *     vo urdû parhê gâ tô lêkin imtihân nahîm dê gâ
     * "He will STUDY Urdu, OF COURSE, but he won't take the examination."
     * 
     * <pre>
     (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
     */
    EmphaticParticle(Particle, Intensifier),
    /**
     * adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle, shorthand for
     * ContrastiveParticle and EmphaticParticle
     */
    ContrastiveEmphaticParticle(EmphaticParticle, ContrastiveParticle),
    /**
     * In Urdu, the exclusive emphatic particle hî emphasizes the preceding word and excludes something else
     * (which may not be expressed). (Schmidt 1999, p.233,
     * http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle) <br>
     * Compare with the inclusive emphatic particle bhî:
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     maim *bhî* faisalâ karûm gâ
     *     "I'll *also* make a decision"
     *      
     *     maim *hî* faisalâ karûm gâ
     *     "*I'm the one who* will make the decision."
     * </pre>
     * 
     * (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
     */
    ExclusiveEmphaticParticle(EmphaticParticle),
    /**
     * In Urdu, bhî is an emphatic particle meaning 'even'. In opposition to contrastive tô and exclusive hî,
     * bhî is inclusive:
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     maim *bhî* faisalâ karûm gâ
     *     "I'll *also* make a decision"
     *             
     *      maim *hî* faisalâ karûm gâ
     *      "*I'm the one who* will make the decision."
     * </pre>
     * 
     * (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
     */
    InclusiveEmphaticParticle(EmphaticParticle),
    /**
     * English existential there is specified as a subtype of pronoun in MTE v4, i.e., Pronoun/Type="ex-there" <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere)
     */
    ExistentialParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1455 (preverbalParticleLmf)
     */
    PreverbalParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * A verbal particle modifies the verb and carries information on the verb form (e.g., finiteness, tense
     * and aspect). (Dimitrova et al. 2009, Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09).
     * 
     * In the Bulgarian MTE specs, Particle/Type=verbal(v) is used to form different type of verbal
     * syntactical relationships, e.g. to create future tense (ще говориш), or particles like се, да.
     * (Dimitrova et al. 2009) The Romanian MTE v4 specs provide a more fine-grained subclassification of
     * (verbal) particles (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle)
     */
    VerbalParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="aspect" modifies the verbs
     * and carries information on the verb form, i.e., on its aspect (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle)
     */
    AspectParticle(VerbalParticle),
    /**
     * A modality-marking adverb is a verbal particle that serves to indicate mood, aspect and/or tense (cf.
     * Schmidt 1999). Note that this is not to be confused with the conventional meaning of "modal adverb" in
     * the sense of "manner adverb" (cf. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_adverbs), hence
     * the uncommon name.
     * 
     * Ruth Laila Schmidt (1999) Urdu, an essential grammar, Routledge, London.
     */
    ModalityMarkingAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb, VerbalParticle),
    /**
     * In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="future" modifies the verbs
     * and marks the verb as being subjunctive, e.g., s-/să, să (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09,
     * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle)
     */
    SubjunctiveParticle(VerbalParticle),
    /**
     * Dzongkha has also a tense marker, which is not complicated like in other languages. It has got only six
     * tense markers and can be used in a very simple and effective way. They are: ('Ni'+'Wong') for future,
     * ('D'o'+'D'ä') for present and ('Ci'+'Yi') for past tense.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     ང་ ནངས་པ་ འ ་ །
     *     Nga naba jo-ni[past tense]
     *     I tomorrow go-will-[past]
     *     'I am going tomorrow'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    TenseMarkingParticle(VerbalParticle),
    /**
     * Particle used in order to express future.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919)
     */
    FutureParticle(TenseMarkingParticle),
    /**
     * E.g., the mediopassive (middle) voice marker se in the Portuguese EAGLES scheme. (Leech and Wilson
     * 1996)
     */
    VoiceParticle(VerbalParticle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle used to express infinitive.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896)
     */
    InfinitiveParticle(VerbalParticle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle used to compare.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922)
     */
    ComparativeParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     conditional particule (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230)
     */
    ConditionalParticule(CoordinatingConjunction, Particle),
    /**
     * 
     particle for coordination (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227)
     */
    CoordinationParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     distinctive particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228)
     */
    DistinctiveParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle used to express a question.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921)
     */
    InterrogativeParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle which functions as a modal.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920)
     */
    ModalParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle used to express negation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894)
     */
    NegativeParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * Particle used to express affirmation.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918)
     */
    AffirmativeParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle expressing ownship.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895)
     */
    PossessiveParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * relative particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229)
     */
    RelativeParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * 
     Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities
     * and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is
     * implied. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923)
     */
    SuperlativeParticle(Particle),
    /**
     * In Urdu, wālā can be added to substantives to derive nouns implying possession or general
     * relationships, e.g., go-wāl, or go-wālā, s.m. cow-keeper, cow-herd (from go, 'cow'), or ghar-wālā, s.m.
     * master or owner of the house (from ghar, 'house') (Plats 1884, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Wala)
     */
    PossessionMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * 
     Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis.
     * (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283)
     */
    Expletive(LexicalCategory.Unique),
    /**
     * 
     An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have no meaning, but
     * complete a sentence to make it grammatical [Crystal 1997, 127] <br>
     * (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Expletive)
     * <p>
     * In European languages, expletives are pronouns. A verbal part of speech that
     * "has no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical" is a copula (see AuxiliaryVerb).
     */
    ExpletivePronoun(ThirdPersonPronoun, Expletive),
    /**
     * 
     Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished:
     * formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive
     * correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). ...
     * <p>
     * The formal subject obligatorily occurs with weather verbs, e.g. "Es regnet" and unpersonal or agentless
     * constructions such as "Es gibt so eine Buchung" or "Es geht um populäre Unterhaltung." Some verbs
     * optionally permit an expletive subject but also occur with referential subjects such as
     * "Max/Es kopft an der Tür." A formal object is found in constructions like "jmd. legt es an auf etw." or
     * "jmd. verdirbt es mit jmdm." In all examples mentioned, es functions as a grammatical argument without
     * semantic contribution, i.e. it does not refer to a person, object, or event. (Telljohann et al. 2009,
     * p.60f)
     */
    ExpletiveArgument(ExpletivePronoun),
    /**
     * 
     Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished:
     * formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive
     * correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann
     * et al. 2009, p.60)
     * <p>
     * Extraposed clausal arguments:
     * "Aber [es] ist übertrieben zu sagen, damit bekäme die FU erst eine Identität." (Telljohann et al. 2009,
     * p.62)
     */
    ExpletiveCorrelate(ExpletivePronoun),
    /**
     * 
     Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished:
     * formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive
     * correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann
     * et al. 2009, p.60)
     * <p>
     * In German, a purely structural dummy element ... occurs in Vorfeld position only and is not correlated
     * with any argument of the clause. It does not agree with the verb which becomes evident if there is a
     * plural subject in the Mittelfeld:
     * <p>
     * "es zahlen ihn die Völker, deren Menschenrechte angeblich verteidigt werden."
     * <p>
     * It is ungrammatical in the Mittelfeld, e.g. *". . . dass es ihn die Völker zahlen".
     */
    StructuralExpletive(ExpletivePronoun),
    /**
     * 
     An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses
     * grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and
     * voice.<br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06)
     * <p>
     * Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas are classified under
     * auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every EAGLES-conformant
     * morphosyntactic annotation scheme.
     * <p>
     * Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make
     * distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)
     */
    AuxiliaryVerb(LexicalCategory.Verb),
    /**
     * 
     A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective or an other
     * constituent which expresses the predicate. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Copula(AuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * 
     Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or
     * intention. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329)
     * <p>
     * A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is
     * used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is characteristic of Germanic
     * languages.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06)
     * <p>
     * In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an
     * intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06)
     * <p>
     * The auxiliaries in English subdivide into the primary verbs `be', `have', and `do', which can also
     * function as main verbs, and the modal auxiliaries such as `can', `will', and `would', which are
     * uninflected, and always function as auxiliaries. <br>
     * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node158.html#SECTION00054800000000000000)
     */
    ModalVerb(AuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * 
     Non-modal, non-copular auxiliary verb.
     */
    StrictAuxiliaryVerb(AuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * An auxiliary that marks exclusively aspect, e.g., in Urdu:
     * <p>
     * Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories.
     * Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show
     * the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase (Sajjad 2007).
     * <p>
     * E.g., Urdu rahā, an auxiliary element is used to mark the durative aspect. (Hardie 2004,
     * http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RahaAuxiliary)
     */
    AspectMarkingAuxiliary(StrictAuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * An auxiliary that marks exclusively tense, e.g., in Urdu:
     * <p>
     * Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories.
     * Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show
     * the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase. (Sajjad 2007).
     * <p>
     * In Urdu, the auxiliary gā indicates future tense when it follows a verb in the subjunctive form. <br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#GaAuxiliary)
     */
    TenseMarkingAuxiliary(StrictAuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * 
     Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement or complementing
     * phrase in certain languages. This verb could be used also to form the passive voice.
     * (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=be -> 4); http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246)
     */
    BeAuxiliary(StrictAuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * 
     The verb have as an auxiliary.
     * (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299)
     */
    HaveAuxiliary(StrictAuxiliaryVerb),
    /**
     * 
     A finite verb is a verb form that occurs in an independent clause, and is fully inflected according to
     * the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
     * <p>
     * Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an independent sentence. (Crystal 2003;
     * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1287)
     */
    FiniteVerb(LexicalCategory.Verb),
    /**
     * 
     A conditional verb is a verb form in many languages. It is used to express degrees of certainty or
     * uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. Such forms often occur in conditional
     * sentences.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood 19.09.06)
     */
    ConditionalVerb(FiniteVerb),
    /**
     * 
     An imperative verb is used to express commands, direct requests, and prohibitions. Often, direct use of
     * the imperative mood may appear blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read
     * that book".<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Imperative_mood 19.09.06)
     */
    ImperativeVerb(FiniteVerb),
    /**
     * 
     Indicative mood is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a particular language
     * does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in
     * all languages.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Indicative_mood 19.09.06)
     */
    IndicativeVerb(FiniteVerb),
    /**
     * 
     A subjunctive verb is typically used to expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion,
     * possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that are contrary to fact at present. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood 19.09.06)
     */
    SubjunctiveVerb(FiniteVerb),
    /**
     * In linguistics, a light verb is a verb participating in complex predication that has little semantic
     * content of its own, but provides through inflection some details on the event semantics, such as
     * aspect, mood, or tense. The semantics of the compound, as well as its argument structure, are
     * determined by the head or primary component of the compound, which may be a verb or noun (V+V or V+N
     * compounds). Other names for "light verb" include: vector verb or explicator verb, emphasising its role
     * within the compound; or thin verb or semantically weak verb, emphasising (as with "light") its lack of
     * semantics. A "semantically weak" verb is not to be confused with a "weak verb" as in the Germanic weak
     * inflection. Light verbs are similar to auxiliary verbs in some ways.
     * <p>
     * Most English light verbs occur in V+N forms sometimes called "stretched verbs": for example, take in
     * take a nap, where the primary sense is provided by "nap", and "take" is the light verb. The light verbs
     * most common in these constructions are also common in phrasal verbs. A verb which is "light" in one
     * context may be "heavy" in another: as with "take" in I will take a book to read.
     * <p>
     * Examples in other languages include the Yiddish geb in geb a helf (literally give a help, "help"); the
     * French faire in faire semblant (lit. make seeming, "pretend"); the Hindi nikal paRA (lit. leave fall,
     * "start to leave"); and the bǎ construction in Chinese.[1] Some verbs are found in many such
     * expressions; to reuse an earlier example, take is found in take a nap, take a shower, take a sip, take
     * a bow, take turns, and so on. Light verbs are extremely common in Indo-Iranian languages, Japanese, and
     * other languages in which verb compounding is a primary mechanism for marking aspectual distinctions. <br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb)
     */
    LightVerb(LexicalCategory.Verb),
    /**
     * Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts.
     * (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332)
     * <p>
     * A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally
     * in a language, such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    NonFiniteVerb(LexicalCategory.Verb),
    /**
     * property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive. <br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243)
     * <p>
     * A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. In today's English, gerunds are nouns
     * built from a verb with an '-ing' suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or
     * an object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist
     * side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different
     * shades of meaning.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06)
     * <p>
     * The term _gerund_ is ambiguous: with respect to Latin, in whose grammatical tradition it originates, it
     * refers to a deverbal noun, and is needed in this function for Polish as well; in descriptions of some
     * other languages, however, it has been used for an adverbial participle. The two meanings have nothing
     * in common, except that the English _ing_-form can translate both. (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09)
     * Here, it is assumed that Gerund refers only to deverbal nouns, cf. NominalNonfiniteVerb in the IIIT
     * tagset<br>
     * (http://purl.org/olia/iiit.owl#NominalNonFiniteVerb)
     */
    Gerund(NonFiniteVerb),
    /**
     * An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional categories such as the
     * following: Aspect, Modality, Number, Person and Tense. <br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Infinitive(NonFiniteVerb),
    /**
     * 
     A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the characteristics and functions
     * of both verbs and adjectives. In English, participles may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite
     * forms of verbs.<br>
     * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm 19.09.06)
     */
    Participle(NonFiniteVerb),
    /**
     * Adverb/Type="participle" is used in the Slovene MTE v4 specs, e.g., 'leže' / lying. Slovenian adverbial
     * participles are, however, not attested for Resian. (MTE
     * v4)(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple)
     */
    AdverbialParticiple(LexicalCategory.Adverb, Participle),
    /**
     * [In Bengali, t]he Conditional Participle is widely used to convey
     * "if a certain action [pertaining to the parent verb] is done,...". The logic is: "in the case or
     * condition of a certain action being done". Being impersonal, without regard for the doer of the action
     * that caused the condition, it is not declined to suit number or gender. If this doer is not defined in
     * the Bengali condition clause but needs to be stated in a natural-sounding English translation, this is
     * identified and drawn from the second clause. For example:- Student: Teaching Truth in Bengali
     * <p>
     * If you pay attention,* you will learn. manoyog kar-*le* tumi shikh-be. [or, If attention is paid]
     * <p>
     * <br>
     * (http://www.jaspell.co.uk/bengalicourse2007/wb149study49.pdf)
     */
    ConditionalParticiple(Participle),
    /**
     * Participle and hasTense some Past
     */
    PastParticiple(Participle),
    /**
     * Participle and hasTense some Present
     */
    PresentParticiple(Participle),
    /**
     * English verb forms ending in '-ing' that represent either Gerunds or Participles.
     */
    Ing("ing", Gerund, Participle),
    /**
     * Adjective based on a verb.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598)
     */
    ParticipleAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective, Participle),
    /**
     * 
     Adjective based on a past participle.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596)
     */
    PastParticipleAdjective(ParticipleAdjective, PastParticiple),
    /**
     * 
     Adjective based on a present participle.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597)
     */
    PresentParticipleAdjective(ParticipleAdjective, PresentParticiple),
    /**
     * 
     Supine is a nonfinite form of motion verbs with functions similar to that of an infinitive (Angelika
     * Adams)
     */
    Supine(NonFiniteVerb),
    /**
     * A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in
     * part its constructions. This term is applied especially to gerunds, and sometimes also to infinitives
     * and supines.<br>
     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun 19.09.06)
     */
    VerbalNoun(CommonNoun, NonFiniteVerb),
    /**
     * Main verb in contrast to a modal or an auxiliary.<br>
     * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400)
     */
    MainVerb(LexicalCategory.Verb),
    /**
     * An agentive verb marks the semantic role of agent or the doer of an action.
     * <p>
     * Example:
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     ་ ་ ས་ ་ ་ བསད་ ག། 
     *     Dorji-gi jele sänu 
     *     'Dorji killed the cat'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    AgentiveVerb(MainVerb),
    /**
     * It is a verb, which indicates a strong desire to achieve something, without the doer.
     * 
     * <pre>
     *     དག་པ ་ ང་ ་ ་བར་ ག། 
     *     dag-pai zhing-lu kewa shÔ 
     *     'May i be born in pure land'
     * </pre>
     * 
     * <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    AspirationalVerb(MainVerb),
    /**
     * Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ན་བཟའ་/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun གོ་
     * ལ་/gola/(cloths), གསངས་/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb སབ་/lab/(tell). We opted to mark
     * them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research
     * on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we
     * describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb
     * form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. བངམ་/jun/(created), the past particle
     * form of བང་/jung/(create).
     */
    HonorificVerb(MainVerb),
    /**
     * (of a verb) having no logical subject. Usually in English the pronoun it is used in such cases as a
     * grammatical subject, as for example in It is raining. (of a pronoun) not denoting a person
     * (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=impersonal; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306)
     */
    Impersonal(MainVerb),
    /**
     * A non-agentive verb is a type of verb, which indicates an action without the doer.
     * <p>
     * Example: ང་མ་ འ ར་ ས། 'lungma phur-dä 'A wind is blowing' <br>
     * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
     */
    NonAgentiveVerb(MainVerb), ;
    static final String OLIA_NAMESPACE = "http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#";

    private final Set<LexicalCategory> categories;
    private final Collection<Pos> parents;
    private final UriRef uri;

    Pos(LexicalCategory category) {
        this(null, category, (LexicalCategory) null);
    }

    Pos(LexicalCategory category, LexicalCategory additional) {
        this(null, category, additional);
    }

    Pos(String name, LexicalCategory category, LexicalCategory additional) {
        this.uri = new UriRef(OLIA_NAMESPACE + (name == null ? name() : name));
        categories = EnumSet.of(category);
        if (additional != null) {
            categories.add(additional);
        }
        parents = Collections.emptySet();
    }

    Pos(Pos... parent) {
        this(null, null, parent);
    }

    Pos(String name, Pos... parent) {
        this(name, null, parent);
    }

    Pos(LexicalCategory category, Pos... parent) {
        this(null, category, parent);
    }

    Pos(String name, LexicalCategory category, Pos... parent) {
        this.uri = new UriRef(OLIA_NAMESPACE + (name == null ? name() : name));
        this.parents = parent == null || parent.length < 1 ? Collections.EMPTY_SET : Arrays.asList(parent);
        categories = category == null ? EnumSet.noneOf(LexicalCategory.class) : EnumSet.of(category);
        Set<Pos> toProcess = new HashSet<Pos>(parents);
        while (!toProcess.isEmpty()) {
            Iterator<Pos> it = toProcess.iterator();
            Pos p = it.next();
            it.remove();
            categories.addAll(p.categories);
            toProcess.addAll(p.parents);
        }
    }

    public Set<LexicalCategory> categories() {
        return categories;
    }

    public boolean isParent() {
        return parents.isEmpty();
    }

    public Collection<Pos> parents() {
        return parents;
    }

    public UriRef getUri() {
        return uri;
    }

    public Set<Pos> hierarchy() {
        return transitiveClosureMap.get(this);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format("olia:%s", 
            uri.getUnicodeString().substring(OLIA_NAMESPACE.length()));
    }
    
    /**
     * This is needed because one can not create EnumSet instances before the
     * initialization of an Enum has finished.<p>
     * To keep using the much faster {@link EnumSet} a static member initialised
     * in an static {} block is used as a workaround. The {@link Tense#getTenses()}
     * method does use this static member instead of a member variable
     */
    private static final Map<Pos,Set<Pos>> transitiveClosureMap;
    
    static {
        transitiveClosureMap = new EnumMap<Pos,Set<Pos>>(Pos.class);
        for(Pos pos : Pos.values()){
            Set<Pos> parents = EnumSet.of(pos);
            for(Pos posParent : pos.parents()){
                Set<Pos> transParents = transitiveClosureMap.get(posParent);
                if(transParents != null){
                    parents.addAll(transParents);
                } else if(posParent != null){
                    parents.add(posParent);
                } // else no parent
            }
            transitiveClosureMap.put(pos, parents);
        }
    }
    
}
