# Call Graph Introspection

Source code: Lib/asyncio/graph.py

asyncio has powerful runtime call graph introspection utilities to trace the entire call graph of a running coroutine or task, or a suspended future. These utilities and the underlying machinery can be used from within a Python program or by external profilers and debuggers.

Added in version 3.14.

asyncio.print_call_graph(future=None, /, *, file=None, depth=1, limit=None)

  Print the async call graph for the current task or the provided `Task` or `Future`.

  This function prints entries starting from the top frame and going down towards the invocation point.

  The function receives an optional future argument. If not passed, the current running task will be used.

  If the function is called on the current task, the optional keyword-only depth argument can be used to skip the specified number of frames from top of the stack.

  If the optional keyword-only limit argument is provided, each call stack in the resulting graph is truncated to include at most `abs(limit)` entries. If limit is positive, the entries left are the closest to the invocation point. If limit is negative, the topmost entries are left. If limit is omitted or `None`, all entries are present. If limit is `0`, the call stack is not printed at all, only “awaited by” information is printed.

  If file is omitted or `None`, the function will print to `sys.stdout`.

  Example:

  The following Python code:

      import asyncio

      async def test():
          asyncio.print_call_graph()

      async def main():
          async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as g:
              g.create_task(test(), name='test')

      asyncio.run(main())

  will print:

      * Task(name='test', id=0x1039f0fe0)
      + Call stack:
      |   File 't2.py', line 4, in async test()
      + Awaited by:
         * Task(name='Task-1', id=0x103a5e060)
            + Call stack:
            |   File 'taskgroups.py', line 107, in async TaskGroup.__aexit__()
            |   File 't2.py', line 7, in async main()

asyncio.format_call_graph(future=None, /, *, depth=1, limit=None)

  Like `print_call_graph()`, but returns a string. If future is `None` and there’s no current task, the function returns an empty string.

asyncio.capture_call_graph(future=None, /, *, depth=1, limit=None)

  Capture the async call graph for the current task or the provided `Task` or `Future`.

  The function receives an optional future argument. If not passed, the current running task will be used. If there’s no current task, the function returns `None`.

  If the function is called on the current task, the optional keyword-only depth argument can be used to skip the specified number of frames from top of the stack.

  Returns a `FutureCallGraph` data class object:

  - `FutureCallGraph(future, call_stack, awaited_by)`

    > Where future is a reference to a `Future` or a `Task` (or their subclasses.)

    > `call_stack` is a tuple of `FrameCallGraphEntry` objects.

    > `awaited_by` is a tuple of `FutureCallGraph` objects.

  - `FrameCallGraphEntry(frame)`

    > Where frame is a frame object of a regular Python function in the call stack.

## Low level utility functions

To introspect an async call graph asyncio requires cooperation from control flow structures, such as `shield()` or `TaskGroup`. Any time an intermediate `Future` object with low-level APIs like `Future.add_done_callback()` is involved, the following two functions should be used to inform asyncio about how exactly such intermediate future objects are connected with the tasks they wrap or control.

asyncio.future_add_to_awaited_by(future, waiter, /)

  Record that future is awaited on by waiter.

  Both future and waiter must be instances of `Future` or `Task` or their subclasses, otherwise the call would have no effect.

  A call to `future_add_to_awaited_by()` must be followed by an eventual call to the `future_discard_from_awaited_by()` function with the same arguments.

asyncio.future_discard_from_awaited_by(future, waiter, /)

  Record that future is no longer awaited on by waiter.

  Both future and waiter must be instances of `Future` or `Task` or their subclasses, otherwise the call would have no effect.