/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.logging.log4j.layout.template.json;

import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.MappingIterator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Marker;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.MarkerManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.SocketAppender;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.Configuration;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.builder.api.ConfigurationBuilderFactory;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.Plugin;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginFactory;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.Log4jLogEvent;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.layout.ByteBufferDestination;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.lookup.MainMapLookup;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.net.Severity;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.test.AvailablePortFinder;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.time.MutableInstant;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.layout.template.json.JsonTemplateLayout.EventTemplateAdditionalField;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.layout.template.json.resolver.*;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.layout.template.json.util.JsonWriter;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.*;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.util.Strings;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import static org.apache.logging.log4j.layout.template.json.TestHelpers.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;

@SuppressWarnings("DoubleBraceInitialization")
class JsonTemplateLayoutTest {

    private static final List<LogEvent> LOG_EVENTS = LogEventFixture.createFullLogEvents(5);

    private static final ObjectMapper OBJECT_MAPPER = JacksonFixture.getObjectMapper();

    private static final String LOGGER_NAME = JsonTemplateLayoutTest.class.getSimpleName();

    @Test
    void test_serialized_event() throws IOException {
        final String lookupTestKey = "lookup_test_key";
        final String lookupTestVal =
                String.format("lookup_test_value_%d", (int) (1000 * Math.random()));
        System.setProperty(lookupTestKey, lookupTestVal);
        for (final LogEvent logEvent : LOG_EVENTS) {
            checkLogEvent(logEvent, lookupTestKey, lookupTestVal);
        }
    }

    private void checkLogEvent(
            final LogEvent logEvent,
            @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
            final String lookupTestKey,
            final String lookupTestVal) throws IOException {
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplateUri("classpath:testJsonTemplateLayout.json")
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .setLocationInfoEnabled(true)
                .build();
        final String serializedLogEvent = layout.toSerializable(logEvent);
        final JsonNode rootNode = OBJECT_MAPPER.readValue(serializedLogEvent, JsonNode.class);
        checkConstants(rootNode);
        checkBasicFields(logEvent, rootNode);
        checkSource(logEvent, rootNode);
        checkException(layout.getCharset(), logEvent, rootNode);
        checkLookupTest(lookupTestKey, lookupTestVal, rootNode);
    }

    private static void checkConstants(final JsonNode rootNode) {
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "@version").asInt()).isEqualTo(1);
    }

    private static void checkBasicFields(final LogEvent logEvent, final JsonNode rootNode) {
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "message").asText())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getMessage().getFormattedMessage());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "level").asText())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getLevel().name());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "logger_fqcn").asText())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getLoggerFqcn());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "logger_name").asText())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getLoggerName());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "thread_id").asLong())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getThreadId());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "thread_name").asText())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getThreadName());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "thread_priority").asInt())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.getThreadPriority());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "end_of_batch").asBoolean())
                .isEqualTo(logEvent.isEndOfBatch());
    }

    private static void checkSource(final LogEvent logEvent, final JsonNode rootNode) {
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "class").asText()).isEqualTo(logEvent.getSource().getClassName());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "file").asText()).isEqualTo(logEvent.getSource().getFileName());
        assertThat(point(rootNode, "line_number").asInt()).isEqualTo(logEvent.getSource().getLineNumber());
    }

    private static void checkException(
            final Charset charset,
            final LogEvent logEvent,
            final JsonNode rootNode) {
        final Throwable thrown = logEvent.getThrown();
        if (thrown != null) {
            assertThat(point(rootNode, "exception_class").asText()).isEqualTo(thrown.getClass().getCanonicalName());
            assertThat(point(rootNode, "exception_message").asText()).isEqualTo(thrown.getMessage());
            final String stackTrace = serializeStackTrace(charset, thrown);
            assertThat(point(rootNode, "stacktrace").asText()).isEqualTo(stackTrace);
        }
    }

    private static String serializeStackTrace(
            final Charset charset,
            final Throwable exception) {
        final ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        final String charsetName = charset.name();
        try (final PrintStream printStream =
                     new PrintStream(outputStream, false, charsetName)) {
            exception.printStackTrace(printStream);
            return outputStream.toString(charsetName);
        }  catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException error) {
            throw new RuntimeException("failed converting the stack trace to string", error);
        }
    }

    private static void checkLookupTest(
            final String lookupTestKey,
            final String lookupTestVal,
            final JsonNode rootNode) {
        assertThat(point(rootNode, lookupTestKey).asText()).isEqualTo(lookupTestVal);
    }

    private static JsonNode point(final JsonNode node, final Object... fields) {
        final String pointer = createJsonPointer(fields);
        return node.at(pointer);
    }

    private static String createJsonPointer(final Object... fields) {
        final StringBuilder jsonPathBuilder = new StringBuilder();
        for (final Object field : fields) {
            jsonPathBuilder.append("/").append(field);
        }
        return jsonPathBuilder.toString();
    }

    @Test
    void test_inline_template() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World");
        final String formattedInstant = "2017-09-28T17:13:29.098Z";
        final TemporalAccessor instantAccessor = Instant.parse(formattedInstant);
        final long instantEpochSeconds = instantAccessor.getLong(ChronoField.INSTANT_SECONDS);
        final int instantEpochSecondsNanos = instantAccessor.get(ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND);
        final MutableInstant instant = new MutableInstant();
        instant.initFromEpochSecond(instantEpochSeconds, instantEpochSecondsNanos);
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.INFO)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setInstant(instant)
                .build();

        // Create the event template.
        final String timestampFieldName = "@timestamp";
        final String staticFieldName = "staticFieldName";
        final String staticFieldValue = "staticFieldValue";
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                timestampFieldName, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "pattern", asMap(
                                "format", "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'",
                                "timeZone", "UTC")),
                staticFieldName, staticFieldValue));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getString(timestampFieldName)).isEqualTo(formattedInstant);
            assertThat(accessor.getString(staticFieldName)).isEqualTo(staticFieldValue);
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_log4j_deferred_runtime_resolver_for_MapMessage() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "mapValue3", asMap("$resolver", "message"),
                "mapValue1", "${map:key1}",
                "mapValue2", "${map:key2}",
                "nestedLookupEmptyValue", "${map:noExist:-${map:noExist2:-${map:noExist3:-}}}",
                "nestedLookupStaticValue", "${map:noExist:-${map:noExist2:-${map:noExist3:-Static Value}}}"));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event with a MapMessage.
        final StringMapMessage mapMessage = new StringMapMessage()
                .with("key1", "val1")
                .with("key2", "val2")
                .with("key3", Collections.singletonMap("foo", "bar"));
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.INFO)
                .setMessage(mapMessage)
                .setTimeMillis(System.currentTimeMillis())
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getString("mapValue1")).isEqualTo("val1");
            assertThat(accessor.getString("mapValue2")).isEqualTo("val2");
            assertThat(accessor.getString("nestedLookupEmptyValue")).isEmpty();
            assertThat(accessor.getString("nestedLookupStaticValue")).isEqualTo("Static Value");
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_property_injection() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.INFO)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Create the event template with property.
        final String propertyName = "propertyName";
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                propertyName, "${" + propertyName + "}"));

        // Create the layout with property.
        final String propertyValue = "propertyValue";
        final Configuration config = ConfigurationBuilderFactory
                .newConfigurationBuilder()
                .addProperty(propertyName, propertyValue)
                .build();
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(config)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getString(propertyName)).isEqualTo(propertyValue));

    }

    @Test
    void test_empty_root_cause() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final RuntimeException exception = new RuntimeException("failure for test purposes");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.ERROR)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setThrown(exception)
                .build();

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "ex_class", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "className"),
                "ex_message", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "message"),
                "ex_stacktrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stackTrace", asMap(
                                "stringified", true)),
                "root_ex_class", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "className"),
                "root_ex_message", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "message"),
                "root_ex_stacktrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stackTrace", asMap(
                                "stringified", true))));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ex_class"))
                    .isEqualTo(exception.getClass().getCanonicalName());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ex_message"))
                    .isEqualTo(exception.getMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ex_stacktrace"))
                    .startsWith(exception.getClass().getCanonicalName() + ": " + exception.getMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("root_ex_class"))
                    .isEqualTo(accessor.getString("ex_class"));
            assertThat(accessor.getString("root_ex_message"))
                    .isEqualTo(accessor.getString("ex_message"));
            assertThat(accessor.getString("root_ex_stacktrace"))
                    .isEqualTo(accessor.getString("ex_stacktrace"));
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_root_cause() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final RuntimeException exceptionCause = new RuntimeException("failure cause for test purposes");
        final RuntimeException exception = new RuntimeException("failure for test purposes", exceptionCause);
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.ERROR)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setThrown(exception)
                .build();

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "ex_class", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "className"),
                "ex_message", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "message"),
                "ex_stacktrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stringified", true),
                "root_ex_class", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "className"),
                "root_ex_message", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "message"),
                "root_ex_stacktrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stackTrace", asMap(
                                "stringified", true))));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ex_class"))
                    .isEqualTo(exception.getClass().getCanonicalName());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ex_message"))
                    .isEqualTo(exception.getMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ex_stacktrace"))
                    .startsWith(exception.getClass().getCanonicalName() + ": " + exception.getMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("root_ex_class"))
                    .isEqualTo(exceptionCause.getClass().getCanonicalName());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("root_ex_message"))
                    .isEqualTo(exceptionCause.getMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("root_ex_stacktrace"))
                    .startsWith(exceptionCause.getClass().getCanonicalName() + ": " + exceptionCause.getMessage());
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_marker_name() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final String markerName = "test";
        final Marker marker = MarkerManager.getMarker(markerName);
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.ERROR)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setMarker(marker)
                .build();

        // Create the event template.
        final String messageKey = "message";
        final String markerNameKey = "marker";
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "message", asMap("$resolver", "message"),
                "marker", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "marker",
                        "field", "name")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getString(messageKey)).isEqualTo(message.getFormattedMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString(markerNameKey)).isEqualTo(markerName);
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_lineSeparator_suffix() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.INFO)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Check line separators.
        test_lineSeparator_suffix(logEvent, true);
        test_lineSeparator_suffix(logEvent, false);

    }

    private void test_lineSeparator_suffix(
            final LogEvent logEvent,
            final boolean prettyPrintEnabled) {

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplateUri("classpath:LogstashJsonEventLayoutV1.json")
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        final String serializedLogEvent = layout.toSerializable(logEvent);
        final String assertionCaption = String.format("testing lineSeperator (prettyPrintEnabled=%s)", prettyPrintEnabled);
        assertThat(serializedLogEvent).as(assertionCaption).endsWith("}" + System.lineSeparator());

    }

    @Test
    void test_main_key_access() {

        // Set main() arguments.
        final String kwKey = "--name";
        final String kwVal = "aNameValue";
        final String positionArg = "position2Value";
        final String missingKwKey = "--missing";
        final String[] mainArgs = {kwKey, kwVal, positionArg};
        MainMapLookup.setMainArguments(mainArgs);

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
            .newBuilder()
            .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
            .setLevel(Level.INFO)
            .setMessage(message)
            .build();

        // Create the template.
        final String template = writeJson(asMap(
                "name", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "main",
                        "key", kwKey),
                "positionArg", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "main",
                        "index", 2),
                "notFoundArg", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "main",
                        "key", missingKwKey)));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(template)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getString("name")).isEqualTo(kwVal);
            assertThat(accessor.getString("positionArg")).isEqualTo(positionArg);
            assertThat(accessor.exists("notFoundArg")).isFalse();
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_StackTraceElement_template() {

        // Create the stack trace element template.
        final String classNameFieldName = "className";
        final String methodNameFieldName = "methodName";
        final String fileNameFieldName = "fileName";
        final String lineNumberFieldName = "lineNumber";
        final String stackTraceElementTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                classNameFieldName, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "stackTraceElement",
                        "field", "className"),
                methodNameFieldName, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "stackTraceElement",
                        "field", "methodName"),
                fileNameFieldName, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "stackTraceElement",
                        "field", "fileName"),
                lineNumberFieldName, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "stackTraceElement",
                        "field", "lineNumber")));

        // Create the event template.
        final String stackTraceFieldName = "stackTrace";
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                stackTraceFieldName, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "stackTrace")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .setStackTraceElementTemplate(stackTraceElementTemplate)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final RuntimeException exceptionCause = new RuntimeException("failure cause for test purposes");
        final RuntimeException exception = new RuntimeException("failure for test purposes", exceptionCause);
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.ERROR)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setThrown(exception)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.exists(stackTraceFieldName)).isTrue();
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            final List<Map<String, Object>> deserializedStackTraceElements =
                    accessor.getObject(stackTraceFieldName, List.class);
            final StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = exception.getStackTrace();
            assertThat(deserializedStackTraceElements.size()).isEqualTo(stackTraceElements.length);
            for (int stackTraceElementIndex = 0;
                 stackTraceElementIndex < stackTraceElements.length;
                 stackTraceElementIndex++) {
                final StackTraceElement stackTraceElement = stackTraceElements[stackTraceElementIndex];
                final Map<String, Object> deserializedStackTraceElement = deserializedStackTraceElements.get(stackTraceElementIndex);
                assertThat(deserializedStackTraceElement.size()).isEqualTo(4);
                assertThat(deserializedStackTraceElement.get(classNameFieldName))
                        .isEqualTo(stackTraceElement.getClassName());
                assertThat(deserializedStackTraceElement.get(methodNameFieldName))
                        .isEqualTo(stackTraceElement.getMethodName());
                assertThat(deserializedStackTraceElement.get(fileNameFieldName))
                        .isEqualTo(stackTraceElement.getFileName());
                assertThat(deserializedStackTraceElement.get(lineNumberFieldName))
                        .isEqualTo(stackTraceElement.getLineNumber());
            }
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_toSerializable_toByteArray_encode_outputs() {

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplateUri("classpath:LogstashJsonEventLayoutV1.json")
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final LogEvent logEvent = LogEventFixture.createFullLogEvents(1).get(0);

        // Get toSerializable() output.
        final String toSerializableOutput = layout.toSerializable(logEvent);

        // Get toByteArrayOutput().
        final byte[] toByteArrayOutputBytes = layout.toByteArray(logEvent);
        final String toByteArrayOutput = new String(
                toByteArrayOutputBytes,
                0,
                toByteArrayOutputBytes.length,
                layout.getCharset());

        // Get encode() output.
        final ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(512 * 1024);
        final ByteBufferDestination byteBufferDestination = new ByteBufferDestination() {

            @Override
            public ByteBuffer getByteBuffer() {
                return byteBuffer;
            }

            @Override
            public ByteBuffer drain(final ByteBuffer ignored) {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }

            @Override
            public void writeBytes(final ByteBuffer data) {
                byteBuffer.put(data);
            }

            @Override
            public void writeBytes(final byte[] buffer, final int offset, final int length) {
                byteBuffer.put(buffer, offset, length);
            }

        };
        layout.encode(logEvent, byteBufferDestination);
        final String encodeOutput = new String(
                byteBuffer.array(),
                0,
                byteBuffer.position(),
                layout.getCharset());

        // Compare outputs.
        assertThat(toSerializableOutput).isEqualTo(toByteArrayOutput);
        assertThat(toByteArrayOutput).isEqualTo(encodeOutput);

    }

    @Test
    void test_maxStringLength() {

        // Create the log event.
        final int maxStringLength = 30;
        final String excessiveMessageString = Strings.repeat("m", maxStringLength) + 'M';
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage(excessiveMessageString);
        final Throwable thrown = new RuntimeException();
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(Level.INFO)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setThrown(thrown)
                .build();

        // Create the event template node with map values.
        final String messageKey = "message";
        final String excessiveKey = Strings.repeat("k", maxStringLength) + 'K';
        final String excessiveValue = Strings.repeat("v", maxStringLength) + 'V';
        final String nullValueKey = "nullValueKey";
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                messageKey, asMap("$resolver", "message"),
                excessiveKey, excessiveValue,
                nullValueKey, asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "message")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .setMaxStringLength(maxStringLength)
                .build();

        // Check serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            final String truncatedStringSuffix =
                    JsonTemplateLayoutDefaults.getTruncatedStringSuffix();
            final String truncatedMessageString =
                    excessiveMessageString.substring(0, maxStringLength) +
                            truncatedStringSuffix;
            assertThat(accessor.getString(messageKey)).isEqualTo(truncatedMessageString);
            final String truncatedKey =
                    excessiveKey.substring(0, maxStringLength) +
                            truncatedStringSuffix;
            final String truncatedValue =
                    excessiveValue.substring(0, maxStringLength) +
                            truncatedStringSuffix;
            assertThat(accessor.getString(truncatedKey)).isEqualTo(truncatedValue);
            assertThat(accessor.getString(nullValueKey)).isNull();
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_event_template_additional_fields() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final Level level = Level.ERROR;
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setLevel(level)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = "{}";

        // Create the layout.
        final EventTemplateAdditionalField[] additionalFields = {
                EventTemplateAdditionalField
                        .newBuilder()
                        .setKey("number")
                        .setValue("1")
                        .setFormat(EventTemplateAdditionalField.Format.JSON)
                        .build(),
                EventTemplateAdditionalField
                        .newBuilder()
                        .setKey("string")
                        .setValue("foo")
                        .build(),
                EventTemplateAdditionalField
                        .newBuilder()
                        .setKey("level")
                        .setValue("{\"$resolver\": \"level\", \"field\": \"name\"}")
                        .setFormat(EventTemplateAdditionalField.Format.JSON)
                        .build()
        };
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .setEventTemplateAdditionalFields(additionalFields)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getInteger("number")).isEqualTo(1);
            assertThat(accessor.getString("string")).isEqualTo("foo");
            assertThat(accessor.getString("level")).isEqualTo(level.name());
        });

    }

    @Test
    @SuppressWarnings("FloatingPointLiteralPrecision")
    void test_timestamp_epoch_resolvers() {

        final List<Map<String, Object>> testCases = Arrays.asList(
                asMap(
                        "epochSecs", new BigDecimal("1581082727.982123456"),
                        "epochSecsRounded", 1581082727,
                        "epochSecsNanos", 982123456,
                        "epochMillis", new BigDecimal("1581082727982.123456"),
                        "epochMillisRounded", 1581082727982L,
                        "epochMillisNanos", 123456,
                        "epochNanos", 1581082727982123456L),
                asMap(
                        "epochSecs", new BigDecimal("1591177590.005000001"),
                        "epochSecsRounded", 1591177590,
                        "epochSecsNanos", 5000001,
                        "epochMillis", new BigDecimal("1591177590005.000001"),
                        "epochMillisRounded", 1591177590005L,
                        "epochMillisNanos", 1,
                        "epochNanos", 1591177590005000001L));

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "epochSecs", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap("unit", "secs")),
                "epochSecsRounded", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap(
                                "unit", "secs",
                                "rounded", true)),
                "epochSecsNanos", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap("unit", "secs.nanos")),
                "epochMillis", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap("unit", "millis")),
                "epochMillisRounded", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap(
                                "unit", "millis",
                                "rounded", true)),
                "epochMillisNanos", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap("unit", "millis.nanos")),
                "epochNanos", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "epoch", asMap("unit", "nanos"))));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        testCases.forEach(testCase -> {

            // Create the log event.
            final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
            final Level level = Level.ERROR;
            final MutableInstant instant = new MutableInstant();
            final Object instantSecsObject = testCase.get("epochSecsRounded");
            final long instantSecs = instantSecsObject instanceof Long
                    ? (long) instantSecsObject
                    : (int) instantSecsObject;
            final int instantSecsNanos = (int) testCase.get("epochSecsNanos");
            instant.initFromEpochSecond(instantSecs, instantSecsNanos);
            final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                    .newBuilder()
                    .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                    .setLevel(level)
                    .setMessage(message)
                    .setInstant(instant)
                    .build();

            // Verify the test case.
            usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor ->
                    testCase.forEach((key, expectedValue) ->
                            assertThat(accessor.getObject(key))
                                    .describedAs("key=%s", key)
                                    .isEqualTo(expectedValue)));

        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_timestamp_pattern_resolver() {

        // Create log events.
        final String logEvent1FormattedInstant = "2019-01-02T09:34:11Z";
        final LogEvent logEvent1 = createLogEventAtInstant(logEvent1FormattedInstant);
        final String logEvent2FormattedInstant = "2019-01-02T09:34:12Z";
        final LogEvent logEvent2 = createLogEventAtInstant(logEvent2FormattedInstant);
        @SuppressWarnings("UnnecessaryLocalVariable")
        final String logEvent3FormattedInstant = logEvent2FormattedInstant;
        final LogEvent logEvent3 = createLogEventAtInstant(logEvent3FormattedInstant);
        final String logEvent4FormattedInstant = "2019-01-02T09:34:13Z";
        final LogEvent logEvent4 = createLogEventAtInstant(logEvent4FormattedInstant);

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "timestamp", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "timestamp",
                        "pattern", asMap(
                                "format", "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'",
                                "timeZone", "UTC"))));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized 1st event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent1, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getString("timestamp"))
                        .isEqualTo(logEvent1FormattedInstant));

        // Check the serialized 2nd event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent2, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getString("timestamp"))
                        .isEqualTo(logEvent2FormattedInstant));

        // Check the serialized 3rd event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent3, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getString("timestamp"))
                        .isEqualTo(logEvent3FormattedInstant));

        // Check the serialized 4th event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent4, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getString("timestamp"))
                        .isEqualTo(logEvent4FormattedInstant));

    }

    private static LogEvent createLogEventAtInstant(final String formattedInstant) {
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("LogEvent at instant " + formattedInstant);
        final long instantEpochMillis = Instant.parse(formattedInstant).toEpochMilli();
        final MutableInstant instant = new MutableInstant();
        instant.initFromEpochMilli(instantEpochMillis, 0);
        return Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setInstant(instant)
                .build();
    }

    @Test
    void test_level_severity() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "severityKeyword", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "level",
                        "field", "severity",
                        "severity", asMap("field", "keyword")),
                "severityCode", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "level",
                        "field", "severity",
                        "severity", asMap("field", "code"))));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        for (final Level level : Level.values()) {

            // Create the log event.
            final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
            final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                    .newBuilder()
                    .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                    .setLevel(level)
                    .setMessage(message)
                    .build();

            // Check the serialized event.
            usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
                final Severity expectedSeverity = Severity.getSeverity(level);
                final String expectedSeverityKeyword = expectedSeverity.name();
                final int expectedSeverityCode = expectedSeverity.getCode();
                assertThat(accessor.getString("severityKeyword")).isEqualTo(expectedSeverityKeyword);
                assertThat(accessor.getInteger("severityCode")).isEqualTo(expectedSeverityCode);
            });

        }

    }

    @Test
    void test_exception_resolvers_against_no_exceptions() {

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("Hello, World!");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "exStackTrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "stackTrace"),
                "exStackTraceString", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stackTrace", asMap(
                                "stringified", true)),
                "exRootCauseStackTrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "stackTrace"),
                "exRootCauseStackTraceString", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stackTrace", asMap(
                                "stringified", true)),
                "requiredFieldTriggeringError", true));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .setStackTraceEnabled(true)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("exStackTrace")).isNull();
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("exStackTraceString")).isNull();
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("exRootCauseStackTrace")).isNull();
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("exRootCauseStackTraceString")).isNull();
            assertThat(accessor.getBoolean("requiredFieldTriggeringError")).isTrue();
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_inline_stack_trace_element_template() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "stackTrace", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "exception",
                        "field", "stackTrace",
                        "stackTrace", asMap(
                                "elementTemplate", asMap(
                                        "$resolver", "stackTraceElement",
                                        "field", "className")))));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final Throwable error = new RuntimeException("foo");
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("foo");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setThrown(error)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized log event.
        final String expectedClassName = JsonTemplateLayoutTest.class.getCanonicalName();
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getList("stackTrace", String.class))
                        .contains(expectedClassName));

    }

    @Test
    void test_custom_resolver() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "customField", asMap("$resolver", "custom")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("foo");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized log event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getString("customField"))
                        .matches("CustomValue-[0-9]+"));

    }

    private static final class CustomResolver implements EventResolver {

        private static final AtomicInteger COUNTER = new AtomicInteger(0);

        private CustomResolver() {}

        @Override
        public void resolve(
                final LogEvent value,
                final JsonWriter jsonWriter) {
            jsonWriter.writeString("CustomValue-" + COUNTER.getAndIncrement());
        }

    }

    @Plugin(name = "CustomResolverFactory", category = TemplateResolverFactory.CATEGORY)
    public static final class CustomResolverFactory implements EventResolverFactory {

        private static final CustomResolverFactory INSTANCE = new CustomResolverFactory();

        private CustomResolverFactory() {}

        @PluginFactory
        public static CustomResolverFactory getInstance() {
            return INSTANCE;
        }

        @Override
        public String getName() {
            return "custom";
        }

        @Override
        public TemplateResolver<LogEvent> create(
                final EventResolverContext context,
                final TemplateResolverConfig config) {
            return new CustomResolver();
        }

    }

    @Test
    void test_null_eventDelimiter() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap("key", "val"));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .setEventDelimiter("\0")
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("foo");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        final String serializedLogEvent = layout.toSerializable(logEvent);
        assertThat(serializedLogEvent).isEqualTo(eventTemplate + '\0');

    }

    @Test
    void test_against_SocketAppender() throws Exception {

        // Craft nasty events.
        final List<LogEvent> logEvents = createNastyLogEvents();

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "message", asMap("$resolver", "message")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the server.
        final int port = AvailablePortFinder.getNextAvailable();
        try (final JsonAcceptingTcpServer server = new JsonAcceptingTcpServer(port, 1)) {

            // Create the appender.
            final SocketAppender appender = SocketAppender
                    .newBuilder()
                    .setHost("localhost")
                    .setBufferedIo(false)
                    .setPort(port)
                    .setReconnectDelayMillis(100)
                    .setName("test")
                    .setImmediateFail(false)
                    .setIgnoreExceptions(false)
                    .setLayout(layout)
                    .build();

            // Start the appender.
            appender.start();

            // Transfer and verify the log events.
            for (int logEventIndex = 0; logEventIndex < logEvents.size(); logEventIndex++) {

                // Send the log event.
                final LogEvent logEvent = logEvents.get(logEventIndex);
                appender.append(logEvent);
                appender.getManager().flush();

                // Pull the parsed log event.
                final JsonNode node = server.receivedNodes.poll(3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
                assertThat(node)
                        .as("logEventIndex=%d", logEventIndex)
                        .isNotNull();

                // Verify the received content.
                final String expectedMessage = logEvent.getMessage().getFormattedMessage();
                final String expectedMessageChars = explainChars(expectedMessage);
                final String actualMessage = point(node, "message").asText();
                final String actualMessageChars = explainChars(actualMessage);
                assertThat(actualMessageChars)
                        .as("logEventIndex=%d", logEventIndex)
                        .isEqualTo(expectedMessageChars);

            }

            // Verify that there were no overflows.
            assertThat(server.droppedNodeCount).isZero();

        }

    }

    private static List<LogEvent> createNastyLogEvents() {
        return createNastyMessages()
                .stream()
                .map(message -> Log4jLogEvent
                        .newBuilder()
                        .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                        .setMessage(message)
                        .build())
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    private static List<SimpleMessage> createNastyMessages() {

        // Determine the message count and character offset.
        final int messageCount = 1024;
        final int minChar = Character.MIN_VALUE;
        final int maxChar = Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE - 1;
        final int totalCharCount = maxChar - minChar + 1;
        final int charOffset = totalCharCount / messageCount;

        // Populate messages.
        final List<SimpleMessage> messages = new ArrayList<>(messageCount);
        for (int messageIndex = 0; messageIndex < messageCount; messageIndex++) {
            final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(messageIndex + "@");
            for (int charIndex = 0; charIndex < charOffset; charIndex++) {
                final char c = (char) (minChar + messageIndex * charOffset + charIndex);
                stringBuilder.append(c);
            }
            final String messageString = stringBuilder.toString();
            final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage(messageString);
            messages.add(message);
        }
        return messages;

    }

    private static final class JsonAcceptingTcpServer extends Thread implements AutoCloseable {

        private final ServerSocket serverSocket;

        private final BlockingQueue<JsonNode> receivedNodes;

        private volatile int droppedNodeCount = 0;

        private volatile boolean closed = false;

        private JsonAcceptingTcpServer(
                final int port,
                final int capacity) throws IOException {
            this.serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
            this.receivedNodes = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(capacity);
            serverSocket.setReuseAddress(true);
            serverSocket.setSoTimeout(5_000);
            setDaemon(true);
            start();
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                try (final Socket socket = serverSocket.accept()) {
                    final InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
                    while (!closed) {
                        final MappingIterator<JsonNode> iterator = JacksonFixture
                                .getObjectMapper()
                                .readerFor(JsonNode.class)
                                .readValues(inputStream);
                        while (iterator.hasNextValue()) {
                            final JsonNode value = iterator.nextValue();
                            synchronized (this) {
                                final boolean added = receivedNodes.offer(value);
                                if (!added) {
                                    droppedNodeCount++;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            } catch (final EOFException ignored) {
                // Socket is closed.
            } catch (final Exception error) {
                if (!closed) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(error);
                }
            }
        }

        @Override
        public synchronized void close() {
            if (closed) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("shutdown has already been invoked");
            }
            closed = true;
            interrupt();
            try {
                join(3_000L);
            } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
                // Due to JDK-7027157, we shouldn't throw an InterruptedException
                // from an AutoCloseable#close() method. Hence we catch it and
                // then restore the interrupted flag.
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        }

    }

    private static String explainChars(final String input) {
        return IntStream
                .range(0, input.length())
                .mapToObj(i -> {
                    final char c = input.charAt(i);
                    return String.format("'%c' (%04X)", c, (int) c);
                })
                .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
    }

    @Test
    void test_PatternResolver() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "message", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "pattern",
                        "pattern", "%p:%m")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("foo");
        final Level level = Level.FATAL;
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setLevel(level)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            final String expectedMessage = String.format(
                    "%s:%s",
                    level, message.getFormattedMessage());
            assertThat(accessor.getString("message")).isEqualTo(expectedMessage);
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_MessageParameterResolver_with_ParameterizedMessageFactory() {
        testMessageParameterResolver(ParameterizedMessageFactory.INSTANCE);
    }

    @Test
    void test_MessageParameterResolver_noParameters_with_ParameterizedMessageFactory() {
        testMessageParameterResolverNoParameters(ParameterizedMessageFactory.INSTANCE);
    }

    @Test
    void test_MessageParameterResolver_with_ReusableMessageFactory() {
        testMessageParameterResolver(ReusableMessageFactory.INSTANCE);
    }

    @Test
    void test_MessageParameterResolver_noParameters_with_ReusableMessageFactory() {
        testMessageParameterResolverNoParameters(ReusableMessageFactory.INSTANCE);
    }

    private static void testMessageParameterResolver(final MessageFactory messageFactory) {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "po*", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter"),
                "ps*", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter",
                        "stringified", true),
                "po2", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter",
                        "index", 2),
                "ps2", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter",
                        "index", 2,
                        "stringified", true),
                "po3", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter",
                        "index", 3)));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final Object[] parameters = {1L + (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE, "foo", 56};
        final Message message = messageFactory.newMessage("foo", parameters);
        final Level level = Level.FATAL;
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setLevel(level)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("po*")).isEqualTo(Arrays.asList(parameters));
            final List<String> stringifiedParameters = Arrays
                    .stream(parameters)
                    .map(String::valueOf)
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("ps*")).isEqualTo(stringifiedParameters);
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("po2")).isEqualTo(parameters[2]);
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ps2")).isEqualTo(stringifiedParameters.get(2));
            assertThat(accessor.getString("ps3")).isNull();
        });

    }

    private static void testMessageParameterResolverNoParameters(
            final MessageFactory messageFactory) {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "po*", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter"),
                "ps*", asMap(
                        "$resolver", "messageParameter",
                        "stringified", true)));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final Message message = messageFactory.newMessage("foo", new Object[0]);
        final Level level = Level.FATAL;
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setLevel(level)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor -> {
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("po*")).isEqualTo(Collections.emptyList());
            assertThat(accessor.getObject("ps*")).isEqualTo(Collections.emptyList());
        });

    }

    @Test
    void test_unresolvable_nested_fields_are_skipped() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "exception", asMap(
                        "message", asMap(
                                "$resolver", "exception",
                                "field", "message"),
                        "className", asMap(
                                "$resolver", "exception",
                                "field", "className")),
                "exceptionRootCause", asMap(
                        "message", asMap(
                                "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                                "field", "message"),
                        "className", asMap(
                                "$resolver", "exceptionRootCause",
                                "field", "className")),
                "source", asMap(
                        "lineNumber", asMap(
                                "$resolver", "source",
                                "field", "lineNumber"),
                        "fileName", asMap(
                                "$resolver", "source",
                                "field", "fileName")),
                "emptyMap", Collections.emptyMap(),
                "emptyList", Collections.emptyList(),
                "null", null));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .setStackTraceEnabled(false)        // Disable "exception" and "exceptionRootCause" resolvers.
                .setLocationInfoEnabled(false)      // Disable the "source" resolver.
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final SimpleMessage message = new SimpleMessage("foo");
        final Exception thrown = new RuntimeException("bar");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setThrown(thrown)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        final String expectedSerializedLogEventJson =
                "{}" + JsonTemplateLayoutDefaults.getEventDelimiter();
        final String actualSerializedLogEventJson = layout.toSerializable(logEvent);
        assertThat(actualSerializedLogEventJson).isEqualTo(expectedSerializedLogEventJson);

    }

    @Test
    void test_recursive_collections() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "message", asMap("$resolver", "message")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .build();

        // Create a recursive collection.
        final Object[] recursiveCollection = new Object[1];
        recursiveCollection[0] = recursiveCollection;

        // Create the log event.
        final Message message = new ObjectMessage(recursiveCollection);
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        assertThatThrownBy(() -> layout.toSerializable(logEvent))
                .isInstanceOf(StackOverflowError.class);

    }

    @Test
    void test_eventTemplateRootObjectKey() {

        // Create the event template.
        final String eventTemplate = writeJson(asMap(
                "message", asMap("$resolver", "message")));

        // Create the layout.
        final JsonTemplateLayout layout = JsonTemplateLayout
                .newBuilder()
                .setConfiguration(CONFIGURATION)
                .setEventTemplate(eventTemplate)
                .setEventTemplateRootObjectKey("event")
                .build();

        // Create the log event.
        final Message message = new SimpleMessage("LOG4J2-2985");
        final LogEvent logEvent = Log4jLogEvent
                .newBuilder()
                .setLoggerName(LOGGER_NAME)
                .setMessage(message)
                .build();

        // Check the serialized event.
        usingSerializedLogEventAccessor(layout, logEvent, accessor ->
                assertThat(accessor.getObject(new String[]{"event", "message"}))
                        .isEqualTo("LOG4J2-2985"));

    }

}
