org.apache.sis.measure

## Class Range<E extends Comparable<? super E>>

- Object
- - Range<E>

- Type Parameters:
    `E` - the type of range elements, typically a `Number` subclass or `Date`.
  All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, Formattable, CheckedContainer<E>, Emptiable
  Direct Known Subclasses:
    NumberRange

      public class Range<E extends Comparable<? super E>>
      extends Object
      implements CheckedContainer<E>, Formattable, Emptiable, Serializable

  A set of minimum and maximum values of a certain class, allowing a user to determine if a value of the same class is contained inside the range. The minimum and maximum values do not have to be included in the range, and can be null. If the minimum or maximum values are null, the range is said to be unbounded on that endpoint. If both the minimum and maximum are null, the range is completely unbounded and all values of that class are contained within the range. Null values are always considered exclusive, since iterations over the values will never reach the infinite endpoint.

  The minimal and maximal values (the endpoints) may be inclusive or exclusive. Numeric ranges where both endpoints are inclusive are called closed intervals and are represented by square brackets, for example "`[0 … 255]`". Numeric ranges where both endpoints are exclusive are called open intervals and are represented by parenthesis, for example "`(0 … 256)`".

  Type and value of range elements
  To be a member of a `Range`, the `<E>` type defining the range must implement the `Comparable` interface. All argument values given to the methods of this class shall be or contain instances of that `<E>` type. The type is enforced by parameterized type, but some subclasses may put additional constraints. For example `MeasurementRange` will additionally checks the units of measurement. Consequently every methods defined in this class may throw an `IllegalArgumentException` if a given argument does not meet some constraint beyond the type.
  Relationship with ISO 19123 definition of range
  The ISO 19123 standard (Coverage geometry and functions) defines the range as the set (either finite or transfinite) of feature attribute values associated by a function (the coverage) with the elements of the coverage domain. In other words, if we see a coverage as a function, then a range is the set of possible return values.

  The characteristics of the spatial domain are defined by the ISO 19123 standard whereas the characteristics of the attribute range are not part of that standard. In Apache SIS, those characteristics are described by the `SampleDimension` class, which may contain one or many `Range` instances. Consequently this `Range` class is closely related, but not identical, to the ISO 19123 definition or range.

  Ranges are not necessarily numeric. Numeric and non-numeric ranges can be associated to discrete coverages, while typically only numeric ranges can be associated to continuous coverages.

  Immutability and thread safety
  This class and the `NumberRange` / `MeasurementRange` subclasses are immutable, and thus inherently thread-safe. Other subclasses may or may not be immutable, at implementation choice. But implementors are encouraged to make sure that all subclasses remain immutable for more predictable behavior.
  Since:
    0.3
  See Also:
    `RangeFormat`, `RangeSet`, Serialized Form

  Defined in the `sis-utility` module

- - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `Range(Class<E> elementType, E minValue, boolean isMinIncluded, E maxValue, boolean isMaxIncluded)` Creates a new range bounded by the given endpoint values.
    `Range(Range<E> range)` Constructs a range with the same type and the same values than the specified range.

  - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `boolean` | `contains(E value)` Returns `true` if this range contains the given value.
    `boolean` | `contains(Range<? extends E> range)` Returns `true` if the supplied range is fully contained within this range.
    `boolean` | `equals(Object object)` Compares this range with the given object for equality.
    `void` | `formatTo(Formatter formatter, int flags, int width, int precision)` Formats this range using the provider formatter.
    `Class<E>` | `getElementType()` Returns the base type of elements in this range.
    `E` | `getMaxValue()` Returns the maximal value, or `null` if this range has no upper limit.
    `E` | `getMinValue()` Returns the minimal value, or `null` if this range has no lower limit.
    `int` | `hashCode()` Returns a hash code value for this range.
    `Range<E>` | `intersect(Range<E> range)` Returns the intersection between this range and the given range.
    `boolean` | `intersects(Range<? extends E> range)` Returns `true` if this range intersects the given range.
    `boolean` | `isEmpty()` Returns `true` if this range is empty.
    `boolean` | `isMaxIncluded()` Returns `true` if the maximal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive.
    `boolean` | `isMinIncluded()` Returns `true` if the minimal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive.
    `Range<E>[]` | `subtract(Range<E> range)` Returns the range of values that are in this range but not in the given range.
    `String` | `toString()` Returns a unlocalized string representation of this range.
    `Range<E>` | `union(Range<E> range)` Returns the union of this range with the given range.

    - ### Methods inherited from class Object

      `clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### Range

          public Range(Range<E> range)

      Constructs a range with the same type and the same values than the specified range. This is a copy constructor.
      Parameters:
        `range` - the range to copy.

    - #### Range

          public Range(Class<E> elementType,
                       E minValue,
                       boolean isMinIncluded,
                       E maxValue,
                       boolean isMaxIncluded)

      Creates a new range bounded by the given endpoint values.
      Assertion: This constructor verifies the `minValue` and `maxValue` arguments type if Java assertions are enabled. This verification is not performed in normal execution because theoretically unnecessary unless Java generic types have been tricked.
      Parameters:
        `elementType` - the base type of the range elements.
        `minValue` - the minimal value, or `null` if none.
        `isMinIncluded` - `true` if the minimal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive.
        `maxValue` - the maximal value, or `null` if none.
        `isMaxIncluded` - `true` if the maximal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive.

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### getElementType

          public Class<E> getElementType()

      Returns the base type of elements in this range. This is the type specified at construction time.
      Specified by:
        `getElementType` in interface `CheckedContainer<E extends Comparable<? super E>>`
      Returns:
        the element type.

    - #### getMinValue

          public E getMinValue()

      Returns the minimal value, or `null` if this range has no lower limit. If non-null, the returned value is either inclusive or exclusive depending on the boolean returned by `isMinIncluded()`.
      Returns:
        the minimal value, or `null` if this range is unbounded on the lower side.

    - #### isMinIncluded

          public boolean isMinIncluded()

      Returns `true` if the minimal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive. Note that `null` values are always considered exclusive.
      Returns:
        `true` if the minimal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive.

    - #### getMaxValue

          public E getMaxValue()

      Returns the maximal value, or `null` if this range has no upper limit. If non-null, the returned value is either inclusive or exclusive depending on the boolean returned by `isMaxIncluded()`.
      Returns:
        the maximal value, or `null` if this range is unbounded on the upper side.

    - #### isMaxIncluded

          public boolean isMaxIncluded()

      Returns `true` if the maximal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive. Note that `null` values are always considered exclusive.
      Returns:
        `true` if the maximal value is inclusive, or `false` if exclusive.

    - #### isEmpty

          public final boolean isEmpty()

      Returns `true` if this range is empty. A range is empty if the minimum value is smaller than the maximum value, or if they are equal while at least one of them is exclusive.
      API note: This method is final because often used by the internal implementation. Making the method final ensures that the other methods behave consistently.
      Specified by:
        `isEmpty` in interface `Emptiable`
      Returns:
        `true` if this range is empty.

    - #### contains

          public boolean contains(E value)

      Returns `true` if this range contains the given value. A range never contains the `null` value. This is consistent with the class javadoc stating that null minimum or maximum values are exclusive.
      Parameters:
        `value` - the value to check for inclusion in this range.
      Returns:
        `true` if the given value is included in this range.

    - #### contains

          public boolean contains(Range<? extends E> range)

      Returns `true` if the supplied range is fully contained within this range.
      Parameters:
        `range` - the range to check for inclusion in this range.
      Returns:
        `true` if the given range is included in this range.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given range is incompatible, for example because of incommensurable units of measurement.

    - #### intersects

          public boolean intersects(Range<? extends E> range)

      Returns `true` if this range intersects the given range.
      Parameters:
        `range` - the range to check for intersection with this range.
      Returns:
        `true` if the given range intersects this range.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given range is incompatible, for example because of incommensurable units of measurement.

    - #### intersect

          public Range<E> intersect(Range<E> range)

      Returns the intersection between this range and the given range.
      Parameters:
        `range` - the range to intersect.
      Returns:
        the intersection of this range with the given range.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given range is incompatible, for example because of incommensurable units of measurement.

    - #### union

          public Range<E> union(Range<E> range)

      Returns the union of this range with the given range.
      Parameters:
        `range` - the range to add to this range.
      Returns:
        the union of this range with the given range.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given range is incompatible, for example because of incommensurable units of measurement.

    - #### subtract

          public Range<E>[] subtract(Range<E> range)

      Returns the range of values that are in this range but not in the given range. This method returns an array of length 0, 1 or 2:
      - If the given range contains fully this range, returns an array of length 0.
      - If the given range is in the middle of this range, then the subtraction results in two disjoint ranges which will be returned as two elements in the array.
      - Otherwise returns an array of length 1.
      Parameters:
        `range` - the range to subtract.
      Returns:
        this range without the given range, as an array of length 0, 1 or 2.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given range is incompatible, for example because of incommensurable units of measurement.

    - #### equals

          public boolean equals(Object object)

      Compares this range with the given object for equality. Two ranges are considered equal if they have the same `element type` and:
      - are both empty, or
      - have equal minimum and maximum values with equal inclusive/exclusive flags.
      Note that subclasses may add other requirements, for example on units of measurement.
      Overrides:
        `equals` in class `Object`
      Parameters:
        `object` - the object to compare with this range for equality.
      Returns:
        `true` if the given object is equal to this range.

    - #### hashCode

          public int hashCode()

      Returns a hash code value for this range.
      Overrides:
        `hashCode` in class `Object`

    - #### toString

          public String toString()

      Returns a unlocalized string representation of this range. This method complies to the format described in the ISO 31-11 standard, except that the minimal and maximal values are separated by the "`…`" character instead than coma. More specifically, the string representation is defined as below:
      - If the range is empty, then this method returns "`{}`".
      - Otherwise if the minimal value is equals to the maximal value, then the string representation of that value is returned inside braces as in "`{value}`".
      - Otherwise the string representation of the minimal and maximal values are formatted like "`[min … max]`" for inclusive endpoints or "`(min … max)`" for exclusive endpoints, or a mix of both styles. The "`∞`" symbol is used in place of `min` or `max` for unbounded ranges.
      If this range is a `MeasurementRange`, then the unit of measurement is appended to the above string representation except for empty ranges.
      Overrides:
        `toString` in class `Object`
      See Also:
        `RangeFormat`, Wikipedia: ISO 31-11

    - #### formatTo

          public void formatTo(Formatter formatter,
                               int flags,
                               int width,
                               int precision)

      Formats this range using the provider formatter. This method is invoked when an `Range` object is formatted using the `"%s"` conversion specifier of `Formatter`. Users don't need to invoke this method explicitely.

      If the alternate flags is present (as in `"%#s"`), then the range will be formatted using the alternate form for exclusive bounds.

      Specified by:
        `formatTo` in interface `Formattable`
      Parameters:
        `formatter` - the formatter in which to format this angle.
        `flags` - `FormattableFlags​.LEFT_JUSTIFY` for left alignment, or 0 for right alignment.
        `width` - minimal number of characters to write, padding with `' '` if necessary.
        `precision` - maximal number of characters to write, or -1 if no limit.

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