    001/*
    002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    008 *
    009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    010 *
    011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
    012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
    013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    015 * limitations under the License.
    016 */
    017package org.apache.commons.text;
    018
    019import java.util.HashSet;
    020import java.util.Set;
    021import java.util.regex.Matcher;
    022import java.util.regex.Pattern;
    023
    024import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
    025import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
    026import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
    027
    028/**
    029 * <p>
    030 * Operations on Strings that contain words.
    031 * </p>
    032 *
    033 * <p>
    034 * This class tries to handle <code>null</code> input gracefully. An exception will not be thrown for a
    035 * <code>null</code> input. Each method documents its behavior in more detail.
    036 * </p>
    037 *
    038 * @since 1.1
    039 */
    040public class WordUtils {
    041
    042    /**
    043     * <p><code>WordUtils</code> instances should NOT be constructed in
    044     * standard programming. Instead, the class should be used as
    045     * <code>WordUtils.wrap("foo bar", 20);</code>.</p>
    046     *
    047     * <p>This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean
    048     * instance to operate.</p>
    049     */
    050    public WordUtils() {
    051      super();
    052    }
    053
    054    // Wrapping
    055    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    056    /**
    057     * <p>Wraps a single line of text, identifying words by <code>' '</code>.</p>
    058     *
    059     * <p>New lines will be separated by the system property line separator.
    060     * Very long words, such as URLs will <i>not</i> be wrapped.</p>
    061     *
    062     * <p>Leading spaces on a new line are stripped.
    063     * Trailing spaces are not stripped.</p>
    064     *
    065     * <table border="1">
    066     *  <caption>Examples</caption>
    067     *  <tr>
    068     *   <th>input</th>
    069     *   <th>wrapLength</th>
    070     *   <th>result</th>
    071     *  </tr>
    072     *  <tr>
    073     *   <td>null</td>
    074     *   <td>*</td>
    075     *   <td>null</td>
    076     *  </tr>
    077     *  <tr>
    078     *   <td>""</td>
    079     *   <td>*</td>
    080     *   <td>""</td>
    081     *  </tr>
    082     *  <tr>
    083     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    084     *   <td>20</td>
    085     *   <td>"Here is one line of\ntext that is going\nto be wrapped after\n20 columns."</td>
    086     *  </tr>
    087     *  <tr>
    088     *   <td>"Click here to jump to the commons website - http://commons.apache.org"</td>
    089     *   <td>20</td>
    090     *   <td>"Click here to jump\nto the commons\nwebsite -\nhttp://commons.apache.org"</td>
    091     *  </tr>
    092     *  <tr>
    093     *   <td>"Click here, http://commons.apache.org, to jump to the commons website"</td>
    094     *   <td>20</td>
    095     *   <td>"Click here,\nhttp://commons.apache.org,\nto jump to the\ncommons website"</td>
    096     *  </tr>
    097     * </table>
    098     *
    099     * (assuming that '\n' is the systems line separator)
    100     *
    101     * @param str  the String to be word wrapped, may be null
    102     * @param wrapLength  the column to wrap the words at, less than 1 is treated as 1
    103     * @return a line with newlines inserted, <code>null</code> if null input
    104     */
    105    public static String wrap(final String str, final int wrapLength) {
    106        return wrap(str, wrapLength, null, false);
    107    }
    108
    109    /**
    110     * <p>Wraps a single line of text, identifying words by <code>' '</code>.</p>
    111     *
    112     * <p>Leading spaces on a new line are stripped.
    113     * Trailing spaces are not stripped.</p>
    114     *
    115     * <table border="1">
    116     *  <caption>Examples</caption>
    117     *  <tr>
    118     *   <th>input</th>
    119     *   <th>wrapLength</th>
    120     *   <th>newLineString</th>
    121     *   <th>wrapLongWords</th>
    122     *   <th>result</th>
    123     *  </tr>
    124     *  <tr>
    125     *   <td>null</td>
    126     *   <td>*</td>
    127     *   <td>*</td>
    128     *   <td>true/false</td>
    129     *   <td>null</td>
    130     *  </tr>
    131     *  <tr>
    132     *   <td>""</td>
    133     *   <td>*</td>
    134     *   <td>*</td>
    135     *   <td>true/false</td>
    136     *   <td>""</td>
    137     *  </tr>
    138     *  <tr>
    139     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    140     *   <td>20</td>
    141     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    142     *   <td>true/false</td>
    143     *   <td>"Here is one line of\ntext that is going\nto be wrapped after\n20 columns."</td>
    144     *  </tr>
    145     *  <tr>
    146     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    147     *   <td>20</td>
    148     *   <td>"&lt;br /&gt;"</td>
    149     *   <td>true/false</td>
    150     *   <td>"Here is one line of&lt;br /&gt;text that is going&lt;
    151     *   br /&gt;to be wrapped after&lt;br /&gt;20 columns."</td>
    152     *  </tr>
    153     *  <tr>
    154     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    155     *   <td>20</td>
    156     *   <td>null</td>
    157     *   <td>true/false</td>
    158     *   <td>"Here is one line of" + systemNewLine + "text that is going"
    159     *   + systemNewLine + "to be wrapped after" + systemNewLine + "20 columns."</td>
    160     *  </tr>
    161     *  <tr>
    162     *   <td>"Click here to jump to the commons website - http://commons.apache.org"</td>
    163     *   <td>20</td>
    164     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    165     *   <td>false</td>
    166     *   <td>"Click here to jump\nto the commons\nwebsite -\nhttp://commons.apache.org"</td>
    167     *  </tr>
    168     *  <tr>
    169     *   <td>"Click here to jump to the commons website - http://commons.apache.org"</td>
    170     *   <td>20</td>
    171     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    172     *   <td>true</td>
    173     *   <td>"Click here to jump\nto the commons\nwebsite -\nhttp://commons.apach\ne.org"</td>
    174     *  </tr>
    175     * </table>
    176     *
    177     * @param str  the String to be word wrapped, may be null
    178     * @param wrapLength  the column to wrap the words at, less than 1 is treated as 1
    179     * @param newLineStr  the string to insert for a new line,
    180     *  <code>null</code> uses the system property line separator
    181     * @param wrapLongWords  true if long words (such as URLs) should be wrapped
    182     * @return a line with newlines inserted, <code>null</code> if null input
    183     */
    184    public static String wrap(final String str,
    185                              final int wrapLength,
    186                              final String newLineStr,
    187                              final boolean wrapLongWords) {
    188        return wrap(str, wrapLength, newLineStr, wrapLongWords, " ");
    189    }
    190
    191    /**
    192     * <p>Wraps a single line of text, identifying words by <code>wrapOn</code>.</p>
    193     *
    194     * <p>Leading spaces on a new line are stripped.
    195     * Trailing spaces are not stripped.</p>
    196     *
    197     * <table border="1">
    198     *  <caption>Examples</caption>
    199     *  <tr>
    200     *   <th>input</th>
    201     *   <th>wrapLength</th>
    202     *   <th>newLineString</th>
    203     *   <th>wrapLongWords</th>
    204     *   <th>wrapOn</th>
    205     *   <th>result</th>
    206     *  </tr>
    207     *  <tr>
    208     *   <td>null</td>
    209     *   <td>*</td>
    210     *   <td>*</td>
    211     *   <td>true/false</td>
    212     *   <td>*</td>
    213     *   <td>null</td>
    214     *  </tr>
    215     *  <tr>
    216     *   <td>""</td>
    217     *   <td>*</td>
    218     *   <td>*</td>
    219     *   <td>true/false</td>
    220     *   <td>*</td>
    221     *   <td>""</td>
    222     *  </tr>
    223     *  <tr>
    224     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    225     *   <td>20</td>
    226     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    227     *   <td>true/false</td>
    228     *   <td>" "</td>
    229     *   <td>"Here is one line of\ntext that is going\nto be wrapped after\n20 columns."</td>
    230     *  </tr>
    231     *  <tr>
    232     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    233     *   <td>20</td>
    234     *   <td>"&lt;br /&gt;"</td>
    235     *   <td>true/false</td>
    236     *   <td>" "</td>
    237     *   <td>"Here is one line of&lt;br /&gt;text that is going&lt;br /&gt;
    238     *   to be wrapped after&lt;br /&gt;20 columns."</td>
    239     *  </tr>
    240     *  <tr>
    241     *   <td>"Here is one line of text that is going to be wrapped after 20 columns."</td>
    242     *   <td>20</td>
    243     *   <td>null</td>
    244     *   <td>true/false</td>
    245     *   <td>" "</td>
    246     *   <td>"Here is one line of" + systemNewLine + "text that is going"
    247     *   + systemNewLine + "to be wrapped after" + systemNewLine + "20 columns."</td>
    248     *  </tr>
    249     *  <tr>
    250     *   <td>"Click here to jump to the commons website - http://commons.apache.org"</td>
    251     *   <td>20</td>
    252     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    253     *   <td>false</td>
    254     *   <td>" "</td>
    255     *   <td>"Click here to jump\nto the commons\nwebsite -\nhttp://commons.apache.org"</td>
    256     *  </tr>
    257     *  <tr>
    258     *   <td>"Click here to jump to the commons website - http://commons.apache.org"</td>
    259     *   <td>20</td>
    260     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    261     *   <td>true</td>
    262     *   <td>" "</td>
    263     *   <td>"Click here to jump\nto the commons\nwebsite -\nhttp://commons.apach\ne.org"</td>
    264     *  </tr>
    265     *  <tr>
    266     *   <td>"flammable/inflammable"</td>
    267     *   <td>20</td>
    268     *   <td>"\n"</td>
    269     *   <td>true</td>
    270     *   <td>"/"</td>
    271     *   <td>"flammable\ninflammable"</td>
    272     *  </tr>
    273     * </table>
    274     * @param str  the String to be word wrapped, may be null
    275     * @param wrapLength  the column to wrap the words at, less than 1 is treated as 1
    276     * @param newLineStr  the string to insert for a new line,
    277     *  <code>null</code> uses the system property line separator
    278     * @param wrapLongWords  true if long words (such as URLs) should be wrapped
    279     * @param wrapOn regex expression to be used as a breakable characters,
    280     *               if blank string is provided a space character will be used
    281     * @return a line with newlines inserted, <code>null</code> if null input
    282     */
    283    public static String wrap(final String str,
    284                              int wrapLength,
    285                              String newLineStr,
    286                              final boolean wrapLongWords,
    287                              String wrapOn) {
    288        if (str == null) {
    289            return null;
    290        }
    291        if (newLineStr == null) {
    292            newLineStr = System.lineSeparator();
    293        }
    294        if (wrapLength < 1) {
    295            wrapLength = 1;
    296        }
    297        if (StringUtils.isBlank(wrapOn)) {
    298            wrapOn = " ";
    299        }
    300        final Pattern patternToWrapOn = Pattern.compile(wrapOn);
    301        final int inputLineLength = str.length();
    302        int offset = 0;
    303        final StringBuilder wrappedLine = new StringBuilder(inputLineLength + 32);
    304
    305        while (offset < inputLineLength) {
    306            int spaceToWrapAt = -1;
    307            Matcher matcher = patternToWrapOn.matcher(str.substring(offset,
    308                    Math.min((int) Math.min(Integer.MAX_VALUE, offset + wrapLength + 1L), inputLineLength)));
    309            if (matcher.find()) {
    310                if (matcher.start() == 0) {
    311                    offset += matcher.end();
    312                    continue;
    313                }
    314                spaceToWrapAt = matcher.start() + offset;
    315            }
    316
    317            // only last line without leading spaces is left
    318            if (inputLineLength - offset <= wrapLength) {
    319                break;
    320            }
    321
    322            while (matcher.find()) {
    323                spaceToWrapAt = matcher.start() + offset;
    324            }
    325
    326            if (spaceToWrapAt >= offset) {
    327                // normal case
    328                wrappedLine.append(str, offset, spaceToWrapAt);
    329                wrappedLine.append(newLineStr);
    330                offset = spaceToWrapAt + 1;
    331
    332            } else {
    333                // really long word or URL
    334                if (wrapLongWords) {
    335                    // wrap really long word one line at a time
    336                    wrappedLine.append(str, offset, wrapLength + offset);
    337                    wrappedLine.append(newLineStr);
    338                    offset += wrapLength;
    339                } else {
    340                    // do not wrap really long word, just extend beyond limit
    341                    matcher = patternToWrapOn.matcher(str.substring(offset + wrapLength));
    342                    if (matcher.find()) {
    343                        spaceToWrapAt = matcher.start() + offset + wrapLength;
    344                    }
    345
    346                    if (spaceToWrapAt >= 0) {
    347                        wrappedLine.append(str, offset, spaceToWrapAt);
    348                        wrappedLine.append(newLineStr);
    349                        offset = spaceToWrapAt + 1;
    350                    } else {
    351                        wrappedLine.append(str, offset, str.length());
    352                        offset = inputLineLength;
    353                    }
    354                }
    355            }
    356        }
    357
    358        // Whatever is left in line is short enough to just pass through
    359        wrappedLine.append(str, offset, str.length());
    360
    361        return wrappedLine.toString();
    362    }
    363
    364    // Capitalizing
    365    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    366    /**
    367     * <p>Capitalizes all the whitespace separated words in a String.
    368     * Only the first character of each word is changed. To convert the
    369     * rest of each word to lowercase at the same time,
    370     * use {@link #capitalizeFully(String)}.</p>
    371     *
    372     * <p>Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    373     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.
    374     * Capitalization uses the Unicode title case, normally equivalent to
    375     * upper case.</p>
    376     *
    377     * <pre>
    378     * WordUtils.capitalize(null)        = null
    379     * WordUtils.capitalize("")          = ""
    380     * WordUtils.capitalize("i am FINE") = "I Am FINE"
    381     * </pre>
    382     *
    383     * @param str  the String to capitalize, may be null
    384     * @return capitalized String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    385     * @see #uncapitalize(String)
    386     * @see #capitalizeFully(String)
    387     */
    388    public static String capitalize(final String str) {
    389        return capitalize(str, null);
    390    }
    391
    392    /**
    393     * <p>Capitalizes all the delimiter separated words in a String.
    394     * Only the first character of each word is changed. To convert the
    395     * rest of each word to lowercase at the same time,
    396     * use {@link #capitalizeFully(String, char[])}.</p>
    397     *
    398     * <p>The delimiters represent a set of characters understood to separate words.
    399     * The first string character and the first non-delimiter character after a
    400     * delimiter will be capitalized. </p>
    401     *
    402     * <p>A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.
    403     * Capitalization uses the Unicode title case, normally equivalent to
    404     * upper case.</p>
    405     *
    406     * <pre>
    407     * WordUtils.capitalize(null, *)            = null
    408     * WordUtils.capitalize("", *)              = ""
    409     * WordUtils.capitalize(*, new char[0])     = *
    410     * WordUtils.capitalize("i am fine", null)  = "I Am Fine"
    411     * WordUtils.capitalize("i aM.fine", {'.'}) = "I aM.Fine"
    412     * WordUtils.capitalize("i am fine", new char[]{}) = "I am fine"
    413     * </pre>
    414     *
    415     * @param str  the String to capitalize, may be null
    416     * @param delimiters  set of characters to determine capitalization, null means whitespace
    417     * @return capitalized String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    418     * @see #uncapitalize(String)
    419     * @see #capitalizeFully(String)
    420     */
    421    public static String capitalize(final String str, final char... delimiters) {
    422        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
    423            return str;
    424        }
    425        final Set<Integer> delimiterSet = generateDelimiterSet(delimiters);
    426        final int strLen = str.length();
    427        final int[] newCodePoints = new int[strLen];
    428        int outOffset = 0;
    429
    430        boolean capitalizeNext = true;
    431        for (int index = 0; index < strLen;) {
    432            final int codePoint = str.codePointAt(index);
    433
    434            if (delimiterSet.contains(codePoint)) {
    435                capitalizeNext = true;
    436                newCodePoints[outOffset++] = codePoint;
    437                index += Character.charCount(codePoint);
    438            } else if (capitalizeNext) {
    439                final int titleCaseCodePoint = Character.toTitleCase(codePoint);
    440                newCodePoints[outOffset++] = titleCaseCodePoint;
    441                index += Character.charCount(titleCaseCodePoint);
    442                capitalizeNext = false;
    443            } else {
    444                newCodePoints[outOffset++] = codePoint;
    445                index += Character.charCount(codePoint);
    446            }
    447        }
    448        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, outOffset);
    449    }
    450
    451    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    452    /**
    453     * <p>Converts all the whitespace separated words in a String into capitalized words,
    454     * that is each word is made up of a titlecase character and then a series of
    455     * lowercase characters.  </p>
    456     *
    457     * <p>Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    458     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.
    459     * Capitalization uses the Unicode title case, normally equivalent to
    460     * upper case.</p>
    461     *
    462     * <pre>
    463     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully(null)        = null
    464     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully("")          = ""
    465     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully("i am FINE") = "I Am Fine"
    466     * </pre>
    467     *
    468     * @param str  the String to capitalize, may be null
    469     * @return capitalized String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    470     */
    471    public static String capitalizeFully(final String str) {
    472        return capitalizeFully(str, null);
    473    }
    474
    475    /**
    476     * <p>Converts all the delimiter separated words in a String into capitalized words,
    477     * that is each word is made up of a titlecase character and then a series of
    478     * lowercase characters. </p>
    479     *
    480     * <p>The delimiters represent a set of characters understood to separate words.
    481     * The first string character and the first non-delimiter character after a
    482     * delimiter will be capitalized. </p>
    483     *
    484     * <p>A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.
    485     * Capitalization uses the Unicode title case, normally equivalent to
    486     * upper case.</p>
    487     *
    488     * <pre>
    489     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully(null, *)            = null
    490     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully("", *)              = ""
    491     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully(*, null)            = *
    492     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully(*, new char[0])     = *
    493     * WordUtils.capitalizeFully("i aM.fine", {'.'}) = "I am.Fine"
    494     * </pre>
    495     *
    496     * @param str  the String to capitalize, may be null
    497     * @param delimiters  set of characters to determine capitalization, null means whitespace
    498     * @return capitalized String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    499     */
    500    public static String capitalizeFully(String str, final char... delimiters) {
    501        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
    502            return str;
    503        }
    504        str = str.toLowerCase();
    505        return capitalize(str, delimiters);
    506    }
    507
    508    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    509    /**
    510     * <p>Uncapitalizes all the whitespace separated words in a String.
    511     * Only the first character of each word is changed.</p>
    512     *
    513     * <p>Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    514     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.</p>
    515     *
    516     * <pre>
    517     * WordUtils.uncapitalize(null)        = null
    518     * WordUtils.uncapitalize("")          = ""
    519     * WordUtils.uncapitalize("I Am FINE") = "i am fINE"
    520     * </pre>
    521     *
    522     * @param str  the String to uncapitalize, may be null
    523     * @return uncapitalized String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    524     * @see #capitalize(String)
    525     */
    526    public static String uncapitalize(final String str) {
    527        return uncapitalize(str, null);
    528    }
    529
    530    /**
    531     * <p>Uncapitalizes all the whitespace separated words in a String.
    532     * Only the first character of each word is changed.</p>
    533     *
    534     * <p>The delimiters represent a set of characters understood to separate words.
    535     * The first string character and the first non-delimiter character after a
    536     * delimiter will be uncapitalized. </p>
    537     *
    538     * <p>Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    539     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.</p>
    540     *
    541     * <pre>
    542     * WordUtils.uncapitalize(null, *)            = null
    543     * WordUtils.uncapitalize("", *)              = ""
    544     * WordUtils.uncapitalize(*, null)            = *
    545     * WordUtils.uncapitalize(*, new char[0])     = *
    546     * WordUtils.uncapitalize("I AM.FINE", {'.'}) = "i AM.fINE"
    547     * WordUtils.uncapitalize("I am fine", new char[]{}) = "i am fine"
    548     * </pre>
    549     *
    550     * @param str  the String to uncapitalize, may be null
    551     * @param delimiters  set of characters to determine uncapitalization, null means whitespace
    552     * @return uncapitalized String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    553     * @see #capitalize(String)
    554     */
    555    public static String uncapitalize(final String str, final char... delimiters) {
    556        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
    557            return str;
    558        }
    559        final Set<Integer> delimiterSet = generateDelimiterSet(delimiters);
    560        final int strLen = str.length();
    561        final int[] newCodePoints = new int[strLen];
    562        int outOffset = 0;
    563
    564        boolean uncapitalizeNext = true;
    565        for (int index = 0; index < strLen;) {
    566            final int codePoint = str.codePointAt(index);
    567
    568            if (delimiterSet.contains(codePoint)) {
    569                uncapitalizeNext = true;
    570                newCodePoints[outOffset++] = codePoint;
    571                index += Character.charCount(codePoint);
    572            } else if (uncapitalizeNext) {
    573                final int titleCaseCodePoint = Character.toLowerCase(codePoint);
    574                newCodePoints[outOffset++] = titleCaseCodePoint;
    575                index += Character.charCount(titleCaseCodePoint);
    576                uncapitalizeNext = false;
    577            } else {
    578                newCodePoints[outOffset++] = codePoint;
    579                index += Character.charCount(codePoint);
    580            }
    581        }
    582        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, outOffset);
    583    }
    584
    585    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    586    /**
    587     * <p>Swaps the case of a String using a word based algorithm.</p>
    588     *
    589     * <ul>
    590     *  <li>Upper case character converts to Lower case</li>
    591     *  <li>Title case character converts to Lower case</li>
    592     *  <li>Lower case character after Whitespace or at start converts to Title case</li>
    593     *  <li>Other Lower case character converts to Upper case</li>
    594     * </ul>
    595     *
    596     * <p>Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    597     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.</p>
    598     *
    599     * <pre>
    600     * StringUtils.swapCase(null)                 = null
    601     * StringUtils.swapCase("")                   = ""
    602     * StringUtils.swapCase("The dog has a BONE") = "tHE DOG HAS A bone"
    603     * </pre>
    604     *
    605     * @param str  the String to swap case, may be null
    606     * @return the changed String, <code>null</code> if null String input
    607     */
    608    public static String swapCase(final String str) {
    609        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
    610            return str;
    611        }
    612        final int strLen = str.length();
    613        final int[] newCodePoints = new int[strLen];
    614        int outOffset = 0;
    615        boolean whitespace = true;
    616        for (int index = 0; index < strLen;) {
    617            final int oldCodepoint = str.codePointAt(index);
    618            final int newCodePoint;
    619            if (Character.isUpperCase(oldCodepoint) || Character.isTitleCase(oldCodepoint)) {
    620                newCodePoint = Character.toLowerCase(oldCodepoint);
    621                whitespace = false;
    622            } else if (Character.isLowerCase(oldCodepoint)) {
    623                if (whitespace) {
    624                    newCodePoint = Character.toTitleCase(oldCodepoint);
    625                    whitespace = false;
    626                } else {
    627                    newCodePoint = Character.toUpperCase(oldCodepoint);
    628                }
    629            } else {
    630                whitespace = Character.isWhitespace(oldCodepoint);
    631                newCodePoint = oldCodepoint;
    632            }
    633            newCodePoints[outOffset++] = newCodePoint;
    634            index += Character.charCount(newCodePoint);
    635        }
    636        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, outOffset);
    637    }
    638
    639    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    640    /**
    641     * <p>Extracts the initial characters from each word in the String.</p>
    642     *
    643     * <p>All first characters after whitespace are returned as a new string.
    644     * Their case is not changed.</p>
    645     *
    646     * <p>Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    647     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.</p>
    648     *
    649     * <pre>
    650     * WordUtils.initials(null)             = null
    651     * WordUtils.initials("")               = ""
    652     * WordUtils.initials("Ben John Lee")   = "BJL"
    653     * WordUtils.initials("Ben J.Lee")      = "BJ"
    654     * </pre>
    655     *
    656     * @param str  the String to get initials from, may be null
    657     * @return String of initial letters, <code>null</code> if null String input
    658     * @see #initials(String,char[])
    659     */
    660    public static String initials(final String str) {
    661        return initials(str, null);
    662    }
    663
    664    /**
    665     * <p>Extracts the initial characters from each word in the String.</p>
    666     *
    667     * <p>All first characters after the defined delimiters are returned as a new string.
    668     * Their case is not changed.</p>
    669     *
    670     * <p>If the delimiters array is null, then Whitespace is used.
    671     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
    672     * A <code>null</code> input String returns <code>null</code>.
    673     * An empty delimiter array returns an empty String.</p>
    674     *
    675     * <pre>
    676     * WordUtils.initials(null, *)                = null
    677     * WordUtils.initials("", *)                  = ""
    678     * WordUtils.initials("Ben John Lee", null)   = "BJL"
    679     * WordUtils.initials("Ben J.Lee", null)      = "BJ"
    680     * WordUtils.initials("Ben J.Lee", [' ','.']) = "BJL"
    681     * WordUtils.initials(*, new char[0])         = ""
    682     * </pre>
    683     *
    684     * @param str  the String to get initials from, may be null
    685     * @param delimiters  set of characters to determine words, null means whitespace
    686     * @return String of initial characters, <code>null</code> if null String input
    687     * @see #initials(String)
    688     */
    689    public static String initials(final String str, final char... delimiters) {
    690        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
    691            return str;
    692        }
    693        if (delimiters != null && delimiters.length == 0) {
    694            return "";
    695        }
    696        final Set<Integer> delimiterSet = generateDelimiterSet(delimiters);
    697        final int strLen = str.length();
    698        final int[] newCodePoints = new int[strLen / 2 + 1];
    699        int count = 0;
    700        boolean lastWasGap = true;
    701        for (int i = 0; i < strLen;) {
    702            final int codePoint = str.codePointAt(i);
    703
    704            if (delimiterSet.contains(codePoint) || (delimiters == null && Character.isWhitespace(codePoint))) {
    705                lastWasGap = true;
    706            } else if (lastWasGap) {
    707                newCodePoints[count++] = codePoint;
    708                lastWasGap = false;
    709            }
    710
    711            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
    712        }
    713        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, count);
    714    }
    715
    716    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    717    /**
    718     * <p>Checks if the String contains all words in the given array.</p>
    719     *
    720     * <p>
    721     * A {@code null} String will return {@code false}. A {@code null}, zero
    722     * length search array or if one element of array is null will return {@code false}.
    723     * </p>
    724     *
    725     * <pre>
    726     * WordUtils.containsAllWords(null, *)            = false
    727     * WordUtils.containsAllWords("", *)              = false
    728     * WordUtils.containsAllWords(*, null)            = false
    729     * WordUtils.containsAllWords(*, [])              = false
    730     * WordUtils.containsAllWords("abcd", "ab", "cd") = false
    731     * WordUtils.containsAllWords("abc def", "def", "abc") = true
    732     * </pre>
    733     *
    734     * @param word The CharSequence to check, may be null
    735     * @param words The array of String words to search for, may be null
    736     * @return {@code true} if all search words are found, {@code false} otherwise
    737     */
    738    public static boolean containsAllWords(final CharSequence word, final CharSequence... words) {
    739        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(word) || ArrayUtils.isEmpty(words)) {
    740            return false;
    741        }
    742        for (final CharSequence w : words) {
    743            if (StringUtils.isBlank(w)) {
    744                return false;
    745            }
    746            final Pattern p = Pattern.compile(".*\\b" + w + "\\b.*");
    747            if (!p.matcher(word).matches()) {
    748                return false;
    749            }
    750        }
    751        return true;
    752    }
    753
    754    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    755    /**
    756     * Is the character a delimiter.
    757     *
    758     * @param ch the character to check
    759     * @param delimiters the delimiters
    760     * @return true if it is a delimiter
    761     * @deprecated as of 1.2 and will be removed in 2.0
    762     */
    763    @Deprecated
    764    public static boolean isDelimiter(final char ch, final char[] delimiters) {
    765        if (delimiters == null) {
    766            return Character.isWhitespace(ch);
    767        }
    768        for (final char delimiter : delimiters) {
    769            if (ch == delimiter) {
    770                return true;
    771            }
    772        }
    773        return false;
    774    }
    775
    776  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    777    /**
    778     * Is the codePoint a delimiter.
    779     *
    780     * @param codePoint the codePint to check
    781     * @param delimiters the delimiters
    782     * @return true if it is a delimiter
    783     * @deprecated as of 1.2 and will be removed in 2.0
    784     */
    785    @Deprecated
    786    public static boolean isDelimiter(final int codePoint, final char[] delimiters) {
    787        if (delimiters == null) {
    788            return Character.isWhitespace(codePoint);
    789        }
    790        for (int index = 0; index < delimiters.length; index++) {
    791            final int delimiterCodePoint = Character.codePointAt(delimiters, index);
    792            if (delimiterCodePoint == codePoint) {
    793                return true;
    794            }
    795        }
    796        return false;
    797    }
    798
    799    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    800    /**
    801     * Abbreviates the words nicely.
    802     *
    803     * This method searches for the first space after the lower limit and abbreviates
    804     * the String there. It will also append any String passed as a parameter
    805     * to the end of the String. The upper limit can be specified to forcibly
    806     * abbreviate a String.
    807     *
    808     * @param str         the string to be abbreviated. If null is passed, null is returned.
    809     *                    If the empty String is passed, the empty string is returned.
    810     * @param lower       the lower limit.
    811     * @param upper       the upper limit; specify -1 if no limit is desired.
    812     *                    If the upper limit is lower than the lower limit, it will be
    813     *                    adjusted to be the same as the lower limit.
    814     * @param appendToEnd String to be appended to the end of the abbreviated string.
    815     *                    This is appended ONLY if the string was indeed abbreviated.
    816     *                    The append does not count towards the lower or upper limits.
    817     * @return the abbreviated String.
    818     *
    819     * <pre>
    820     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 0, 40, null));     = "Now"
    821     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 10, 40, null));    = "Now is the"
    822     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 20, 40, null));    = "Now is the time for all"
    823     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 0, 40, ""));       = "Now"
    824     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 10, 40, ""));      = "Now is the"
    825     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 20, 40, ""));      = "Now is the time for all"
    826     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 0, 40, " ..."));   = "Now ..."
    827     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 10, 40, " ..."));  = "Now is the ..."
    828     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 20, 40, " ..."));  = "Now is the time for all ..."
    829     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 0, -1, ""));       = "Now"
    830     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 10, -1, ""));      = "Now is the"
    831     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 20, -1, ""));      = "Now is the time for all"
    832     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 50, -1, ""));      = "Now is the time for all good men"
    833     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 1000, -1, ""));    = "Now is the time for all good men"
    834     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 9, -10, null));    = IllegalArgumentException
    835     * WordUtils.abbreviate("Now is the time for all good men", 10, 5, null));     = IllegalArgumentException
    836     * </pre>
    837     */
    838    public static String abbreviate(final String str, int lower, int upper, final String appendToEnd) {
    839        Validate.isTrue(upper >= -1, "upper value cannot be less than -1");
    840        Validate.isTrue(upper >= lower || upper == -1, "upper value is less than lower value");
    841
    842        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
    843            return str;
    844        }
    845
    846        // if the lower value is greater than the length of the string,
    847        // set to the length of the string
    848        if (lower > str.length()) {
    849            lower = str.length();
    850        }
    851
    852        // if the upper value is -1 (i.e. no limit) or is greater
    853        // than the length of the string, set to the length of the string
    854        if (upper == -1 || upper > str.length()) {
    855            upper = str.length();
    856        }
    857
    858        final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
    859        final int index = StringUtils.indexOf(str, " ", lower);
    860        if (index == -1) {
    861            result.append(str, 0, upper);
    862            // only if abbreviation has occurred do we append the appendToEnd value
    863            if (upper != str.length()) {
    864                result.append(StringUtils.defaultString(appendToEnd));
    865            }
    866        } else if (index > upper) {
    867            result.append(str, 0, upper);
    868            result.append(StringUtils.defaultString(appendToEnd));
    869        } else {
    870            result.append(str, 0, index);
    871            result.append(StringUtils.defaultString(appendToEnd));
    872        }
    873
    874        return result.toString();
    875    }
    876
    877    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    878    /**
    879     * <p>
    880     * Converts an array of delimiters to a hash set of code points. Code point of space(32) is added as the default
    881     * value if delimiters is null. The generated hash set provides O(1) lookup time.
    882     * </p>
    883     *
    884     * @param delimiters set of characters to determine capitalization, null means whitespace
    885     * @return Set<Integer>
    886     */
    887    private static Set<Integer> generateDelimiterSet(final char[] delimiters) {
    888        final Set<Integer> delimiterHashSet = new HashSet<>();
    889        if (delimiters == null || delimiters.length == 0) {
    890            if (delimiters == null) {
    891                delimiterHashSet.add(Character.codePointAt(new char[] {' '}, 0));
    892            }
    893
    894            return delimiterHashSet;
    895        }
    896
    897        for (int index = 0; index < delimiters.length; index++) {
    898            delimiterHashSet.add(Character.codePointAt(delimiters, index));
    899        }
    900        return delimiterHashSet;
    901    }
    902 }