## Frequently Asked Questions

### Contents

1. What is shrinking?
2. What is obfuscation?
3. What is preverification?
4. What kind of optimizations does ProGuard support?
5. Can I use ProGuard to process my commercial application?
6. Does ProGuard work with Java 2, 5, ..., 8?
7. Does ProGuard work with Java Micro Edition?
8. Does ProGuard work for Android apps?
9. Does ProGuard work for Blackberry code?
10. Does ProGuard have support for Ant?
11. Does ProGuard have support for Gradle?
12. Does ProGuard have support for Maven?
13. Does ProGuard come with a GUI?
14. Does ProGuard handle `Class.forName` calls?
15. Does ProGuard handle resource files?
16. Does ProGuard encrypt string constants?
17. Does ProGuard perform control flow obfuscation?
18. Does ProGuard support incremental obfuscation?
19. Can ProGuard obfuscate using reserved keywords?
20. Can ProGuard reconstruct obfuscated stack traces?
21. How is DexGuard different from ProGuard?

### What is shrinking?

Java source code (.java files) is typically compiled to bytecode (.class files). Bytecode is more compact than Java source code, but it may still contain a lot of unused code, especially if it includes program libraries. Shrinking programs such as ProGuard can analyze bytecode and remove unused classes, fields, and methods. The program remains functionally equivalent, including the information given in exception stack traces.

### What is obfuscation?

By default, compiled bytecode still contains a lot of debugging information: source file names, line numbers, field names, method names, argument names, variable names, etc. This information makes it straightforward to decompile the bytecode and reverse-engineer entire programs. Sometimes, this is not desirable. Obfuscators such as ProGuard can remove the debugging information and replace all names by meaningless character sequences, making it much harder to reverse-engineer the code. It further compacts the code as a bonus. The program remains functionally equivalent, except for the class names, method names, and line numbers given in exception stack traces.

### What is preverification?

When loading class files, the class loader performs some sophisticated verification of the byte code. This analysis makes sure the code can't accidentally or intentionally break out of the sandbox of the virtual machine. Java Micro Edition and Java 6 introduced split verification. This means that the JME preverifier and the Java 6 compiler add preverification information to the class files (StackMap and StackMapTable attributes, respectively), in order to simplify the actual verification step for the class loader. Class files can then be loaded faster and in a more memory-efficient way. ProGuard can perform the preverification step too, for instance allowing to retarget older class files at Java 6.

### What kind of optimizations does ProGuard support?

Apart from removing unused classes, fields, and methods in the shrinking step, ProGuard can also perform optimizations at the bytecode level, inside and across methods. Thanks to techniques like control flow analysis, data flow analysis, partial evaluation, static single assignment, global value numbering, and liveness analysis, ProGuard can:

- Evaluate constant expressions.
- Remove unnecessary field accesses and method calls.
- Remove unnecessary branches.
- Remove unnecessary comparisons and instanceof tests.
- Remove unused code blocks.
- Merge identical code blocks.
- Reduce variable allocation.
- Remove write-only fields and unused method parameters.
- Inline constant fields, method parameters, and return values.
- Inline methods that are short or only called once.
- Simplify tail recursion calls.
- Merge classes and interfaces.
- Make methods private, static, and final when possible.
- Make classes static and final when possible.
- Replace interfaces that have single implementations.
- Perform over 200 peephole optimizations, like replacing ...*2 by ...<<1.
- Optionally remove logging code.

The positive effects of these optimizations will depend on your code and on the virtual machine on which the code is executed. Simple virtual machines may benefit more than advanced virtual machines with sophisticated JIT compilers. At the very least, your bytecode may become a bit smaller.

Some notable optimizations that aren't supported yet:

- Moving constant expressions out of loops.
- Optimizations that require escape analysis (DexGuard does).

### Can I use ProGuard to process my commercial application?

Yes, you can. ProGuard itself is distributed under the GPL, but this doesn't affect the programs that you process. Your code remains yours, and its license can remain the same.

### Does ProGuard work with Java 2, 5, ..., 8?

Yes, ProGuard supports all JDKs from 1.1 up to and including 8.0. Java 2 introduced some small differences in the class file format. Java 5 added attributes for generics and for annotations. Java 6 introduced optional preverification attributes. Java 7 made preverification obligatory and introduced support for dynamic languages. Java 8 added more attributes and default methods. ProGuard handles all versions correctly.

### Does ProGuard work with Java Micro Edition?

Yes. ProGuard itself runs in Java Standard Edition, but you can freely specify the run-time environment at which your programs are targeted, including Java Micro Edition. ProGuard then also performs the required preverification, producing more compact results than the traditional external preverifier.

ProGuard also comes with an obfuscator plug-in for the JME Wireless Toolkit.

### Does ProGuard work for Android apps?

Yes. Google's `dx` compiler converts Java bytecode into the Dalvik bytecode that runs on Android devices. By preprocessing the original bytecode, ProGuard can significantly reduce the file sizes and boost the run-time performance of the code. It is distributed as part of the Android SDK. DexGuard, ProGuard's closed-source sibling for Android, offers additional optimizations and more application protection.

### Does ProGuard work for Blackberry code?

It should. RIM's proprietary `rapc` compiler converts ordinary JME jar files into cod files that run on Blackberry devices. The compiler performs quite a few optimizations, but preprocessing the jar files with ProGuard can generally still reduce the final code size by a few percent. However, the `rapc` compiler also seems to contain some bugs. It sometimes fails on obfuscated code that is valid and accepted by other JME tools and VMs. Your mileage may therefore vary.

### Does ProGuard have support for Ant?

Yes. ProGuard provides an Ant task, so that it integrates seamlessly into your Ant build process. You can still use configurations in ProGuard's own readable format. Alternatively, if you prefer XML, you can specify the equivalent XML configuration.

### Does ProGuard have support for Gradle?

Yes. ProGuard also provides a Gradle task, so that it integrates into your Gradle build process. You can specify configurations in ProGuard's own format or embedded in the Groovy configuration.

### Does ProGuard have support for Maven?

ProGuard's jar files are also distributed as artefacts from the Maven Central repository. There are some third-party plugins that support ProGuard, such as the android-maven-plugin and the IDFC Maven ProGuard Plug-in. DexGuard also comes with a Maven plugin.

### Does ProGuard come with a GUI?

Yes. First of all, ProGuard is perfectly usable as a command-line tool that can easily be integrated into any automatic build process. For casual users, there's also a graphical user interface that simplifies creating, loading, editing, executing, and saving ProGuard configurations.

### Does ProGuard handle `Class.forName` calls?

Yes. ProGuard automatically handles constructs like `Class.forName("SomeClass")` and `SomeClass.class`. The referenced classes are preserved in the shrinking phase, and the string arguments are properly replaced in the obfuscation phase.

With variable string arguments, it's generally not possible to determine their possible values. They might be read from a configuration file, for instance. However, ProGuard will note a number of constructs like "`(SomeClass)Class.forName(variable).newInstance()`". These might be an indication that the class or interface `SomeClass` and/or its implementations may need to be preserved. The developer can adapt his configuration accordingly.

### Does ProGuard handle resource files?

Yes. ProGuard copies all non-class resource files, optionally adapting their names and their contents to the obfuscation that has been applied.

### Does ProGuard encrypt string constants?

No. String encryption in program code has to be perfectly reversible by definition, so it only improves the obfuscation level. It increases the footprint of the code. However, by popular demand, ProGuard's closed-source sibling for Android, DexGuard, does provide string encryption, along with more protection techniques against static and dynamic analysis.

### Does ProGuard perform control flow obfuscation?

Not explicitly. Control flow obfuscation injects additional branches into the bytecode, in an attempt to fool decompilers. ProGuard does not do this, except to some extent in its optimization techniques. ProGuard's closed-source sibling for Android, DexGuard, does offer control flow obfuscation, as one of the many additional techniques to harden Android apps.

### Does ProGuard support incremental obfuscation?

Yes. This feature allows you to specify a previous obfuscation mapping file in a new obfuscation step, in order to produce add-ons or patches for obfuscated code.

### Can ProGuard obfuscate using reserved keywords?

Yes. You can specify your own obfuscation dictionary, such as a list of reserved key words, identifiers with foreign characters, random source files, or a text by Shakespeare. Note that this hardly improves the obfuscation. Decent decompilers can automatically replace reserved keywords, and the effect can be undone fairly easily, by obfuscating again with simpler names.

### Can ProGuard reconstruct obfuscated stack traces?

Yes. ProGuard comes with a companion tool, ReTrace, that can 'de-obfuscate' stack traces produced by obfuscated applications. The reconstruction is based on the mapping file that ProGuard can write out. If line numbers have been obfuscated away, a list of alternative method names is presented for each obfuscated method name that has an ambiguous reverse mapping. Please refer to the ProGuard User Manual for more details.

Erik André at Badoo has written a tool to de-obfuscate HPROF memory dumps.

### How is DexGuard different from ProGuard?

DexGuard is a commercial extension of ProGuard:

- DexGuard is specialized for Android applications and libraries: it optimizes and obfuscates not just the bytecode, but also the manifest file, resources, resource files, asset files, and native libraries.
- DexGuard focuses on making apps self-defending against reverse engineering and tampering. DexGuard's techniques for obfuscation, encryption, and detection are a lot stronger than ProGuard's basic name obfuscation.
- DexGuard is backward compatible with ProGuard: it reads the same configuration. It already comes with tuned configuration for the Android runtime and for common Android libraries.