# Constant items

> Syntax
> ConstantItem :
> `const` ( IDENTIFIER | `_` ) `:` Type `=` Expression `;`

A constant item is an optionally named constant value which is not associated with a specific memory location in the program. Constants are essentially inlined wherever they are used, meaning that they are copied directly into the relevant context when used. This includes usage of constants from external crates, and non-`Copy` types. References to the same constant are not necessarily guaranteed to refer to the same memory address.

Constants must be explicitly typed. The type must have a `'static` lifetime: any references in the initializer must have `'static` lifetimes.

Constants may refer to the address of other constants, in which case the address will have elided lifetimes where applicable, otherwise – in most cases – defaulting to the `static` lifetime. (See static lifetime elision.) The compiler is, however, still at liberty to translate the constant many times, so the address referred to may not be stable.

    #![allow(unused)]
    fn main() {
    const BIT1: u32 = 1 << 0;
    const BIT2: u32 = 1 << 1;

    const BITS: [u32; 2] = [BIT1, BIT2];
    const STRING: &'static str = "bitstring";

    struct BitsNStrings<'a> {
        mybits: [u32; 2],
        mystring: &'a str,
    }

    const BITS_N_STRINGS: BitsNStrings<'static> = BitsNStrings {
        mybits: BITS,
        mystring: STRING,
    };
    }

## Constants with Destructors

Constants can contain destructors. Destructors are run when the value goes out of scope.

    #![allow(unused)]
    fn main() {
    struct TypeWithDestructor(i32);

    impl Drop for TypeWithDestructor {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            println!("Dropped. Held {}.", self.0);
        }
    }

    const ZERO_WITH_DESTRUCTOR: TypeWithDestructor = TypeWithDestructor(0);

    fn create_and_drop_zero_with_destructor() {
        let x = ZERO_WITH_DESTRUCTOR;
        // x gets dropped at end of function, calling drop.
        // prints "Dropped. Held 0.".
    }
    }

## Unnamed constant

Unlike an associated constant, a free constant may be unnamed by using an underscore instead of the name. For example:

    #![allow(unused)]
    fn main() {
    const _: () =  { struct _SameNameTwice; };

    // OK although it is the same name as above:
    const _: () =  { struct _SameNameTwice; };
    }

As with underscore imports, macros may safely emit the same unnamed constant in the same scope more than once. For example, the following should not produce an error:

    #![allow(unused)]
    fn main() {
    macro_rules! m {
        ($item: item) => { $item $item }
    }

    m!(const _: () = (););
    // This expands to:
    // const _: () = ();
    // const _: () = ();
    }