/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.sis.feature;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import org.opengis.util.GenericName;
import org.opengis.util.InternationalString;
import org.apache.sis.util.Classes;
import org.apache.sis.util.ArgumentChecks;


/**
 * Definition of an attribute in a feature type.
 * The name of attribute type is mandatory. The name {@linkplain org.apache.sis.util.iso.AbstractName#scope() scope}
 * is typically the name of the {@linkplain DefaultFeatureType feature type} containing this attribute, but this is
 * not mandatory. The scope could also be defined by the ontology for example.
 *
 * <div class="note"><b>Analogy:</b>
 * Compared to the Java language, {@code AttributeType} is equivalent to {@link java.lang.reflect.Field}
 * while {@code FeatureType} is equivalent to {@link Class}.
 * Attribute characterization (discussed below) is similar to {@link java.lang.annotation.Annotation}.
 * </div>
 *
 * <div class="warning"><b>Warning:</b>
 * This class is expected to implement a GeoAPI {@code AttributeType} interface in a future version.
 * When such interface will be available, most references to {@code DefaultAttributeType} in current
 * API will be replaced by references to the {@code AttributeType} interface.</div>
 *
 * <h2>Value type</h2>
 * Attributes can be used for both spatial and non-spatial properties.
 * Some examples are:
 *
 * <table class="sis">
 *   <caption>Attribute value type examples</caption>
 *   <tr><th>Attribute name</th>      <th>Value type</th></tr>
 *   <tr><td>Building shape</td>      <td>{@link org.opengis.geometry.Geometry}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>Building owner</td>      <td>{@link org.opengis.metadata.citation.ResponsibleParty}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>Horizontal accuracy</td> <td>{@link org.opengis.metadata.quality.PositionalAccuracy}</td></tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <h2>Attribute characterization</h2>
 * An {@code Attribute} can be characterized by other attributes. For example, an attribute that carries a measurement
 * (e.g. air temperature) may have another attribute that holds the measurement accuracy (e.g. ±0.1°C).
 * The accuracy value is often constant for all instances of that attribute
 * (e.g. for all temperature measurements in the same dataset), but this is not mandatory.
 *
 * <h3>Design notes</h3>
 * Such accuracy could be stored as an ordinary, independent, attribute (like another column in a table),
 * but storing accuracy as a {@linkplain #characteristics() characteristic} of the measurement attribute instead
 * provides the following advantages:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>The same characteristic name (e.g. “accuracy”) can be used for different attributes
 *       (e.g. “temperature”, “humidity”, <i>etc.</i>) since all characteristics are local to their attribute.</li>
 *   <li>A reference to an attribute gives also access to its characteristics. For example, any method expecting
 *       an {@code Attribute} argument, when given a measurement, can also get its accuracy at the same time.</li>
 *   <li>In the common case of a {@linkplain DefaultFeatureType#isSimple() simple feature} with characteristics
 *       that are constants, declaring them as attribute characteristics allows to specify the constants only once.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Constant values of characteristics are given by their {@linkplain #getDefaultValue() default value}.
 * It is still possible for any specific {@code Attribute} instance to specify their own value,
 * but {@linkplain DefaultFeatureType#isSimple() simple feature} usually don't do that.
 *
 * <h2>Immutability and thread safety</h2>
 * Instances of this class are immutable if all properties ({@link GenericName} and {@link InternationalString}
 * instances) and all arguments (e.g. {@code defaultValue}) given to the constructor are also immutable.
 * Such immutable instances can be shared by many objects and passed between threads without synchronization.
 *
 * <p>In particular, the {@link #getDefaultValue()} method does <strong>not</strong> clone the returned value.
 * This means that the same {@code defaultValue} instance may be shared by many {@link AbstractAttribute} instances.
 * Consequently, the default value should be immutable for avoiding unexpected behavior.</p>
 *
 * @author  Johann Sorel (Geomatys)
 * @author  Martin Desruisseaux (Geomatys)
 * @version 1.4
 *
 * @param <V> the type of attribute values. If the attribute supports multi-occurrences,
 *            then this is the type of elements (not the collection type).
 *
 * @see DefaultFeatureType
 * @see AbstractAttribute
 *
 * @since 0.5
 */
public class DefaultAttributeType<V> extends FieldType {
    /**
     * For cross-version compatibility.
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -817024213677735239L;

    /**
     * The class that describe the type of attribute values.
     *
     * @see #getValueClass()
     */
    private final Class<V> valueClass;

    /**
     * The default value for the attribute, or {@code null} if none.
     *
     * @see #getDefaultValue()
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("serial")         // Not statically typed as Serializable.
    private final V defaultValue;

    /**
     * Other attribute types that describes this attribute type, or {@code null} if none.
     * This is used for attributes of attribute (e.g. accuracy of a position).
     *
     * @see #characteristics()
     */
    private transient CharacteristicTypeMap characteristics;

    /**
     * Constructs an attribute type from the given properties. The identification map is given unchanged to
     * the {@linkplain AbstractIdentifiedType#AbstractIdentifiedType(Map) super-class constructor}.
     * The following table is a reminder of main (not all) recognized map entries:
     *
     * <table class="sis">
     *   <caption>Recognized map entries (non exhaustive list)</caption>
     *   <tr>
     *     <th>Map key</th>
     *     <th>Value type</th>
     *     <th>Returned by</th>
     *   </tr><tr>
     *     <td>{@value org.apache.sis.feature.AbstractIdentifiedType#NAME_KEY}</td>
     *     <td>{@link GenericName} or {@link String}</td>
     *     <td>{@link #getName()}</td>
     *   </tr><tr>
     *     <td>{@value org.apache.sis.feature.AbstractIdentifiedType#DEFINITION_KEY}</td>
     *     <td>{@link InternationalString} or {@link String}</td>
     *     <td>{@link #getDefinition()}</td>
     *   </tr><tr>
     *     <td>{@value org.apache.sis.feature.AbstractIdentifiedType#DESIGNATION_KEY}</td>
     *     <td>{@link InternationalString} or {@link String}</td>
     *     <td>{@link #getDesignation()}</td>
     *   </tr><tr>
     *     <td>{@value org.apache.sis.feature.AbstractIdentifiedType#DESCRIPTION_KEY}</td>
     *     <td>{@link InternationalString} or {@link String}</td>
     *     <td>{@link #getDescription()}</td>
     *   </tr><tr>
     *     <td>{@value org.apache.sis.feature.AbstractIdentifiedType#DEPRECATED_KEY}</td>
     *     <td>{@link Boolean}</td>
     *     <td>{@link #isDeprecated()}</td>
     *   </tr>
     * </table>
     *
     * @param identification   the name and other information to be given to this attribute type.
     * @param valueClass       the type of attribute values.
     * @param minimumOccurs    the minimum number of occurrences of the attribute within its containing entity.
     * @param maximumOccurs    the maximum number of occurrences of the attribute within its containing entity,
     *                         or {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE} if there is no restriction.
     * @param defaultValue     the default value for the attribute, or {@code null} if none.
     * @param characterizedBy  other attribute types that describes this attribute type (can be {@code null} for none).
     *                         For example if this new {@code DefaultAttributeType} describes a measurement,
     *                         then {@code characterizedBy} could holds the measurement accuracy.
     *                         See <q>Attribute characterization</q> in class Javadoc for more information.
     *
     * @see org.apache.sis.feature.builder.AttributeTypeBuilder
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("this-escape")        // Okay because used only in package-private class.
    public DefaultAttributeType(final Map<String,?> identification, final Class<V> valueClass,
            final int minimumOccurs, final int maximumOccurs, final V defaultValue,
            final DefaultAttributeType<?>... characterizedBy)
    {
        super(identification, minimumOccurs, maximumOccurs);
        ArgumentChecks.ensureNonNull("valueClass",   valueClass);
        ArgumentChecks.ensureCanCast("defaultValue", valueClass, defaultValue);
        this.valueClass      = valueClass;
        this.defaultValue    = defaultValue;
        if (characterizedBy != null && characterizedBy.length != 0) {
            characteristics = CharacteristicTypeMap.create(this, characterizedBy.clone());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Invoked on serialization for saving the {@link #characteristics} field.
     *
     * @param  out The output stream where to serialize this attribute type.
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurred while writing.
     */
    private void writeObject(final ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
        out.defaultWriteObject();
        out.writeObject(characteristics != null ? characteristics.characterizedBy : null);
    }

    /**
     * Invoked on deserialization for restoring the {@link #characteristics} field.
     *
     * @param  in  the input stream from which to deserialize an attribute type.
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurred while reading or if the stream contains invalid data.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class serialized on the stream is not on the module path.
     */
    private void readObject(final ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        in.defaultReadObject();
        try {
            final DefaultAttributeType<?>[] characterizedBy = (DefaultAttributeType<?>[]) in.readObject();
            if (characterizedBy != null) {
                characteristics = CharacteristicTypeMap.create(this, characterizedBy);
            }
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            // At least ClassCastException, NullPointerException and IllegalArgumentException.
            throw (IOException) new InvalidObjectException(e.getLocalizedMessage()).initCause(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the type of attribute values.
     *
     * @return the type of attribute values.
     */
    public final Class<V> getValueClass() {
        return valueClass;
    }

    /*
     * ISO 19109 properties omitted for now:
     *
     *   - valueDomain : CharacterString
     *
     * Rational: a CharacterString is hardly programmatically usable. A Range would be better but too specific.
     * We could follow the GeoAPI path and define a "restrictions : Filter" property. That would be more generic,
     * but we are probably better to wait for Filter to be implemented in SIS.
     *
     * Reference: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SIS-175
     */

    /**
     * Returns the minimum number of attribute values.
     * The returned value is greater than or equal to zero.
     *
     * <p>To be valid, an {@code Attribute} instance of this {@code AttributeType} shall have at least
     * this minimum number of elements in its {@link AbstractAttribute#getValues() collection of values}.</p>
     *
     * @return the minimum number of attribute values.
     */
    @Override
    public final int getMinimumOccurs() {
        return super.getMinimumOccurs();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum number of attribute values.
     * The returned value is greater than or equal to the {@link #getMinimumOccurs()} value.
     * If there is no maximum, then this method returns {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
     *
     * <p>To be valid, an {@code Attribute} instance of this {@code AttributeType} shall have no more than
     * this maximum number of elements in its {@link AbstractAttribute#getValues() collection of values}.</p>
     *
     * @return the maximum number of attribute values, or {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE} if none.
     */
    @Override
    public final int getMaximumOccurs() {
        return super.getMaximumOccurs();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the default value for the attribute.
     * This value is used when an attribute is created and no value for it is specified.
     *
     * @return the default value for the attribute, or {@code null} if none.
     */
    public V getDefaultValue() {
        return defaultValue;
    }

    /**
     * Other attribute types that describes this attribute type.
     * The characteristics are enumerated in the {@linkplain Map#values() map values}.
     * The {@linkplain Map#keySet() map keys} are the {@code String} representations
     * of characteristics {@linkplain #getName() name}, for more convenient lookups.
     * See <q>Attribute characterization</q> in class Javadoc for more information.
     *
     * <h4>Example</h4>
     * An attribute that carries a measurement (e.g. air temperature) may have another attribute that holds the
     * measurement accuracy. The accuracy is often constant for all measurements in a dataset, but not necessarily.
     * If the accuracy is a constant, then the characteristics {@linkplain #getDefaultValue() default value}
     * shall hold that constant.
     *
     * @return other attribute types that describes this attribute type, or an empty map if none.
     *
     * @see AbstractAttribute#characteristics()
     */
    public Map<String,DefaultAttributeType<?>> characteristics() {
        return (characteristics != null) ? characteristics : Collections.emptyMap();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new attribute instance of this type initialized to the {@linkplain #getDefaultValue() default value}.
     *
     * @return a new attribute instance.
     *
     * @see AbstractAttribute#create(DefaultAttributeType)
     */
    public AbstractAttribute<V> newInstance() {
        return AbstractAttribute.create(this);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash code value for this attribute type.
     *
     * @return {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return super.hashCode() + valueClass.hashCode() + Objects.hashCode(defaultValue)
               + Objects.hashCode(characteristics);
    }

    /**
     * Compares this attribute type with the given object for equality.
     *
     * @return {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
        if (obj == this) {
            return true;
        }
        if (super.equals(obj)) {
            final DefaultAttributeType<?> that = (DefaultAttributeType<?>) obj;
            return valueClass == that.valueClass &&
                   Objects.equals(defaultValue, that.defaultValue) &&
                   Objects.equals(characteristics, that.characteristics);
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this attribute type.
     * The returned string is for debugging purpose and may change in any future SIS version.
     *
     * @return a string representation of this attribute type for debugging purpose.
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return toString(deprecated, "AttributeType", getName(), Classes.getShortName(valueClass)).toString();
    }
}
