---
type: languages
title: "Beam SQL: Walkthrough"
---
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# Beam SQL Walkthrough

This page illustrates the usage of Beam SQL with example code.

## Row

Before applying a SQL query to a `PCollection`, the data in the collection must
be in `Row` format. A `Row` represents a single, immutable record in a Beam SQL
`PCollection`. The names and types of the fields/columns in the row are defined
by its associated [Schema](https://beam.apache.org/releases/javadoc/{{< param release_latest >}}/index.html?org/apache/beam/sdk/schemas/Schema.html).
You can use the [Schema.builder()](https://beam.apache.org/releases/javadoc/{{< param release_latest >}}/index.html?org/apache/beam/sdk/schemas/Schema.html) to create
`Schemas`. See [Data
Types](/documentation/dsls/sql/data-types) for more details on supported primitive data types.


A `PCollection<Row>` can be obtained multiple ways, for example:

  - **From in-memory data** (typically for unit testing).

    **Note:** you have to explicitly specify the `Row` coder. In this example we're doing it by calling `Create.of(..)`:

    {{< highlight java >}}
    // Define the schema for the records.
    Schema appSchema = 
        Schema
          .builder()
          .addInt32Field("appId")
          .addStringField("description")
          .addDateTimeField("rowtime")
          .build();

    // Create a concrete row with that type.
    Row row = 
        Row
          .withSchema(appSchema)
          .addValues(1, "Some cool app", new Date())
          .build();

    // Create a source PCollection containing only that row
    PCollection<Row> testApps = 
        PBegin
          .in(p)
          .apply(Create
                    .of(row)
                    .withCoder(RowCoder.of(appSchema)));
    {{< /highlight >}}
  - **From a `PCollection<T>` of records of some other type**  (i.e.  `T` is not already a `Row`), by applying a `ParDo` that converts input records to `Row` format:
    {{< highlight java >}}
    // An example POJO class.
    class AppPojo {
      Integer appId;
      String description;
      Date timestamp;
    }

    // Acquire a collection of POJOs somehow.
    PCollection<AppPojo> pojos = ...

    // Convert them to Rows with the same schema as defined above via a DoFn.
    PCollection<Row> apps = pojos
      .apply(
          ParDo.of(new DoFn<AppPojo, Row>() {
            @ProcessElement
            public void processElement(ProcessContext c) {
              // Get the current POJO instance
              AppPojo pojo = c.element();

              // Create a Row with the appSchema schema 
              // and values from the current POJO
              Row appRow = 
                    Row
                      .withSchema(appSchema)
                      .addValues(
                        pojo.appId, 
                        pojo.description, 
                        pojo.timestamp)
                      .build();

              // Output the Row representing the current POJO
              c.output(appRow);
            }
          }));
    {{< /highlight >}}

  - **As an output of another `SqlTransform`**. Details in the next section.

Once you have a `PCollection<Row>` in hand, you may use `SqlTransform` to apply SQL queries to it.

## SqlTransform

[`SqlTransform.query(queryString)`](https://beam.apache.org/releases/javadoc/{{< param release_latest >}}/index.html?org/apache/beam/sdk/extensions/sql/SqlTransform.html) method is the only API to create a `PTransform`
from a string representation of the SQL query. You can apply this `PTransform`
to either a single `PCollection` or a `PCollectionTuple` which holds multiple
`PCollections`:

  - when applying to a single `PCollection` it can be referenced via the table name `PCOLLECTION` in the query:
    {{< highlight java >}}
    PCollection<Row> filteredNames = testApps.apply(
        SqlTransform.query(
          "SELECT appId, description, rowtime "
            + "FROM PCOLLECTION "
            + "WHERE id=1"));
    {{< /highlight >}}
  - when applying to a `PCollectionTuple`, the tuple tag for each `PCollection` in the tuple defines the table name that may be used to query it. Note that table names are bound to the specific `PCollectionTuple`, and thus are only valid in the context of queries applied to it.  

    For example, you can join two `PCollections`:  
    {{< highlight java >}}
    // Create the schema for reviews
    Schema reviewSchema = 
        Schema
          .builder()
          .addInt32Field("appId")
          .addInt32Field("reviewerId")
          .withFloatField("rating")
          .addDateTimeField("rowtime")
          .build();
    
    // Obtain the reviews records with this schema
    PCollection<Row> reviewsRows = ...

    // Create a PCollectionTuple containing both PCollections.
    // TupleTags IDs will be used as table names in the SQL query
    PCollectionTuple namesAndFoods = PCollectionTuple.of(
        new TupleTag<>("Apps"), appsRows), // appsRows from the previous example
        new TupleTag<>("Reviews"), reviewsRows));

    // Compute the total number of reviews 
    // and average rating per app 
    // by joining two PCollections
    PCollection<Row> output = namesAndFoods.apply(
        SqlTransform.query(
            "SELECT Names.appId, COUNT(Reviews.rating), AVG(Reviews.rating)"
                + "FROM Apps INNER JOIN Reviews ON Apps.appId == Reviews.appId"));
    {{< /highlight >}}

[BeamSqlExample](https://github.com/apache/beam/blob/master/sdks/java/extensions/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/beam/sdk/extensions/sql/example/BeamSqlExample.java)
in the code repository shows basic usage of both APIs.

