# Casting

Rust provides no implicit type conversion (coercion) between primitive types. But, explicit type conversion (casting) can be performed using the `as` keyword.

Rules for converting between integral types follow C conventions generally, except in cases where C has undefined behavior. The behavior of all casts between integral types is well defined in Rust.

    // Suppress all warnings from casts which overflow.
    #![allow(overflowing_literals)]

    fn main() {
        let decimal = 65.4321_f32;

        // Error! No implicit conversion
        let integer: u8 = decimal;
        // FIXME ^ Comment out this line

        // Explicit conversion
        let integer = decimal as u8;
        let character = integer as char;

        // Error! There are limitations in conversion rules. A float cannot be directly converted to a char.
        let character = decimal as char;
        // FIXME ^ Comment out this line

        println!("Casting: {} -> {} -> {}", decimal, integer, character);

        // when casting any value to an unsigned type, T,
        // T::MAX + 1 is added or subtracted until the value
        // fits into the new type

        // 1000 already fits in a u16
        println!("1000 as a u16 is: {}", 1000 as u16);

        // 1000 - 256 - 256 - 256 = 232
        // Under the hood, the first 8 least significant bits (LSB) are kept,
        // while the rest towards the most significant bit (MSB) get truncated.
        println!("1000 as a u8 is : {}", 1000 as u8);
        // -1 + 256 = 255
        println!("  -1 as a u8 is : {}", (-1i8) as u8);

        // For positive numbers, this is the same as the modulus
        println!("1000 mod 256 is : {}", 1000 % 256);

        // When casting to a signed type, the (bitwise) result is the same as
        // first casting to the corresponding unsigned type. If the most significant
        // bit of that value is 1, then the value is negative.

        // Unless it already fits, of course.
        println!(" 128 as a i16 is: {}", 128 as i16);
        // 128 as u8 -> 128, whose two's complement in eight bits is:
        println!(" 128 as a i8 is : {}", 128 as i8);

        // repeating the example above
        // 1000 as u8 -> 232
        println!("1000 as a u8 is : {}", 1000 as u8);
        // and the two's complement of 232 is -24
        println!(" 232 as a i8 is : {}", 232 as i8);
    }