/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas;

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.ServiceLoader;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Function;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.annotations.Experimental;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.annotations.Experimental.Kind;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.annotations.DefaultSchema;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.SerializableFunction;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.common.ReflectHelpers;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.common.ReflectHelpers.ObjectsClassComparator;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.Row;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptor;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * A {@link SchemaRegistry} allows registering {@link Schema}s for a given Java {@link Class} or a
 * {@link TypeDescriptor}.
 *
 * <p>Types registered in a pipeline's schema registry will automatically be discovered by any
 * {@link org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollection} that uses {@link SchemaCoder}. This allows users
 * to write pipelines in terms of their own Java types, yet still register schemas for these types.
 *
 * <p>TODO: Provide support for schemas registered via a ServiceLoader interface. This will allow
 * optional modules to register schemas as well.
 */
@Experimental(Kind.SCHEMAS)
@SuppressWarnings({
  "nullness", // TODO(https://github.com/apache/beam/issues/20497)
  "rawtypes"
})
public class SchemaRegistry {
  private static final List<SchemaProvider> REGISTERED_SCHEMA_PROVIDERS;

  private static class SchemaEntry<T> {
    private final Schema schema;
    private final SerializableFunction<T, Row> toRow;
    private final SerializableFunction<Row, T> fromRow;

    SchemaEntry(
        Schema schema, SerializableFunction<T, Row> toRow, SerializableFunction<Row, T> fromRow) {
      this.schema = schema;
      this.toRow = toRow;
      this.fromRow = fromRow;
    }
  }

  private final Map<TypeDescriptor, SchemaEntry> entries = Maps.newHashMap();
  private final ArrayDeque<SchemaProvider> providers;

  private static class PerTypeRegisteredProvider implements SchemaProvider {
    private final Map<TypeDescriptor, SchemaProvider> providers = Maps.newHashMap();

    void registerProvider(TypeDescriptor typeDescriptor, SchemaProvider schemaProvider) {
      providers.put(typeDescriptor, schemaProvider);
    }

    @Override
    public <T> @Nullable Schema schemaFor(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor) {
      TypeDescriptor<?> type = typeDescriptor;
      do {
        SchemaProvider schemaProvider = providers.get(type);
        if (schemaProvider != null) {
          return schemaProvider.schemaFor(type);
        }
        Class<?> superClass = type.getRawType().getSuperclass();
        if (superClass == null || superClass.equals(Object.class)) {
          return null;
        }
        type = TypeDescriptor.of(superClass);
      } while (true);
    }

    @Override
    public <T> @Nullable SerializableFunction<T, Row> toRowFunction(
        TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor) {
      TypeDescriptor<?> type = typeDescriptor;
      do {
        SchemaProvider schemaProvider = providers.get(type);
        if (schemaProvider != null) {
          return (SerializableFunction<T, Row>) schemaProvider.toRowFunction(type);
        }
        Class<?> superClass = type.getRawType().getSuperclass();
        if (superClass == null || superClass.equals(Object.class)) {
          return null;
        }
        type = TypeDescriptor.of(superClass);
      } while (true);
    }

    @Override
    public <T> @Nullable SerializableFunction<Row, T> fromRowFunction(
        TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor) {
      TypeDescriptor<?> type = typeDescriptor;
      do {
        SchemaProvider schemaProvider = providers.get(type);
        if (schemaProvider != null) {
          return (SerializableFunction<Row, T>) schemaProvider.fromRowFunction(type);
        }
        Class<?> superClass = type.getRawType().getSuperclass();
        if (superClass == null || superClass.equals(Object.class)) {
          return null;
        }
        type = TypeDescriptor.of(superClass);
      } while (true);
    }
  }

  private final PerTypeRegisteredProvider perTypeRegisteredProviders =
      new PerTypeRegisteredProvider();

  private SchemaRegistry() {
    providers = new ArrayDeque<>(REGISTERED_SCHEMA_PROVIDERS);
    providers.addFirst(perTypeRegisteredProviders);
  }

  public static SchemaRegistry createDefault() {
    return new SchemaRegistry();
  }

  /** Register a schema for a specific {@link Class} type. */
  public <T> void registerSchemaForClass(
      Class<T> clazz,
      Schema schema,
      SerializableFunction<T, Row> toRow,
      SerializableFunction<Row, T> fromRow) {
    registerSchemaForType(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz), schema, toRow, fromRow);
  }

  /** Register a schema for a specific {@link TypeDescriptor} type. */
  public <T> void registerSchemaForType(
      TypeDescriptor<T> type,
      Schema schema,
      SerializableFunction<T, Row> toRow,
      SerializableFunction<Row, T> fromRow) {
    entries.put(type, new SchemaEntry<>(schema, toRow, fromRow));
  }

  /**
   * Register a {@link SchemaProvider}.
   *
   * <p>A {@link SchemaProvider} allows for deferred lookups of per-type schemas. This can be used
   * when schemas are registered in an external service. The SchemaProvider will lookup the type in
   * the external service and return the correct {@link Schema}.
   */
  public void registerSchemaProvider(SchemaProvider schemaProvider) {
    providers.addFirst(schemaProvider);
  }

  /** Register a {@link SchemaProvider} to be used for a specific type. * */
  public <T> void registerSchemaProvider(Class<T> clazz, SchemaProvider schemaProvider) {
    registerSchemaProvider(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz), schemaProvider);
  }

  /** Register a {@link SchemaProvider} to be used for a specific type. * */
  public <T> void registerSchemaProvider(
      TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor, SchemaProvider schemaProvider) {
    perTypeRegisteredProviders.registerProvider(typeDescriptor, schemaProvider);
  }

  /**
   * Register a POJO type for automatic schema inference.
   *
   * <p>Currently schema field names will match field names in the POJO, and all fields must be
   * mutable (i.e. no final fields).
   */
  public <T> void registerPOJO(Class<T> clazz) {
    registerPOJO(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz));
  }

  /**
   * Register a POJO type for automatic schema inference.
   *
   * <p>Currently schema field names will match field names in the POJO, and all fields must be
   * mutable (i.e. no final fields). The Java object is expected to have implemented a correct
   * .equals() and .hashCode methods The equals method must be completely determined by the schema
   * fields. i.e. if the object has hidden fields that are not reflected in the schema but are
   * compared in equals, then results will be incorrect.
   */
  public <T> void registerPOJO(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor) {
    registerSchemaProvider(typeDescriptor, new JavaFieldSchema());
  }

  /**
   * Register a JavaBean type for automatic schema inference.
   *
   * <p>Currently schema field names will match getter names in the bean, and all getters must have
   * matching setters. The Java object is expected to have implemented a correct .equals() and
   * .hashCode methods The equals method must be completely determined by the schema fields. i.e. if
   * the object has hidden fields that are not reflected in the schema but are compared in equals,
   * then results will be incorrect.
   */
  public <T> void registerJavaBean(Class<T> clazz) {
    registerJavaBean(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz));
  }

  /**
   * Register a JavaBean type for automatic schema inference.
   *
   * <p>Currently schema field names will match getter names in the bean, and all getters must have
   * matching setters.
   */
  public <T> void registerJavaBean(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor) {
    registerSchemaProvider(typeDescriptor, new JavaBeanSchema());
  }

  /**
   * Retrieve a {@link Schema} for a given {@link Class} type. If no schema exists, throws {@link
   * NoSuchSchemaException}.
   */
  public <T> Schema getSchema(Class<T> clazz) throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    return getSchema(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz));
  }

  /**
   * Retrieve a {@link Schema} for a given {@link TypeDescriptor} type. If no schema exists, throws
   * {@link NoSuchSchemaException}.
   */
  public <T> Schema getSchema(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor) throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    SchemaEntry entry = entries.get(typeDescriptor);
    if (entry != null) {
      return entry.schema;
    }
    return getProviderResult((SchemaProvider p) -> p.schemaFor(typeDescriptor));
  }

  /**
   * Retrieve the function that converts an object of the specified type to a {@link Row} object.
   */
  public <T> SerializableFunction<T, Row> getToRowFunction(Class<T> clazz)
      throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    return getToRowFunction(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz));
  }

  /**
   * Retrieve the function that converts an object of the specified type to a {@link Row} object.
   */
  public <T> SerializableFunction<T, Row> getToRowFunction(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor)
      throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    SchemaEntry entry = entries.get(typeDescriptor);
    if (entry != null) {
      return entry.toRow;
    }
    return getProviderResult((SchemaProvider p) -> p.toRowFunction(typeDescriptor));
  }

  /** Retrieve the function that converts a {@link Row} object to the specified type. */
  public <T> SerializableFunction<Row, T> getFromRowFunction(Class<T> clazz)
      throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    return getFromRowFunction(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz));
  }

  /** Retrieve the function that converts a {@link Row} object to the specified type. */
  public <T> SerializableFunction<Row, T> getFromRowFunction(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor)
      throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    SchemaEntry entry = entries.get(typeDescriptor);
    if (entry != null) {
      return entry.fromRow;
    }
    return getProviderResult((SchemaProvider p) -> p.fromRowFunction(typeDescriptor));
  }

  /**
   * Retrieve a {@link SchemaCoder} for a given {@link Class} type. If no schema exists, throws
   * {@link * NoSuchSchemaException}.
   */
  public <T> SchemaCoder<T> getSchemaCoder(Class<T> clazz) throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    return getSchemaCoder(TypeDescriptor.of(clazz));
  }

  /**
   * Retrieve a {@link SchemaCoder} for a given {@link TypeDescriptor} type. If no schema exists,
   * throws {@link * NoSuchSchemaException}.
   */
  public <T> SchemaCoder<T> getSchemaCoder(TypeDescriptor<T> typeDescriptor)
      throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    return SchemaCoder.of(
        getSchema(typeDescriptor),
        typeDescriptor,
        getToRowFunction(typeDescriptor),
        getFromRowFunction(typeDescriptor));
  }

  private <ReturnT> ReturnT getProviderResult(Function<SchemaProvider, ReturnT> f)
      throws NoSuchSchemaException {
    for (SchemaProvider provider : providers) {
      ReturnT result = f.apply(provider);
      if (result != null) {
        return result;
      }
    }
    throw new NoSuchSchemaException();
  }

  static {
    // find all statically-registered SchemaProviders.
    List<SchemaProvider> providersToRegister = Lists.newArrayList();
    Set<SchemaProviderRegistrar> registrars = Sets.newTreeSet(ObjectsClassComparator.INSTANCE);
    // Find all SchemaProviderRegistrar classes that are registered as service loaders
    // (usually using the @AutoService annotation).
    registrars.addAll(
        Lists.newArrayList(
            ServiceLoader.load(SchemaProviderRegistrar.class, ReflectHelpers.findClassLoader())));
    // Load all SchemaProviders that are registered using the @DefaultSchema annotation.
    providersToRegister.addAll(
        new DefaultSchema.DefaultSchemaProviderRegistrar().getSchemaProviders());
    for (SchemaProviderRegistrar registrar : registrars) {
      providersToRegister.addAll(registrar.getSchemaProviders());
    }
    REGISTERED_SCHEMA_PROVIDERS = ImmutableList.copyOf(providersToRegister);
  }
}
