# `enum` — Support for enumerations

Added in version 3.4.

Source code: Lib/enum.py

An enumeration:

- is a set of symbolic names (members) bound to unique values

- can be iterated over to return its canonical (i.e. non-alias) members in definition order

- uses call syntax to return members by value

- uses index syntax to return members by name

Enumerations are created either by using `class` syntax, or by using function-call syntax:

    >>> from enum import Enum

    >>> # class syntax
    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     RED = 1
    ...     GREEN = 2
    ...     BLUE = 3

    >>> # functional syntax
    >>> Color = Enum('Color', [('RED', 1), ('GREEN', 2), ('BLUE', 3)])

Even though we can use `class` syntax to create Enums, Enums are not normal Python classes. See How are Enums different? for more details.

Note

Nomenclature

- The class `Color` is an enumeration (or enum)

- The attributes `Color.RED`, `Color.GREEN`, etc., are enumeration members (or members) and are functionally constants.

- The enum members have names and values (the name of `Color.RED` is `RED`, the value of `Color.BLUE` is `3`, etc.)

## Module contents

> `EnumType`

> > The `type` for Enum and its subclasses.

> `Enum`

> > Base class for creating enumerated constants.

> `IntEnum`

> > Base class for creating enumerated constants that are also subclasses of `int`. (Notes)

> `StrEnum`

> > Base class for creating enumerated constants that are also subclasses of `str`. (Notes)

> `Flag`

> > Base class for creating enumerated constants that can be combined using the bitwise operations without losing their `Flag` membership.

> `IntFlag`

> > Base class for creating enumerated constants that can be combined using the bitwise operators without losing their `IntFlag` membership. `IntFlag` members are also subclasses of `int`. (Notes)

> `ReprEnum`

> > Used by `IntEnum`, `StrEnum`, and `IntFlag` to keep the `str()` of the mixed-in type.

> `EnumCheck`

> > An enumeration with the values `CONTINUOUS`, `NAMED_FLAGS`, and `UNIQUE`, for use with `verify()` to ensure various constraints are met by a given enumeration.

> `FlagBoundary`

> > An enumeration with the values `STRICT`, `CONFORM`, `EJECT`, and `KEEP` which allows for more fine-grained control over how invalid values are dealt with in an enumeration.

> `EnumDict`

> > A subclass of `dict` for use when subclassing `EnumType`.

> `auto`

> > Instances are replaced with an appropriate value for Enum members. `StrEnum` defaults to the lower-cased version of the member name, while other Enums default to 1 and increase from there.

> `property()`

> > Allows `Enum` members to have attributes without conflicting with member names. The `value` and `name` attributes are implemented this way.

> `unique()`

> > Enum class decorator that ensures only one name is bound to any one value.

> `verify()`

> > Enum class decorator that checks user-selectable constraints on an enumeration.

> `member()`

> > Make `obj` a member. Can be used as a decorator.

> `nonmember()`

> > Do not make `obj` a member. Can be used as a decorator.

> `global_enum()`

> > Modify the `str()` and `repr()` of an enum to show its members as belonging to the module instead of its class, and export the enum members to the global namespace.

> `show_flag_values()`

> > Return a list of all power-of-two integers contained in a flag.

> `enum.bin()`

> > Like built-in `bin()`, except negative values are represented in two’s complement, and the leading bit always indicates sign (`0` implies positive, `1` implies negative).

Added in version 3.6: `Flag`, `IntFlag`, `auto`

Added in version 3.11: `StrEnum`, `EnumCheck`, `ReprEnum`, `FlagBoundary`, `property`, `member`, `nonmember`, `global_enum`, `show_flag_values`

Added in version 3.13: `EnumDict`

## Data types

class enum.EnumType

  EnumType is the metaclass for enum enumerations. It is possible to subclass EnumType – see Subclassing EnumType for details.

  `EnumType` is responsible for setting the correct `__repr__()`, `__str__()`, `__format__()`, and `__reduce__()` methods on the final enum, as well as creating the enum members, properly handling duplicates, providing iteration over the enum class, etc.

  Added in version 3.11: Before 3.11 `EnumType` was called `EnumMeta`, which is still available as an alias.

  __call__(cls, value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)

    This method is called in two different ways:

    - to look up an existing member:

      > cls:

      >   The enum class being called.

      > value:

      >   The value to lookup.

    - to use the `cls` enum to create a new enum (only if the existing enum does not have any members):

      > cls:

      >   The enum class being called.

      > value:

      >   The name of the new Enum to create.

      > names:

      >   The names/values of the members for the new Enum.

      > module:

      >   The name of the module the new Enum is created in.

      > qualname:

      >   The actual location in the module where this Enum can be found.

      > type:

      >   A mix-in type for the new Enum.

      > start:

      >   The first integer value for the Enum (used by `auto`).

      > boundary:

      >   How to handle out-of-range values from bit operations (`Flag` only).

  __contains__(cls, member)

    Returns `True` if member belongs to the `cls`:

        >>> some_var = Color.RED
        >>> some_var in Color
        True
        >>> Color.RED.value in Color
        True

    Changed in version 3.12: Before Python 3.12, a `TypeError` is raised if a non-Enum-member is used in a containment check.

  __dir__(cls)

    Returns `['__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__']` and the names of the members in cls:

        >>> dir(Color)
        ['BLUE', 'GREEN', 'RED', '__class__', '__contains__', '__doc__', '__getitem__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__len__', '__members__', '__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__']

  __getitem__(cls, name)

    Returns the Enum member in cls matching name, or raises a `KeyError`:

        >>> Color['BLUE']
        <Color.BLUE: 3>

  __iter__(cls)

    Returns each member in cls in definition order:

        >>> list(Color)
        [<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.GREEN: 2>, <Color.BLUE: 3>]

  __len__(cls)

    Returns the number of member in cls:

        >>> len(Color)
        3

  __members__

    Returns a mapping of every enum name to its member, including aliases

  __reversed__(cls)

    Returns each member in cls in reverse definition order:

        >>> list(reversed(Color))
        [<Color.BLUE: 3>, <Color.GREEN: 2>, <Color.RED: 1>]

class enum.Enum

  Enum is the base class for all enum enumerations.

  name

    The name used to define the `Enum` member:

        >>> Color.BLUE.name
        'BLUE'

  value

    The value given to the `Enum` member:

        >>> Color.RED.value
        1

    Value of the member, can be set in `__new__()`.

    Note

    Enum member values

    Member values can be anything: `int`, `str`, etc. If the exact value is unimportant you may use `auto` instances and an appropriate value will be chosen for you. See `auto` for the details.

    While mutable/unhashable values, such as `dict`, `list` or a mutable `dataclass`, can be used, they will have a quadratic performance impact during creation relative to the total number of mutable/unhashable values in the enum.

  _name_

    Name of the member.

  _value_

    Value of the member, can be set in `__new__()`.

  _order_

    No longer used, kept for backward compatibility. (class attribute, removed during class creation).

    The `_order_` attribute can be provided to help keep Python 2 / Python 3 code in sync. It will be checked against the actual order of the enumeration and raise an error if the two do not match:

        >>> class Color(Enum):
        ...     _order_ = 'RED GREEN BLUE'
        ...     RED = 1
        ...     BLUE = 3
        ...     GREEN = 2
        ...
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        TypeError: member order does not match _order_:
           ['RED', 'BLUE', 'GREEN']
           ['RED', 'GREEN', 'BLUE']

    Note

    In Python 2 code the `_order_` attribute is necessary as definition order is lost before it can be recorded.

    Added in version 3.6.

  _ignore_

    `_ignore_` is only used during creation and is removed from the enumeration once creation is complete.

    `_ignore_` is a list of names that will not become members, and whose names will also be removed from the completed enumeration. See TimePeriod for an example.

    Added in version 3.7.

  __dir__(self)

    Returns `['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__', 'name', 'value']` and any public methods defined on self.__class__:

        >>> from enum import Enum
        >>> import datetime as dt
        >>> class Weekday(Enum):
        ...     MONDAY = 1
        ...     TUESDAY = 2
        ...     WEDNESDAY = 3
        ...     THURSDAY = 4
        ...     FRIDAY = 5
        ...     SATURDAY = 6
        ...     SUNDAY = 7
        ...     @classmethod
        ...     def today(cls):
        ...         print(f'today is {cls(dt.date.today().isoweekday()).name}')
        ...
        >>> dir(Weekday.SATURDAY)
        ['__class__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__hash__', '__module__', 'name', 'today', 'value']

  _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values)

    > name:

    >   The name of the member being defined (e.g. ‘RED’).

    > start:

    >   The start value for the Enum; the default is 1.

    > count:

    >   The number of members currently defined, not including this one.

    > last_values:

    >   A list of the previous values.

    A staticmethod that is used to determine the next value returned by `auto`.

    Note

    For standard `Enum` classes the next value chosen is the highest value seen incremented by one.

    For `Flag` classes the next value chosen will be the next highest power-of-two.

    This method may be overridden, e.g.:

        >>> from enum import auto, Enum
        >>> class PowersOfThree(Enum):
        ...     @staticmethod
        ...     def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
        ...         return 3 ** (count + 1)
        ...     FIRST = auto()
        ...     SECOND = auto()
        ...
        >>> PowersOfThree.SECOND.value
        9

    Added in version 3.6.

    Changed in version 3.13: Prior versions would use the last seen value instead of the highest value.

  __init__(self, *args, **kwds)

    By default, does nothing. If multiple values are given in the member assignment, those values become separate arguments to `__init__`; e.g.

        >>> from enum import Enum
        >>> class Weekday(Enum):
        ...     MONDAY = 1, 'Mon'

    `Weekday.__init__()` would be called as `Weekday.__init__(self, 1, 'Mon')`

  __init_subclass__(cls, **kwds)

    A classmethod that is used to further configure subsequent subclasses. By default, does nothing.

  _missing_(cls, value)

    A classmethod for looking up values not found in cls. By default it does nothing, but can be overridden to implement custom search behavior:

        >>> from enum import auto, StrEnum
        >>> class Build(StrEnum):
        ...     DEBUG = auto()
        ...     OPTIMIZED = auto()
        ...     @classmethod
        ...     def _missing_(cls, value):
        ...         value = value.lower()
        ...         for member in cls:
        ...             if member.value == value:
        ...                 return member
        ...         return None
        ...
        >>> Build.DEBUG.value
        'debug'
        >>> Build('deBUG')
        <Build.DEBUG: 'debug'>

    Added in version 3.6.

  __new__(cls, *args, **kwds)

    By default, doesn’t exist. If specified, either in the enum class definition or in a mixin class (such as `int`), all values given in the member assignment will be passed; e.g.

        >>> from enum import Enum
        >>> class MyIntEnum(int, Enum):
        ...     TWENTYSIX = '1a', 16

    results in the call `int('1a', 16)` and a value of `26` for the member.

    Note

    When writing a custom `__new__`, do not use `super().__new__` – call the appropriate `__new__` instead.

  __repr__(self)

    Returns the string used for repr() calls. By default, returns the Enum name, member name, and value, but can be overridden:

        >>> from enum import auto, Enum
        >>> class OtherStyle(Enum):
        ...     ALTERNATE = auto()
        ...     OTHER = auto()
        ...     SOMETHING_ELSE = auto()
        ...     def __repr__(self):
        ...         cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
        ...         return f'{cls_name}.{self.name}'
        ...
        >>> OtherStyle.ALTERNATE, str(OtherStyle.ALTERNATE), f"{OtherStyle.ALTERNATE}"
        (OtherStyle.ALTERNATE, 'OtherStyle.ALTERNATE', 'OtherStyle.ALTERNATE')

  __str__(self)

    Returns the string used for str() calls. By default, returns the Enum name and member name, but can be overridden:

        >>> from enum import auto, Enum
        >>> class OtherStyle(Enum):
        ...     ALTERNATE = auto()
        ...     OTHER = auto()
        ...     SOMETHING_ELSE = auto()
        ...     def __str__(self):
        ...         return f'{self.name}'
        ...
        >>> OtherStyle.ALTERNATE, str(OtherStyle.ALTERNATE), f"{OtherStyle.ALTERNATE}"
        (<OtherStyle.ALTERNATE: 1>, 'ALTERNATE', 'ALTERNATE')

  __format__(self)

    Returns the string used for format() and f-string calls. By default, returns `__str__()` return value, but can be overridden:

        >>> from enum import auto, Enum
        >>> class OtherStyle(Enum):
        ...     ALTERNATE = auto()
        ...     OTHER = auto()
        ...     SOMETHING_ELSE = auto()
        ...     def __format__(self, spec):
        ...         return f'{self.name}'
        ...
        >>> OtherStyle.ALTERNATE, str(OtherStyle.ALTERNATE), f"{OtherStyle.ALTERNATE}"
        (<OtherStyle.ALTERNATE: 1>, 'OtherStyle.ALTERNATE', 'ALTERNATE')

  Note

  Using `auto` with `Enum` results in integers of increasing value, starting with `1`.

  Changed in version 3.12: Added Dataclass support

  _add_alias_()

    Adds a new name as an alias to an existing member:

        >>> Color.RED._add_alias_("ERROR")
        >>> Color.ERROR
        <Color.RED: 1>

    Raises a `NameError` if the name is already assigned to a different member.

    Added in version 3.13.

  _add_value_alias_()

    Adds a new value as an alias to an existing member:

        >>> Color.RED._add_value_alias_(42)
        >>> Color(42)
        <Color.RED: 1>

    Raises a `ValueError` if the value is already linked with a different member.
    See MultiValueEnum for an example.

    Added in version 3.13.

class enum.IntEnum

  IntEnum is the same as `Enum`, but its members are also integers and can be used anywhere that an integer can be used. If any integer operation is performed with an IntEnum member, the resulting value loses its enumeration status.

      >>> from enum import IntEnum
      >>> class Number(IntEnum):
      ...     ONE = 1
      ...     TWO = 2
      ...     THREE = 3
      ...
      >>> Number.THREE
      <Number.THREE: 3>
      >>> Number.ONE + Number.TWO
      3
      >>> Number.THREE + 5
      8
      >>> Number.THREE == 3
      True

  Note

  Using `auto` with `IntEnum` results in integers of increasing value, starting with `1`.

  Changed in version 3.11: `__str__()` is now `int.__str__()` to better support the replacement of existing constants use-case. `__format__()` was already `int.__format__()` for that same reason.

class enum.StrEnum

  StrEnum is the same as `Enum`, but its members are also strings and can be used in most of the same places that a string can be used. The result of any string operation performed on or with a StrEnum member is not part of the enumeration.

      >>> from enum import StrEnum, auto
      >>> class Color(StrEnum):
      ...     RED = 'r'
      ...     GREEN = 'g'
      ...     BLUE = 'b'
      ...     UNKNOWN = auto()
      ...
      >>> Color.RED
      <Color.RED: 'r'>
      >>> Color.UNKNOWN
      <Color.UNKNOWN: 'unknown'>
      >>> str(Color.UNKNOWN)
      'unknown'

  Note

  There are places in the stdlib that check for an exact `str` instead of a `str` subclass (i.e. `type(unknown) == str` instead of `isinstance(unknown, str)`), and in those locations you will need to use `str(MyStrEnum.MY_MEMBER)`.

  Note

  Using `auto` with `StrEnum` results in the lower-cased member name as the value.

  Note

  `__str__()` is `str.__str__()` to better support the replacement of existing constants use-case. `__format__()` is likewise `str.__format__()` for that same reason.

  Added in version 3.11.

class enum.Flag

  `Flag` is the same as `Enum`, but its members support the bitwise operators `&` (AND), `|` (OR), `^` (XOR), and `~` (INVERT); the results of those operations are (aliases of) members of the enumeration.

  __contains__(self, value)

    Returns True if value is in self:

        >>> from enum import Flag, auto
        >>> class Color(Flag):
        ...     RED = auto()
        ...     GREEN = auto()
        ...     BLUE = auto()
        ...
        >>> purple = Color.RED | Color.BLUE
        >>> white = Color.RED | Color.GREEN | Color.BLUE
        >>> Color.GREEN in purple
        False
        >>> Color.GREEN in white
        True
        >>> purple in white
        True
        >>> white in purple
        False

  __iter__(self):

    Returns all contained non-alias members:

        >>> list(Color.RED)
        [<Color.RED: 1>]
        >>> list(purple)
        [<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.BLUE: 4>]

    Added in version 3.11.

  __len__(self):

    Returns number of members in flag:

        >>> len(Color.GREEN)
        1
        >>> len(white)
        3

    Added in version 3.11.

  __bool__(self):

    Returns True if any members in flag, False otherwise:

        >>> bool(Color.GREEN)
        True
        >>> bool(white)
        True
        >>> black = Color(0)
        >>> bool(black)
        False

  __or__(self, other)

    Returns current flag binary or’ed with other:

        >>> Color.RED | Color.GREEN
        <Color.RED|GREEN: 3>

  __and__(self, other)

    Returns current flag binary and’ed with other:

        >>> purple & white
        <Color.RED|BLUE: 5>
        >>> purple & Color.GREEN
        <Color: 0>

  __xor__(self, other)

    Returns current flag binary xor’ed with other:

        >>> purple ^ white
        <Color.GREEN: 2>
        >>> purple ^ Color.GREEN
        <Color.RED|GREEN|BLUE: 7>

  __invert__(self):

    Returns all the flags in type(self) that are not in self:

        >>> ~white
        <Color: 0>
        >>> ~purple
        <Color.GREEN: 2>
        >>> ~Color.RED
        <Color.GREEN|BLUE: 6>

  _numeric_repr_()

    Function used to format any remaining unnamed numeric values. Default is the value’s repr; common choices are `hex()` and `oct()`.

  Note

  Using `auto` with `Flag` results in integers that are powers of two, starting with `1`.

  Changed in version 3.11: The repr() of zero-valued flags has changed. It is now::

      >>> Color(0)
      <Color: 0>

class enum.IntFlag

  `IntFlag` is the same as `Flag`, but its members are also integers and can be used anywhere that an integer can be used.

      >>> from enum import IntFlag, auto
      >>> class Color(IntFlag):
      ...     RED = auto()
      ...     GREEN = auto()
      ...     BLUE = auto()
      ...
      >>> Color.RED & 2
      <Color: 0>
      >>> Color.RED | 2
      <Color.RED|GREEN: 3>

  If any integer operation is performed with an IntFlag member, the result is not an IntFlag:

      >>> Color.RED + 2
      3

  If a `Flag` operation is performed with an IntFlag member and:

  - the result is a valid IntFlag: an IntFlag is returned

  - the result is not a valid IntFlag: the result depends on the `FlagBoundary` setting

  The `repr()` of unnamed zero-valued flags has changed. It is now:

      >>> Color(0)
      <Color: 0>

  Note

  Using `auto` with `IntFlag` results in integers that are powers of two, starting with `1`.

  Changed in version 3.11: `__str__()` is now `int.__str__()` to better support the replacement of existing constants use-case. `__format__()` was already `int.__format__()` for that same reason.

  Inversion of an `IntFlag` now returns a positive value that is the union of all flags not in the given flag, rather than a negative value. This matches the existing `Flag` behavior.

class enum.ReprEnum

  `ReprEnum` uses the `repr()` of `Enum`, but the `str()` of the mixed-in data type:

  - `int.__str__()` for `IntEnum` and `IntFlag`

  - `str.__str__()` for `StrEnum`

  Inherit from `ReprEnum` to keep the `str()` / `format()` of the mixed-in data type instead of using the `Enum`-default `str()`.

  Added in version 3.11.

class enum.EnumCheck

  EnumCheck contains the options used by the `verify()` decorator to ensure various constraints; failed constraints result in a `ValueError`.

  UNIQUE

    Ensure that each value has only one name:

        >>> from enum import Enum, verify, UNIQUE
        >>> @verify(UNIQUE)
        ... class Color(Enum):
        ...     RED = 1
        ...     GREEN = 2
        ...     BLUE = 3
        ...     CRIMSON = 1
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: aliases found in <enum 'Color'>: CRIMSON -> RED

  CONTINUOUS

    Ensure that there are no missing values between the lowest-valued member and the highest-valued member:

        >>> from enum import Enum, verify, CONTINUOUS
        >>> @verify(CONTINUOUS)
        ... class Color(Enum):
        ...     RED = 1
        ...     GREEN = 2
        ...     BLUE = 5
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: invalid enum 'Color': missing values 3, 4

  NAMED_FLAGS

    Ensure that any flag groups/masks contain only named flags – useful when values are specified instead of being generated by `auto()`:

        >>> from enum import Flag, verify, NAMED_FLAGS
        >>> @verify(NAMED_FLAGS)
        ... class Color(Flag):
        ...     RED = 1
        ...     GREEN = 2
        ...     BLUE = 4
        ...     WHITE = 15
        ...     NEON = 31
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: invalid Flag 'Color': aliases WHITE and NEON are missing combined values of 0x18 [use enum.show_flag_values(value) for details]

  Note

  CONTINUOUS and NAMED_FLAGS are designed to work with integer-valued members.

  Added in version 3.11.

class enum.FlagBoundary

  `FlagBoundary` controls how out-of-range values are handled in `Flag` and its subclasses.

  STRICT

    Out-of-range values cause a `ValueError` to be raised. This is the default for `Flag`:

        >>> from enum import Flag, STRICT, auto
        >>> class StrictFlag(Flag, boundary=STRICT):
        ...     RED = auto()
        ...     GREEN = auto()
        ...     BLUE = auto()
        ...
        >>> StrictFlag(2**2 + 2**4)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: <flag 'StrictFlag'> invalid value 20
            given 0b0 10100
          allowed 0b0 00111

  CONFORM

    Out-of-range values have invalid values removed, leaving a valid `Flag` value:

        >>> from enum import Flag, CONFORM, auto
        >>> class ConformFlag(Flag, boundary=CONFORM):
        ...     RED = auto()
        ...     GREEN = auto()
        ...     BLUE = auto()
        ...
        >>> ConformFlag(2**2 + 2**4)
        <ConformFlag.BLUE: 4>

  EJECT

    Out-of-range values lose their `Flag` membership and revert to `int`.

        >>> from enum import Flag, EJECT, auto
        >>> class EjectFlag(Flag, boundary=EJECT):
        ...     RED = auto()
        ...     GREEN = auto()
        ...     BLUE = auto()
        ...
        >>> EjectFlag(2**2 + 2**4)
        20

  KEEP

    Out-of-range values are kept, and the `Flag` membership is kept. This is the default for `IntFlag`:

        >>> from enum import Flag, KEEP, auto
        >>> class KeepFlag(Flag, boundary=KEEP):
        ...     RED = auto()
        ...     GREEN = auto()
        ...     BLUE = auto()
        ...
        >>> KeepFlag(2**2 + 2**4)
        <KeepFlag.BLUE|16: 20>

  Added in version 3.11.

class enum.EnumDict

  EnumDict is a subclass of `dict` that is used as the namespace for defining enum classes (see Preparing the class namespace). It is exposed to allow subclasses of `EnumType` with advanced behavior like having multiple values per member. It should be called with the name of the enum class being created, otherwise private names and internal classes will not be handled correctly.

  Note that only the `MutableMapping` interface (`__setitem__()` and `update()`) is overridden. It may be possible to bypass the checks using other `dict` operations like `|=`.

  member_names

    A list of member names.

  Added in version 3.13.

### Supported `__dunder__` names

`__members__` is a read-only ordered mapping of `member_name`:`member` items. It is only available on the class.

`__new__()`, if specified, must create and return the enum members; it is also a very good idea to set the member’s `_value_` appropriately. Once all the members are created it is no longer used.

### Supported `_sunder_` names

- `_name_` – name of the member

- `_value_` – value of the member; can be set in `__new__`

- `_missing_()` – a lookup function used when a value is not found; may be overridden

- `_ignore_` – a list of names, either as a `list` or a `str`, that will not be transformed into members, and will be removed from the final class

- `_order_` – no longer used, kept for backward compatibility (class attribute, removed during class creation)

- `_generate_next_value_()` – used to get an appropriate value for an enum member; may be overridden

- `_add_alias_()` – adds a new name as an alias to an existing member.

- `_add_value_alias_()` – adds a new value as an alias to an existing member.

- While `_sunder_` names are generally reserved for the further development of the `Enum` class and can not be used, some are explicitly allowed:

  - `_repr_*` (e.g. `_repr_html_`), as used in IPython’s rich display

Added in version 3.6: `_missing_`, `_order_`, `_generate_next_value_`

Added in version 3.7: `_ignore_`

Added in version 3.13: `_add_alias_`, `_add_value_alias_`, `_repr_*`

## Utilities and decorators

class enum.auto

  auto can be used in place of a value. If used, the Enum machinery will call an `Enum`’s `_generate_next_value_()` to get an appropriate value. For `Enum` and `IntEnum` that appropriate value will be the last value plus one; for `Flag` and `IntFlag` it will be the first power-of-two greater than the highest value; for `StrEnum` it will be the lower-cased version of the member’s name. Care must be taken if mixing auto() with manually specified values.

  auto instances are only resolved when at the top level of an assignment, either by itself or as part of a tuple:

  - `FIRST = auto()` will work (auto() is replaced with `1`);

  - `SECOND = auto(), -2` will work (auto is replaced with `2`, so `2, -2` is used to create the `SECOND` enum member;

  - `THREE = [auto(), -3]` will not work (`[<auto instance>, -3]` is used to create the `THREE` enum member)

  Changed in version 3.11.1: In prior versions, `auto()` had to be the only thing on the assignment line to work properly.

  `_generate_next_value_` can be overridden to customize the values used by auto.

  Note

  in 3.13 the default `_generate_next_value_` will always return the highest member value incremented by 1, and will fail if any member is an incompatible type.

@enum.property

  A decorator similar to the built-in property, but specifically for enumerations. It allows member attributes to have the same names as members themselves.

  Note

  the property and the member must be defined in separate classes; for example, the value and name attributes are defined in the Enum class, and Enum subclasses can define members with the names `value` and `name`.

  Added in version 3.11.

@enum.unique

  A `class` decorator specifically for enumerations. It searches an enumeration’s `__members__`, gathering any aliases it finds; if any are found `ValueError` is raised with the details:

      >>> from enum import Enum, unique
      >>> @unique
      ... class Mistake(Enum):
      ...     ONE = 1
      ...     TWO = 2
      ...     THREE = 3
      ...     FOUR = 3
      ...
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'Mistake'>: FOUR -> THREE

@enum.verify

  A `class` decorator specifically for enumerations. Members from `EnumCheck` are used to specify which constraints should be checked on the decorated enumeration.

  Added in version 3.11.

@enum.member

  A decorator for use in enums: its target will become a member.

  Added in version 3.11.

@enum.nonmember

  A decorator for use in enums: its target will not become a member.

  Added in version 3.11.

@enum.global_enum

  A decorator to change the `str()` and `repr()` of an enum to show its members as belonging to the module instead of its class. Should only be used when the enum members are exported to the module global namespace (see `re.RegexFlag` for an example).

  Added in version 3.11.

enum.show_flag_values(value)

  Return a list of all power-of-two integers contained in a flag value.

  Added in version 3.11.

enum.bin(num, max_bits=None)

  Like built-in `bin()`, except negative values are represented in two’s complement, and the leading bit always indicates sign (`0` implies positive, `1` implies negative).

      >>> import enum
      >>> enum.bin(10)
      '0b0 1010'
      >>> enum.bin(~10)   # ~10 is -11
      '0b1 0101'

  Added in version 3.11.

## Notes

`IntEnum`, `StrEnum`, and `IntFlag`

> These three enum types are designed to be drop-in replacements for existing integer- and string-based values; as such, they have extra limitations:

> - `__str__` uses the value and not the name of the enum member

> - `__format__`, because it uses `__str__`, will also use the value of the enum member instead of its name

> If you do not need/want those limitations, you can either create your own base class by mixing in the `int` or `str` type yourself:

>     >>> from enum import Enum
>     >>> class MyIntEnum(int, Enum):
>     ...     pass

> or you can reassign the appropriate `str()`, etc., in your enum:

>     >>> from enum import Enum, IntEnum
>     >>> class MyIntEnum(IntEnum):
>     ...     __str__ = Enum.__str__