/****************************************************************
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one   *
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file *
 * distributed with this work for additional information        *
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file   *
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the            *
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance   *
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at   *
 *                                                              *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                 *
 *                                                              *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,   *
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an  *
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY       *
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the    *
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations      *
 * under the License.                                           *
 ****************************************************************/

package org.apache.james.core;

import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;

import javax.mail.internet.AddressException;
import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * A representation of an email address.
 * <p/>
 * <p>This class encapsulates functionality to access different
 * parts of an email address without dealing with its parsing.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p>A MailAddress is an address specified in the MAIL FROM and
 * RCPT TO commands in SMTP sessions.  These are either passed by
 * an external server to the mailet-compliant SMTP server, or they
 * are created programmatically by the mailet-compliant server to
 * send to another (external) SMTP server.  Mailets and matchers
 * use the MailAddress for the purpose of evaluating the sender
 * and recipient(s) of a message.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p>MailAddress parses an email address as defined in RFC 821
 * (SMTP) p. 30 and 31 where addresses are defined in BNF convention.
 * As the mailet API does not support the aged "SMTP-relayed mail"
 * addressing protocol, this leaves all addresses to be a {@code <mailbox>},
 * as per the spec.
 * <p/>
 * <p>This class is a good way to validate email addresses as there are
 * some valid addresses which would fail with a simpler approach
 * to parsing address. It also removes the parsing burden from
 * mailets and matchers that might not realize the flexibility of an
 * SMTP address. For instance, "serge@home"@lokitech.com is a valid
 * SMTP address (the quoted text serge@home is the local-part and
 * lokitech.com is the domain). This means all current parsing to date
 * is incorrect as we just find the first '@' and use that to separate
 * local-part from domain.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p>This parses an address as per the BNF specification for <mailbox>
 * from RFC 821 on page 30 and 31, section 4.1.2. COMMAND SYNTAX.
 * http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/RFC/821/15.htm</p>
 *
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class MailAddress implements java.io.Serializable {
    public static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MailAddress.class);
    /**
     * We hardcode the serialVersionUID
     * This version (2779163542539434916L) retains compatibility back to
     * Mailet version 1.2 (James 1.2) so that MailAddress will be
     * deserializable and mail doesn't get lost after an upgrade.
     */
    public static final long serialVersionUID = 2779163542539434916L;

    private static final char[] SPECIAL =
            {'<', '>', '(', ')', '[', ']', '\\', '.', ',', ';', ':', '@', '\"'};

    public static final String NULL_SENDER_AS_STRING = "<>";

    private static final MailAddress NULL_SENDER = new MailAddress() {

        @Override
        public Domain getDomain() {
            throw new IllegalStateException("NULL sender '<>' do not have domain part");
        }

        @Override
        public String getLocalPart() {
            throw new IllegalStateException("NULL sender '<>' do not have local part");
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "";
        }

        @Override
        public String asString() {
            return NULL_SENDER_AS_STRING;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isNullSender() {
            return true;
        }

    };

    public static MailAddress nullSender() {
        return NULL_SENDER;
    }

    /**
     * Prefer using {@link MaybeSender#getMailSender(String)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static  MailAddress getMailSender(String sender) {
        if (sender == null || sender.trim().length() <= 0) {
            return null;
        }
        if (sender.equals(MailAddress.NULL_SENDER_AS_STRING)) {
            return MailAddress.nullSender();
        }
        try {
            return new MailAddress(sender);
        } catch (AddressException e) {
            // Should never happen as long as the user does not modify the header by himself
            LOGGER.error("Unable to parse the sender address {}, so we fallback to a null sender", sender, e);
            return MailAddress.nullSender();
        }
    }

    private final String localPart;
    private final Domain domain;

    private MailAddress() {
        localPart = null;
        domain = null;
    }

    /**
     * Strips source routing. According to RFC-2821 it is a valid approach
     * to handle mails containing RFC-821 source-route information.
     *
     * @param address the address to strip
     * @param pos     current position
     * @return new pos
     */
    private int stripSourceRoute(String address, int pos) {
        if (pos < address.length()) {
            if (address.charAt(pos) == '@') {
                int i = address.indexOf(':');
                if (i != -1) {
                    pos = i + 1;
                }
            }
        }
        return pos;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a MailAddress by parsing the provided address.
     *
     * @param address the email address, compliant to the RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification
     * @throws AddressException if the parse failed
     */
    public MailAddress(String address) throws AddressException {
        address = address.trim();
        int pos = 0;

        // Test if mail address has source routing information (RFC-821) and get rid of it!!
        //must be called first!! (or at least prior to updating pos)
        stripSourceRoute(address, pos);

        StringBuffer localPartSB = new StringBuffer();
        StringBuffer domainSB = new StringBuffer();
        //Begin parsing
        //<mailbox> ::= <local-part> "@" <domain>

        try {
            //parse local-part
            //<local-part> ::= <dot-string> | <quoted-string>
            if (address.charAt(pos) == '\"') {
                pos = parseQuotedLocalPartOrThrowException(localPartSB, address, pos);
            } else {
                pos = parseUnquotedLocalPartOrThrowException(localPartSB, address, pos);
            }

            //find @
            if (pos >= address.length() || address.charAt(pos) != '@') {
                throw new AddressException("Did not find @ between local-part and domain at position " +
                        (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
            }
            pos++;

            //parse domain
            //<domain> ::=  <element> | <element> "." <domain>
            //<element> ::= <name> | "#" <number> | "[" <dotnum> "]"
            while (true) {
                if (address.charAt(pos) == '#') {
                    pos = parseNumber(domainSB, address, pos);
                } else if (address.charAt(pos) == '[') {
                    pos = parseDomainLiteral(domainSB, address, pos);
                } else {
                    pos = parseDomain(domainSB, address, pos);
                }
                if (pos >= address.length()) {
                    break;
                }
                if (address.charAt(pos) == '.') {
                    char lastChar = address.charAt(pos - 1);
                    if (lastChar == '@' || lastChar == '.') {
                        throw new AddressException("Subdomain expected before '.' or duplicate '.' in " + address);
                    }
                    domainSB.append('.');
                    pos++;
                    continue;
                }
                break;
            }

            if (domainSB.toString().length() == 0) {
                throw new AddressException("No domain found at position " +
                        (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
            }
        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ioobe) {
            throw new AddressException("Out of data at position " +
                    (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
        }

        localPart = localPartSB.toString();
        domain = createDomain(domainSB.toString());
    }

    private Domain createDomain(String domain) throws AddressException {
        try {
            return Domain.of(domain);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            throw new AddressException(e.getMessage());
        }
    }

    private int parseUnquotedLocalPartOrThrowException(StringBuffer localPartSB, String address, int pos)
            throws AddressException {
        pos = parseUnquotedLocalPart(localPartSB, address, pos);
        if (localPartSB.toString().length() == 0) {
            throw new AddressException("No local-part (user account) found at position " +
                    (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
        }
        return pos;
    }

    private int parseQuotedLocalPartOrThrowException(StringBuffer localPartSB, String address, int pos)
            throws AddressException {
        pos = parseQuotedLocalPart(localPartSB, address, pos);
        if (localPartSB.toString().length() == 2) {
            throw new AddressException("No quoted local-part (user account) found at position " +
                    (pos + 2) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 2);
        }
        return pos;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a MailAddress with the provided local part and domain.
     *
     * @param localPart the local-part portion. This is a domain dependent string.
     *                  In addresses, it is simply interpreted on the particular host as a
     *                  name of a particular mailbox. per RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification
     * @param domain    the domain portion. This identifies the point to which the mail
     *                  is delivered  per RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification
     * @throws AddressException if the parse failed
     */
    public MailAddress(String localPart, String domain) throws AddressException {
        this(new InternetAddress(localPart + "@" + domain));
    }

    public MailAddress(String localPart, Domain domain) throws AddressException {
        this(new InternetAddress(localPart + "@" + domain.name()));
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a MailAddress from an InternetAddress, using only the
     * email address portion (an "addr-spec", not "name-addr", as
     * defined in the RFC2822 3.4. Address Specification)
     *
     * @param address the address
     * @throws AddressException if the parse failed
     */
    public MailAddress(InternetAddress address) throws AddressException {
        this(address.getAddress());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the host part.
     *
     * @return the host part of this email address. If the host is of the
     *         dotNum form (e.g. [yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy]), then strip the braces first.
     * @deprecated use {@link #getDomain()}, whose name was changed to
     *             align with RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification
     */
    @Deprecated
    public String getHost() {
        return domain.asString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the domain part per RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification.
     *
     * @return the domain part of this email address. If the domain is of
     *         the domain-literal form  (e.g. [yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy]), the braces will
     *         have been stripped returning the raw IP address.
     * @since Mailet API 2.4
     */
    public Domain getDomain() {
        return domain;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the user part.
     *
     * @return the user part of this email address
     * @deprecated use {@link #getLocalPart()}, whose name was changed to
     *             align with the RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification
     */
    @Deprecated
    public String getUser() {
        return getLocalPart();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the local-part per RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification.
     *
     * @return the local-part of this email address as defined by the
     *         RFC2822 3.4.1. addr-spec specification.
     *         The local-part portion is a domain dependent string.
     *         In addresses, it is simply interpreted on the particular
     *         host as a name of a particular mailbox
     *         (the part before the "@" character)
     * @since Mailet API 2.4
     */
    public String getLocalPart() {
        return localPart;
    }

    public String asString() {
        return localPart + "@" + domain.asString();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return localPart + "@" + Optional.ofNullable(domain)
            .map(Domain::asString)
            .orElse("");
    }
    
    public String asPrettyString() {
        return '<' + asString() + '>';
    }

    /**
     * Returns an InternetAddress representing the same address
     * as this MailAddress.
     *
     * @return the address
     */
    public InternetAddress toInternetAddress() {
        try {
            return new InternetAddress(toString());
        } catch (javax.mail.internet.AddressException ae) {
            //impossible really
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
     * <p/>
     * Note that this implementation breaks the general contract of the
     * <code>equals</code> method by allowing an instance to equal to a
     * <code>String</code>. It is recommended that implementations avoid
     * relying on this design which may be removed in a future release.
     *
     * @returns true if the given object is equal to this one, false otherwise
     */
    @Override
    public final boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj == null) {
            return false;
        } else if (obj instanceof String) {
            String theString = (String) obj;
            return toString().equalsIgnoreCase(theString);
        } else if (obj instanceof MailAddress) {
            MailAddress that = (MailAddress) obj;
            boolean bothNullSender = this.isNullSender() && that.isNullSender();
            boolean onlyOneIsNullSender = isNullSender() ^ that.isNullSender();

            if (bothNullSender) {
                return true;
            }
            if (onlyOneIsNullSender) {
                return false;
            }
            return equalsIgnoreCase(getLocalPart(), that.getLocalPart())
                && Objects.equals(getDomain(), that.getDomain());
        }
        return false;
    }

    private boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String a, String b) {
        if (a == null ^ b == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (a == null) {
            return true;
        }
        return a.equalsIgnoreCase(b);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash code value for this object.
     * <p/>
     * This method is implemented by returning the hash code of the canonical
     * string representation of this address, so that all instances representing
     * the same address will return an identical hash code.
     *
     * @return the hashcode.
     */
    @Override
    public final int hashCode() {
        return toString().toLowerCase(Locale.US).hashCode();
    }

    private int parseQuotedLocalPart(StringBuffer lpSB, String address, int pos) throws AddressException {
        StringBuilder resultSB = new StringBuilder();
        resultSB.append('\"');
        pos++;
        //<quoted-string> ::=  """ <qtext> """
        //<qtext> ::=  "\" <x> | "\" <x> <qtext> | <q> | <q> <qtext>
        while (true) {
            if (address.charAt(pos) == '\"') {
                resultSB.append('\"');
                //end of quoted string... move forward
                pos++;
                break;
            }
            if (address.charAt(pos) == '\\') {
                resultSB.append('\\');
                pos++;
                //<x> ::= any one of the 128 ASCII characters (no exceptions)
                char x = address.charAt(pos);
                if (x < 0 || x > 127) {
                    throw new AddressException("Invalid \\ syntaxed character at position " +
                            (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                }
                resultSB.append(x);
                pos++;
            } else {
                //<q> ::= any one of the 128 ASCII characters except <CR>,
                //<LF>, quote ("), or backslash (\)
                char q = address.charAt(pos);
                if (q <= 0 || q == '\n' || q == '\r' || q == '\"' || q == '\\') {
                    throw new AddressException("Unquoted local-part (user account) must be one of the 128 ASCI " +
                            "characters exception <CR>, <LF>, quote (\"), or backslash (\\) at position " +
                            (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'");
                }
                resultSB.append(q);
                pos++;
            }
        }
        lpSB.append(resultSB);
        return pos;
    }

    private int parseUnquotedLocalPart(StringBuffer lpSB, String address, int pos) throws AddressException {
        StringBuilder resultSB = new StringBuilder();
        //<dot-string> ::= <string> | <string> "." <dot-string>
        boolean lastCharDot = false;
        while (true) {
            //<string> ::= <char> | <char> <string>
            //<char> ::= <c> | "\" <x>
            if (address.charAt(pos) == '\\') {
                resultSB.append('\\');
                pos++;
                //<x> ::= any one of the 128 ASCII characters (no exceptions)
                char x = address.charAt(pos);
                if (x < 0 || x > 127) {
                    throw new AddressException("Invalid \\ syntaxed character at position " + (pos + 1) +
                            " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                }
                resultSB.append(x);
                pos++;
                lastCharDot = false;
            } else if (address.charAt(pos) == '.') {
                if (pos == 0) {
                    throw new AddressException("Local part must not start with a '.'");
                }
                resultSB.append('.');
                pos++;
                lastCharDot = true;
            } else if (address.charAt(pos) == '@') {
                //End of local-part
                break;
            } else {
                //<c> ::= any one of the 128 ASCII characters, but not any
                //    <special> or <SP>
                //<special> ::= "<" | ">" | "(" | ")" | "[" | "]" | "\" | "."
                //    | "," | ";" | ":" | "@"  """ | the control
                //    characters (ASCII codes 0 through 31 inclusive and
                //    127)
                //<SP> ::= the space character (ASCII code 32)
                char c = address.charAt(pos);
                if (c <= 31 || c >= 127 || c == ' ') {
                    throw new AddressException("Invalid character in local-part (user account) at position " +
                            (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                }
                int i = 0;
                while (i < SPECIAL.length) {
                    if (c == SPECIAL[i]) {
                        throw new AddressException("Invalid character in local-part (user account) at position " +
                                (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                    }
                    i++;
                }
                resultSB.append(c);
                pos++;
                lastCharDot = false;
            }
        }
        if (lastCharDot) {
            throw new AddressException("local-part (user account) ended with a \".\", which is invalid in address '" +
                    address + "'", address, pos);
        }
        lpSB.append(resultSB);
        return pos;
    }

    private int parseNumber(StringBuffer dSB, String address, int pos) throws AddressException {
        //<number> ::= <d> | <d> <number>

        StringBuilder resultSB = new StringBuilder();
        // we were passed the string with pos pointing the the # char.
        // take the first char (#), put it in the result buffer and increment pos
        resultSB.append(address.charAt(pos));
        pos++;
        //We keep the position from the class level pos field
        while (true) {
            if (pos >= address.length()) {
                break;
            }
            //<d> ::= any one of the ten digits 0 through 9
            char d = address.charAt(pos);
            if (d == '.') {
                break;
            }
            if (d < '0' || d > '9') {
                throw new AddressException("In domain, did not find a number in # address at position " +
                        (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
            }
            resultSB.append(d);
            pos++;
        }
        if (resultSB.length() < 2) {
            throw new AddressException("In domain, did not find a number in # address at position " +
                    (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
        }
        dSB.append(resultSB);
        return pos;
    }

    private int parseDomainLiteral(StringBuffer dSB, String address, int pos) throws AddressException {
        StringBuilder resultSB = new StringBuilder();
        //we were passed the string with pos pointing the the [ char.
        // take the first char ([), put it in the result buffer and increment pos
        resultSB.append(address.charAt(pos));
        pos++;

        //<dotnum> ::= <snum> "." <snum> "." <snum> "." <snum>
        for (int octet = 0; octet < 4; octet++) {
            //<snum> ::= one, two, or three digits representing a decimal
            //                      integer value in the range 0 through 255
            //<d> ::= any one of the ten digits 0 through 9
            StringBuilder snumSB = new StringBuilder();
            for (int digits = 0; digits < 3; digits++) {
                char currentChar = address.charAt(pos);
                if (currentChar == '.' || currentChar == ']') {
                    break;
                } else if (currentChar < '0' || currentChar > '9') {
                    throw new AddressException("Invalid number at position " +
                            (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                }
                snumSB.append(currentChar);
                pos++;
            }
            if (snumSB.toString().length() == 0) {
                throw new AddressException("Number not found at position " +
                        (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
            }
            try {
                int snum = Integer.parseInt(snumSB.toString());
                if (snum > 255) {
                    throw new AddressException("Invalid number at position " +
                            (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                }
            } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                throw new AddressException("Invalid number at position " +
                        (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
            }
            resultSB.append(snumSB.toString());
            if (address.charAt(pos) == ']') {
                if (octet < 3) {
                    throw new AddressException("End of number reached too quickly at " +
                            (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
                }
                break;
            }
            if (address.charAt(pos) == '.') {
                resultSB.append('.');
                pos++;
            }
        }
        if (address.charAt(pos) != ']') {
            throw new AddressException("Did not find closing bracket \"]\" in domain at position " +
                    (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
        }
        resultSB.append(']');
        pos++;
        dSB.append(resultSB);
        return pos;
    }

    private int parseDomain(StringBuffer dSB, String address, int pos) throws AddressException {
        StringBuilder resultSB = new StringBuilder();
        //<name> ::= <a> <ldh-str> <let-dig>
        //<ldh-str> ::= <let-dig-hyp> | <let-dig-hyp> <ldh-str>
        //<let-dig> ::= <a> | <d>
        //<let-dig-hyp> ::= <a> | <d> | "-"
        //<a> ::= any one of the 52 alphabetic characters A through Z
        //  in upper case and a through z in lower case
        //<d> ::= any one of the ten digits 0 through 9

        // basically, this is a series of letters, digits, and hyphens,
        // but it can't start with a digit or hypthen
        // and can't end with a hyphen

        // in practice though, we should relax this as domain names can start
        // with digits as well as letters.  So only check that doesn't start
        // or end with hyphen.
        while (true) {
            if (pos >= address.length()) {
                break;
            }
            char ch = address.charAt(pos);
            if ((ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') ||
                    (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') ||
                    (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
                    (ch == '-')) {
                resultSB.append(ch);
                pos++;
                continue;
            }
            if (ch == '.') {
                break;
            }
            throw new AddressException("Invalid character at " + pos + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos);
        }
        String result = resultSB.toString();
        if (result.startsWith("-") || result.endsWith("-")) {
            throw new AddressException("Domain name cannot begin or end with a hyphen \"-\" at position " +
                    (pos + 1) + " in '" + address + "'", address, pos + 1);
        }
        dSB.append(result);
        return pos;
    }

    /**
     * Return <code>true</code> if the {@link MailAddress} should represent a null sender (<>)
     *
     * @Deprecated You should use an Optional&lt;MailAddress&gt; representation of a MailAddress rather than relying on a NULL object
     */
    @Deprecated
    public boolean isNullSender() {
        return false;
    }
}
