# Subprocesses

Source code: Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py, Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py

This section describes high-level async/await asyncio APIs to create and manage subprocesses.

Here’s an example of how asyncio can run a shell command and obtain its result:

    import asyncio

    async def run(cmd):
        proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(
            cmd,
            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
            stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE)

        stdout, stderr = await proc.communicate()

        print(f'[{cmd!r} exited with {proc.returncode}]')
        if stdout:
            print(f'[stdout]\n{stdout.decode()}')
        if stderr:
            print(f'[stderr]\n{stderr.decode()}')

    asyncio.run(run('ls /zzz'))

will print:

    ['ls /zzz' exited with 1]
    [stderr]
    ls: /zzz: No such file or directory

Because all asyncio subprocess functions are asynchronous and asyncio provides many tools to work with such functions, it is easy to execute and monitor multiple subprocesses in parallel. It is indeed trivial to modify the above example to run several commands simultaneously:

    async def main():
        await asyncio.gather(
            run('ls /zzz'),
            run('sleep 1; echo "hello"'))

    asyncio.run(main())

See also the Examples subsection.

## Creating Subprocesses

async asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(program, *args, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, limit=None, **kwds)

  Create a subprocess.

  The limit argument sets the buffer limit for `StreamReader` wrappers for `stdout` and `stderr` (if `subprocess.PIPE` is passed to stdout and stderr arguments).

  Return a `Process` instance.

  See the documentation of `loop.subprocess_exec()` for other parameters.

  If the process object is garbage collected while the process is still running, the child process will be killed.

  Changed in version 3.10: Removed the loop parameter.

async asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(cmd, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, limit=None, **kwds)

  Run the cmd shell command.

  The limit argument sets the buffer limit for `StreamReader` wrappers for `stdout` and `stderr` (if `subprocess.PIPE` is passed to stdout and stderr arguments).

  Return a `Process` instance.

  See the documentation of `loop.subprocess_shell()` for other parameters.

  If the process object is garbage collected while the process is still running, the child process will be killed.

  Important

  It is the application’s responsibility to ensure that all whitespace and special characters are quoted appropriately to avoid shell injection vulnerabilities. The `shlex.quote()` function can be used to properly escape whitespace and special shell characters in strings that are going to be used to construct shell commands.

  Changed in version 3.10: Removed the loop parameter.

Note

Subprocesses are available for Windows if a `ProactorEventLoop` is used. See Subprocess Support on Windows for details.

See also

asyncio also has the following low-level APIs to work with subprocesses: `loop.subprocess_exec()`, `loop.subprocess_shell()`, `loop.connect_read_pipe()`, `loop.connect_write_pipe()`, as well as the Subprocess Transports and Subprocess Protocols.

## Constants

asyncio.subprocess.PIPE

  Can be passed to the stdin, stdout or stderr parameters.

  If PIPE is passed to stdin argument, the `Process.stdin` attribute will point to a `StreamWriter` instance.

  If PIPE is passed to stdout or stderr arguments, the `Process.stdout` and `Process.stderr` attributes will point to `StreamReader` instances.

asyncio.subprocess.STDOUT

  Special value that can be used as the stderr argument and indicates that standard error should be redirected into standard output.

asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL

  Special value that can be used as the stdin, stdout or stderr argument to process creation functions. It indicates that the special file `os.devnull` will be used for the corresponding subprocess stream.

## Interacting with Subprocesses

Both `create_subprocess_exec()` and `create_subprocess_shell()` functions return instances of the Process class. Process is a high-level wrapper that allows communicating with subprocesses and watching for their completion.

class asyncio.subprocess.Process

  An object that wraps OS processes created by the `create_subprocess_exec()` and `create_subprocess_shell()` functions.

  This class is designed to have a similar API to the `subprocess.Popen` class, but there are some notable differences:

  - unlike Popen, Process instances do not have an equivalent to the `poll()` method;

  - the `communicate()` and `wait()` methods don’t have a timeout parameter: use the `wait_for()` function;

  - the `Process.wait()` method is asynchronous, whereas `subprocess.Popen.wait()` method is implemented as a blocking busy loop;

  - the universal_newlines parameter is not supported.

  This class is not thread safe.

  See also the Subprocess and Threads section.

  async wait()

    Wait for the child process to terminate.

    Set and return the `returncode` attribute.

    Note

    This method can deadlock when using `stdout=PIPE` or `stderr=PIPE` and the child process generates so much output that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer to accept more data. Use the `communicate()` method when using pipes to avoid this condition.

  async communicate(input=None)

    Interact with process:

    1. send data to stdin (if input is not `None`);

    2. closes stdin;

    3. read data from stdout and stderr, until EOF is reached;

    4. wait for process to terminate.

    The optional input argument is the data (`bytes` object) that will be sent to the child process.

    Return a tuple `(stdout_data, stderr_data)`.

    If either `BrokenPipeError` or `ConnectionResetError` exception is raised when writing input into stdin, the exception is ignored. This condition occurs when the process exits before all data are written into stdin.

    If it is desired to send data to the process’ stdin, the process needs to be created with `stdin=PIPE`. Similarly, to get anything other than `None` in the result tuple, the process has to be created with `stdout=PIPE` and/or `stderr=PIPE` arguments.

    Note, that the data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data size is large or unlimited.

    Changed in version 3.12: stdin gets closed when `input=None` too.

  send_signal(signal)

    Sends the signal signal to the child process.

    Note

    On Windows, `SIGTERM` is an alias for `terminate()`. `CTRL_C_EVENT` and `CTRL_BREAK_EVENT` can be sent to processes started with a creationflags parameter which includes `CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP`.

  terminate()

    Stop the child process.

    On POSIX systems this method sends `SIGTERM` to the child process.

    On Windows the Win32 API function `TerminateProcess()` is called to stop the child process.

  kill()

    Kill the child process.

    On POSIX systems this method sends `SIGKILL` to the child process.

    On Windows this method is an alias for `terminate()`.

  stdin

    Standard input stream (`StreamWriter`) or `None` if the process was created with `stdin=None`.

  stdout

    Standard output stream (`StreamReader`) or `None` if the process was created with `stdout=None`.

  stderr

    Standard error stream (`StreamReader`) or `None` if the process was created with `stderr=None`.

  Warning

  Use the `communicate()` method rather than `process.stdin.write()`, `await process.stdout.read()` or `await process.stderr.read()`. This avoids deadlocks due to streams pausing reading or writing and blocking the child process.

  pid

    Process identification number (PID).

    Note that for processes created by the `create_subprocess_shell()` function, this attribute is the PID of the spawned shell.

  returncode

    Return code of the process when it exits.

    A `None` value indicates that the process has not terminated yet.

    For processes created with `create_subprocess_exec()`, a negative value `-N` indicates that the child was terminated by signal `N` (POSIX only).

    For processes created with `create_subprocess_shell()`, the return code reflects the exit status of the shell itself (e.g. `/bin/sh`), which may map signals to codes such as `128+N`. See the documentation of the shell (for example, the Bash manual’s Exit Status) for details.

### Subprocess and Threads

Standard asyncio event loop supports running subprocesses from different threads by default.

On Windows subprocesses are provided by `ProactorEventLoop` only (default), `SelectorEventLoop` has no subprocess support.

On UNIX child watchers are used for subprocess finish waiting, see Process Watchers for more info.

Changed in version 3.8: UNIX switched to use `ThreadedChildWatcher` for spawning subprocesses from different threads without any limitation.

Spawning a subprocess with inactive current child watcher raises `RuntimeError`.

Note that alternative event loop implementations might have own limitations; please refer to their documentation.

See also

The Concurrency and multithreading in asyncio section.

### Examples

An example using the `Process` class to control a subprocess and the `StreamReader` class to read from its standard output.

The subprocess is created by the `create_subprocess_exec()` function:

    import asyncio
    import sys

    async def get_date():
        code = 'import datetime as dt; print(dt.datetime.now())'

        # Create the subprocess; redirect the standard output
        # into a pipe.
        proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
            sys.executable, '-c', code,
            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE)

        # Read one line of output.
        data = await proc.stdout.readline()
        line = data.decode('ascii').rstrip()

        # Wait for the subprocess exit.
        await proc.wait()
        return line

    date = asyncio.run(get_date())
    print(f"Current date: {date}")

See also the same example written using low-level APIs.