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<!DOCTYPE document [
  <!ENTITY project SYSTEM "project.xml">
]>
<document url="filter.html">

  &project;

  <properties>
    <title>Container Provided Filters</title>
  </properties>

<body>

<section name="Table of Contents">
<toc/>
</section>

<section name="Introduction">

  <p>Tomcat provides a number of <strong>Filters</strong> which may be
  configured for use with all web applications using
  <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/web.xml</code> or may be configured for individual
  web applications by configuring them in the application's
  <code>WEB-INF/web.xml</code>. Each filter is described below.</p>

    <p><em>This description uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the
    base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have
    not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE
    directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME,
    the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.</em></p>

</section>


<section name="Add Default Character Set Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>The HTTP specification is clear that if no character set is specified for
    media sub-types of the "text" media type, the ISO-8859-1 character set must
    be used. However, browsers may attempt to auto-detect the character set.
    This may be exploited by an attacker to perform an XSS attack. Internet
    Explorer and other browsers have an option to
    enable this behavior.</p>

    <p>This filter prevents the attack by explicitly setting a character set.
    Unless the provided character set is explicitly overridden by the user the
    browser will adhere to the explicitly set character set, thus preventing the
    XSS attack.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Add Default Character Set Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.AddDefaultCharsetFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The Add Default Character Set Filter supports the following initialization
    parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="encoding" required="false">
        <p>Name of the character set which should be set, if no other character set
        was set explicitly by a Servlet. This parameter has two special values
        <code>default</code> and <code>system</code>. A value of <code>system</code>
        uses the JVM wide default character set, which is usually set by locale.
        A value of <code>default</code> will use <strong>ISO-8859-1</strong>.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

</section>

<section name="CORS Filter">
  <subsection name="Introduction">
    <p>This filter is an implementation of W3C's CORS (Cross-Origin Resource
    Sharing) <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cors/">specification</a>, which is a
    mechanism that enables cross-origin requests.</p>
    <p>The filter works by adding required <code>Access-Control-*</code> headers
    to HttpServletResponse object. The filter also protects against HTTP
    response splitting. If request is invalid, or is not permitted, then request
    is rejected with HTTP status code 403 (Forbidden). A
    <a href="../images/cors-flowchart.png">flowchart</a> that
    demonstrates request processing by this filter is available.</p>
    <p>The minimal configuration required to use this filter is:</p>
    <source><![CDATA[<filter>
  <filter-name>CorsFilter</filter-name>
  <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.CorsFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
  <filter-name>CorsFilter</filter-name>
  <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>
    <p>The above configuration enables the filter but does not relax the
    cross-origin policy. As a minimum, you will need to add a
    <strong>cors.allowed.origins</strong> initialisation parameter as described
    below to enable cross-origin requests. Depending on your requirements, you
    may need to provide additional configuration.</p>
    <p>An instance of this filter can only implement one policy. If you want to
    apply different policies (e.g. different allowed origins) to different URLs
    or sets of URLs within your web application you will need to configure a
    separate instance of this filter for each policy you wish to configure.</p>
  </subsection>
  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">
    <p>The filter class name for the CORS Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.CorsFilter</code></strong>.</p>
  </subsection>
  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">
    <p>The CORS Filter supports following initialisation parameters:</p>
    <attributes>
      <attribute name="cors.allowed.origins" required="false">
        <p>A list of <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6454">origins</a>
        that are allowed to access the resource. A <code>*</code> can be
        specified to enable access to resource from any origin. Otherwise, an
        allow list of comma separated origins can be provided. Eg: <code>
        https://www.w3.org, https://www.apache.org</code>.
        <strong>Defaults:</strong> The empty String. (No origin is allowed to
        access the resource).</p>
      </attribute>
      <attribute name="cors.allowed.methods" required="false">
        <p>A comma separated list of HTTP methods that can be used to access the
        resource, using cross-origin requests. These are the methods which will
        also be included as part of <code>Access-Control-Allow-Methods</code>
        header in pre-flight response. Eg: <code>GET, POST</code>.
        <strong>Defaults:</strong> <code>GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS</code></p>
      </attribute>
      <attribute name="cors.allowed.headers" required="false">
        <p>A comma separated list of request headers that can be used when
        making an actual request. These headers will also be returned as part
        of <code>Access-Control-Allow-Headers</code> header in a pre-flight
        response. Eg: <code>Origin,Accept</code>. <strong>Defaults:</strong>
        <code>Origin, Accept, X-Requested-With, Content-Type,
        Access-Control-Request-Method, Access-Control-Request-Headers</code></p>
      </attribute>
      <attribute name="cors.exposed.headers" required="false">
        <p>A comma separated list of headers other than simple response headers
        that browsers are allowed to access. These are the headers which will
        also be included as part of <code>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</code>
        header in the pre-flight response. Eg:
        <code>X-CUSTOM-HEADER-PING,X-CUSTOM-HEADER-PONG</code>.
        <strong>Default:</strong> None. Non-simple headers are not exposed by
        default.</p>
      </attribute>
      <attribute name="cors.preflight.maxage" required="false">
        <p>The amount of seconds, browser is allowed to cache the result of the
        pre-flight request. This will be included as part of
        <code>Access-Control-Max-Age</code> header in the pre-flight response.
        A negative value will prevent CORS Filter from adding this response
        header to pre-flight response. <strong>Defaults:</strong>
        <code>1800</code></p>
      </attribute>
      <attribute name="cors.support.credentials" required="false">
        <p>A flag that indicates whether the resource supports user credentials.
        This flag is exposed as part of
        <code>Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</code> header in a pre-flight
        response. It helps browser determine whether or not an actual request
        can be made using credentials. <strong>Defaults:</strong>
        <code>false</code></p>
      </attribute>
      <attribute name="cors.request.decorate" required="false">
        <p>A flag to control if CORS specific attributes should be added to
        HttpServletRequest object or not. <strong>Defaults:</strong>
        <code>true</code></p>
      </attribute>
    </attributes>
    <p>Here's an example of a more advanced configuration, that overrides
    defaults:</p>
    <source><![CDATA[<filter>
  <filter-name>CorsFilter</filter-name>
  <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.CorsFilter</filter-class>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>cors.allowed.origins</param-name>
    <param-value>https://www.apache.org</param-value>
  </init-param>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>cors.allowed.methods</param-name>
    <param-value>GET,POST,HEAD,OPTIONS,PUT</param-value>
  </init-param>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>cors.allowed.headers</param-name>
    <param-value>Content-Type,X-Requested-With,accept,Origin,Access-Control-Request-Method,Access-Control-Request-Headers</param-value>
  </init-param>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>cors.exposed.headers</param-name>
    <param-value>Access-Control-Allow-Origin,Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</param-value>
  </init-param>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>cors.support.credentials</param-name>
    <param-value>true</param-value>
  </init-param>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>cors.preflight.maxage</param-name>
    <param-value>10</param-value>
  </init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
  <filter-name>CorsFilter</filter-name>
  <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>
  </subsection>
  <subsection name="CORS Filter and HttpServletRequest attributes">
    <p>CORS Filter adds information about the request, in HttpServletRequest
    object, for consumption downstream. Following attributes are set, if
    <code>cors.request.decorate</code> initialisation parameter is
    <code>true</code>:</p>
    <ul>
      <li><strong>cors.isCorsRequest:</strong> Flag to determine if request is
          a CORS request.</li>
      <li><strong>cors.request.origin:</strong> The Origin URL, i.e. the URL of
          the page from where the request originated.</li>
      <li><strong>cors.request.type:</strong> Type of CORS request. Possible
          values:
        <ul>
          <li><code>SIMPLE</code>: A request which is not preceded by a
              pre-flight request.</li>
          <li><code>ACTUAL</code>: A request which is preceded by a pre-flight
              request.</li>
          <li><code>PRE_FLIGHT</code>: A pre-flight request.</li>
          <li><code>NOT_CORS</code>: A normal same-origin request.</li>
          <li><code>INVALID_CORS</code>: A cross-origin request, which is
              invalid.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><strong>cors.request.headers:</strong> Request headers sent as
          <code>Access-Control-Request-Headers</code> header, for a pre-flight
          request.
      </li>
    </ul>
  </subsection>
</section>

<section name="CSRF Prevention Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>This filter provides basic CSRF protection for a web application. The
    filter assumes that it is mapped to <code>/*</code> and that all URLs
    returned to the client are encoded via a call to
    <code>HttpServletResponse#encodeRedirectURL(String)</code> or
    <code>HttpServletResponse#encodeURL(String)</code>.</p>

    <p>This filter prevents CSRF by generating a nonce and storing it in the
    session. URLs are also encoded with the same nonce. When the next request is
    received the nonce in the request is compared to the nonce in the session
    and only if they are the same is the request allowed to continue.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the CSRF Prevention Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.CsrfPreventionFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The CSRF Prevention Filter supports the following initialisation
    parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="denyStatus" required="false">
        <p>HTTP response status code that is used when rejecting denied
        request. The default value is <code>403</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="enforce" required="false">
        <p>A flag to enable or disable enforcement. When enforcement is
        disabled, the CsrfPreventionFilter will <i>allow all requests</i> and
        log CSRF failures as DEBUG messages. The default is <b>true</b>,
        enabling the enforcement of CSRF protection.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="entryPoints" required="false">
        <p>A comma separated list of URLs that will not be tested for the
        presence of a valid nonce. They are used to provide a way to navigate
        back to a protected application after having navigated away from it.
        Entry points will be limited to HTTP GET requests and should not trigger
        any security sensitive actions.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="nonceCacheSize" required="false">
        <p>The number of previously issued nonces that will be cached on a LRU
        basis to support parallel requests, limited use of the refresh and back
        in the browser and similar behaviors that may result in the submission
        of a previous nonce rather than the current one. If not set, the default
        value of 5 will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="nonceRequestParameterName" required="false">
        <p>The name of the request parameter used for the nonce. If not set, the
        default value of <code>org.apache.catalina.filters.CSRF_NONCE</code>
        will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="randomClass" required="false">
        <p>The name of the class to use to generate nonces. The class must be an
        instance of <code>java.util.Random</code>. If not set, the default value
        of <code>java.security.SecureRandom</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="noNonceURLPatterns" required="false">
        <p>A list of URL patterns that will <i>not</i> have CSRF nonces added
        to them. You may not want to add nonces to certain URLs to avoid
        creating unique URLs which may defeat resource caching, etc.</p>

        <p>There are several types of patterns supported:</p>

        <ul>
          <li>Prefix matches using a pattern that ends with a <code>*</code>.
          For example, <code>/images/*</code>.</li>

          <li>Suffix matches using a pattern that begins with a <code>*</code>.
          For example, <code>*.css</code>.</li>

          <li>Mime-type matches which begin with <code>mime:</code> and specify
          one of the above matches which will be checked against the MIME type
          of the URL filename. For example, <code>mime:image/*</code>.
          Note that the MIME-type will be determined using
          <code>ServletContext.getMimeType</code>.</li>

          <li>A single complete regular expression pattern which begins and
          ends with <code>/</code> (slash / solidus) symbols. For example
          <code>//images/.*|/scripts/.*/</code>. The leading and trailing
          <code>/</code> characters will be removed from the pattern before
          being compiled. Note that there can be only a single pattern,
          but that pattern can of course have as many alternatives as desired
          by using the regular expression <code>|</code> (<code>OR</code>)
          operator. The regular expression will be matched against the entire
          URL (i.e. <i>match</i> not <i>find</i> semantics), and the regex
          dialect is Java (<code>java.util.regex.Pattern</code>).
          </li>
        </ul>

        <p>The default is <code>*.css, *.js, *.gif, *.png, *.jpg, *.svg, *.ico, *.jpeg, *.mjs</code>.</p>
      </attribute>
    </attributes>

  </subsection>

</section>

<section name="CSRF Prevention Filter for REST APIs">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>This filter provides basic CSRF protection for REST APIs. The CSRF
    protection is applied only for modifying HTTP requests (different from GET,
    HEAD, OPTIONS) to protected resources. It is based on a custom header
    <code>X-CSRF-Token</code> that provides a valid nonce.</p>

    <p>CSRF protection mechanism for REST APIs consists of the following steps:
      <ul>
        <li>Client asks for a valid nonce. This is performed with a
            non-modifying "Fetch" request to protected resource.</li>
        <li>Server responds with a valid nonce mapped to the current user
            session.</li>
        <li>Client provides this nonce in the subsequent modifying requests in
            the frame of the same user session.</li>
        <li>Server rejects all modifying requests to protected resources that
            do not contain a valid nonce.</li>
      </ul>
    </p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Basic configuration sample">

    <p>On the server side</p>

    <ul>
      <li>All CSRF protected REST APIs should be protected with an authentication
          mechanism.</li>
      <li>Protect modifying REST APIs with this filter.</li>
      <li>Provide at least one non-modifying operation.</li>
    </ul>
      <source><![CDATA[<filter>
  <filter-name>RestCSRF</filter-name>
  <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RestCsrfPreventionFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
  <filter-name>RestCSRF</filter-name>
  <!-- Modifying operations -->
  <url-pattern>/resources/removeResource</url-pattern>
  <url-pattern>/resources/addResource</url-pattern>
  <!-- Non-modifying operations -->
  <url-pattern>/resources/listResources</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>

    <p>On the client side</p>

    <ul>
      <li>Make a non-modifying "Fetch" request in order to obtain a valid nonce.
          This can be done with sending additional header
          <code>X-CSRF-Token: Fetch</code></li>
      <li>Cache the returned session id and nonce in order to provide them in
          the subsequent modifying requests to protected resources.</li>
      <li>Modifying requests can be denied and header
          <code>X-CSRF-Token: Required</code> will be returned in case of
          invalid or missing nonce, expired session or in case the session
          id is changed by the server.</li>
    </ul>
      <source><![CDATA[Client Request:
GET /rest/resources/listResources HTTP/1.1
X-CSRF-Token: Fetch
Authorization: Basic ...
Host: localhost:8080
...

Server Response:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=...; Path=/rest; HttpOnly
X-CSRF-Token: ...
...

Client Request:
POST /rest/resources/addResource HTTP/1.1
Cookie: JSESSIONID=...
X-CSRF-Token: ...
Authorization: Basic ...
Host: localhost:8080
...

Server Response:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...]]></source>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="RestCsrfPreventionFilter and HttpServletRequest parameters">

    <p>When the client is not able to insert custom headers in its calls to
       REST APIs there is additional capability to configure URLs for which a
       valid nonce will be accepted as a request parameter.</p>

    <p>Note: If there is a <code>X-CSRF-Token</code> header, it will be taken
       with preference over any parameter with the same name in the request.
       Request parameters cannot be used to fetch new nonce, only header can be
       used to request a new nonce.</p>

    <source><![CDATA[<filter>
  <filter-name>RestCSRF</filter-name>
  <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RestCsrfPreventionFilter</filter-class>
  <init-param>
    <param-name>pathsAcceptingParams</param-name>
    <param-value>/resources/removeResource,/resources/addResource</param-value>
  </init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
  <filter-name>RestCSRF</filter-name>
  <url-pattern>/resources/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the CSRF Prevention Filter for REST APIs is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RestCsrfPreventionFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The CSRF Prevention Filter for REST APIs supports the following
    initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="denyStatus" required="false">
        <p>HTTP response status code that is used when rejecting denied
        request. The default value is <code>403</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="pathsAcceptingParams" required="false">
        <p>A comma separated list of URLs that can accept nonces via request
        parameter <code>X-CSRF-Token</code>. For use cases when a nonce information cannot
        be provided via header, one can provide it via request parameters. If
        there is a <code>X-CSRF-Token</code> header, it will be taken with preference over
        any parameter with the same name in the request. Request parameters
        cannot be used to fetch new nonce, only header can be used to request a
        new nonce.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="randomClass" required="false">
        <p>The name of the class to use to generate nonces. The class must be an
        instance of <code>java.util.Random</code>. If not set, the default value
        of <code>java.security.SecureRandom</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

</section>

<section name="Expires Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>
    ExpiresFilter is a Java Servlet API port of <a
    href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_expires.html">Apache
    mod_expires</a>.
    This filter controls the setting of the <code>Expires</code> HTTP header and the
    <code>max-age</code> directive of the <code>Cache-Control</code> HTTP header in
    server responses. The expiration date can set to be relative to either the
    time the source file was last modified, or to the time of the client access.
    </p>

    <p>
    These HTTP headers are an instruction to the client about the document's
    validity and persistence. If cached, the document may be fetched from the
    cache rather than from the source until this time has passed. After that, the
    cache copy is considered &quot;expired&quot; and invalid, and a new copy must
    be obtained from the source.
    </p>
    <p>
    To modify <code>Cache-Control</code> directives other than <code>max-age</code> (see
    <a href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9" >RFC
    2616 section 14.9</a>), you can use other servlet filters or <a
    href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_headers.html" >Apache Httpd
    mod_headers</a> module.
    </p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Basic configuration sample">
    <p>
    Basic configuration to add '<code>Expires</code>' and '<code>Cache-Control: max-age=</code>'
    headers to images, CSS and JavaScript.
    </p>

    <source><![CDATA[<filter>
 <filter-name>ExpiresFilter</filter-name>
 <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter</filter-class>
 <init-param>
    <param-name>ExpiresByType image</param-name>
    <param-value>access plus 10 minutes</param-value>
 </init-param>
 <init-param>
    <param-name>ExpiresByType text/css</param-name>
    <param-value>access plus 10 minutes</param-value>
 </init-param>
 <init-param>
    <param-name>ExpiresByType text/javascript</param-name>
    <param-value>access plus 10 minutes</param-value>
 </init-param>
</filter>
...
<filter-mapping>
 <filter-name>ExpiresFilter</filter-name>
 <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
 <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Alternate Syntax">
    <p>
    The <code>ExpiresDefault</code> and <code>ExpiresByType</code> directives can also be
    defined in a more readable syntax of the form:
    </p>

    <source><![CDATA[<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresDefault</param-name>
 <param-value><base> [plus] {<num> <type>}*</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresByType type</param-name>
 <param-value><base> [plus] {<num> <type>}*</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresByType type;encoding</param-name>
 <param-value><base> [plus] {<num> <type>}*</param-value>
</init-param>]]></source>
    <p>
    where <code>&lt;base&gt;</code> is one of:
    </p>
    <ul>
    <li><code>access</code></li>
    <li><code>now</code> (equivalent to '<code>access</code>')</li>
    <li><code>modification</code></li>
    </ul>

    <p>
    The <code>plus</code> keyword is optional. <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> should be an
    integer value (acceptable to <code>Integer.parseInt()</code>), and
    <code>&lt;type&gt;</code> is one of:
    </p>
    <ul>
    <li><code>year</code>, <code>years</code></li>
    <li><code>month</code>, <code>months</code></li>
    <li><code>week</code>, <code>weeks</code></li>
    <li><code>day</code>, <code>days</code></li>
    <li><code>hour</code>, <code>hours</code></li>
    <li><code>minute</code>, <code>minutes</code></li>
    <li><code>second</code>, <code>seconds</code></li>
    </ul>
    <p>
    For example, any of the following directives can be used to make documents
    expire 1 month after being accessed, by default:
    </p>

    <source><![CDATA[<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresDefault</param-name>
 <param-value>access plus 1 month</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresDefault</param-name>
 <param-value>access plus 4 weeks</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresDefault</param-name>
 <param-value>access plus 30 days</param-value>
</init-param>]]></source>
<p>
The expiry time can be fine-tuned by adding several
'<code>&lt;num&gt; &lt;type&gt;</code>' clauses:
</p>

<source><![CDATA[<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresByType text/html</param-name>
 <param-value>access plus 1 month 15 days 2 hours</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresByType image/gif</param-name>
 <param-value>modification plus 5 hours 3 minutes</param-value>
</init-param>]]></source>
    <p>
    Note that if you use a modification date based setting, the <code>Expires</code>
    header will <strong>not</strong> be added to content that does not come from
    a file on disk. This is due to the fact that there is no modification time
    for such content.
    </p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Expiration headers generation eligibility">
    <p>
    A response is eligible to be enriched by <code>ExpiresFilter</code> if :
    </p>
    <ol>
    <li>no expiration header is defined (<code>Expires</code> header or the
    <code>max-age</code> directive of the <code>Cache-Control</code> header),</li>
    <li>the response status code is not excluded by the directive
    <code>ExpiresExcludedResponseStatusCodes</code>,</li>
    <li>the <code>Content-Type</code> of the response matches one of the types
    defined the in <code>ExpiresByType</code> directives or the
    <code>ExpiresDefault</code> directive is defined.</li>
    </ol>

    <p>
    Note : If <code>Cache-Control</code> header contains other directives than
    <code>max-age</code>, they are concatenated with the <code>max-age</code> directive
    that is added by the <code>ExpiresFilter</code>.
    </p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Expiration configuration selection">
    <p>
    The expiration configuration if elected according to the following algorithm:
    </p>
    <ol>
    <li><code>ExpiresByType</code> matching the exact content-type returned by
    <code>HttpServletResponse.getContentType()</code> possibly including the charset
    (e.g. '<code>text/xml;charset=UTF-8</code>'),</li>
    <li><code>ExpiresByType</code> matching the content-type without the charset if
    <code>HttpServletResponse.getContentType()</code> contains a charset (e.g.
    '<code>text/xml;charset=UTF-8</code>' -&gt; '<code>text/xml</code>'),</li>
    <li><code>ExpiresByType</code> matching the major type (e.g. substring before
    '<code>/</code>') of <code>HttpServletResponse.getContentType()</code>
    (e.g. '<code>text/xml;charset=UTF-8</code>' -&gt; '<code>text</code>'),</li>
    <li><code>ExpiresDefault</code></li>
    </ol>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Expires Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The <strong>Expires Filter</strong> supports the following
    initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="ExpiresExcludedResponseStatusCodes" required="false">
         <p>
         This directive defines the http response status codes for which the
         <code>ExpiresFilter</code> will not generate expiration headers. By default, the
         <code>304</code> status code (&quot;<code>Not modified</code>&quot;) is skipped. The
         value is a comma separated list of http status codes.
         </p>
         <p>
         This directive is useful to ease usage of <code>ExpiresDefault</code> directive.
         Indeed, the behavior of <code>304 Not modified</code> (which does specify a
         <code>Content-Type</code> header) combined with <code>Expires</code> and
         <code>Cache-Control:max-age=</code> headers can be unnecessarily tricky to
         understand.
         </p>
         <p><i>See sample below the table</i></p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="ExpiresByType &lt;content-type&gt;" required="false">
         <p>
         This directive defines the value of the <code>Expires</code> header and the
         <code>max-age</code> directive of the <code>Cache-Control</code> header generated for
         documents of the specified type (<i>e.g.</i>, <code>text/html</code>). The second
         argument sets the number of seconds that will be added to a base time to
         construct the expiration date. The <code>Cache-Control: max-age</code> is
         calculated by subtracting the request time from the expiration date and
         expressing the result in seconds.
         </p>
         <p>
         The base time is either the last modification time of the file, or the time
         of the client's access to the document. Which should be used is
         specified by the <code>&lt;code&gt;</code> field; <code>M</code> means that the
         file's last modification time should be used as the base time, and
         <code>A</code> means the client's access time should be used. The duration
         is expressed in seconds. <code>A2592000</code> stands for
         <code>access plus 30 days</code> in alternate syntax.
         </p>
         <p>
         The difference in effect is subtle. If <code>M</code> (<code>modification</code> in
         alternate syntax) is used, all current copies of the document in all caches
         will expire at the same time, which can be good for something like a weekly
         notice that's always found at the same URL. If <code>A</code> (
         <code>access</code> or <code>now</code> in alternate syntax) is used, the date of
         expiration is different for each client; this can be good for image files
         that don't change very often, particularly for a set of related
         documents that all refer to the same images (<i>i.e.</i>, the images will be
         accessed repeatedly within a relatively short timespan).
         </p>
         <p>
         <strong>Note:</strong> When the content type includes a charset (e.g.
         <code>'ExpiresByType text/xml;charset=utf-8'</code>), Tomcat removes blank chars
         between the '<code>;</code>' and the '<code>charset</code>' keyword. Due to this,
         configuration of an expiration with a charset must <strong>not</strong> include
         such a space character.
         </p>
         <p><i>See sample below the table</i></p>
         <p>
         It overrides, for the specified MIME type <i>only</i>, any
         expiration date set by the <code>ExpiresDefault</code> directive.
         </p>
         <p>
         You can also specify the expiration time calculation using an alternate
         syntax, described earlier in this document.
         </p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="ExpiresDefault" required="false">
         <p>
         This directive sets the default algorithm for calculating the
         expiration time for all documents in the affected realm. It can be
         overridden on a type-by-type basis by the <code>ExpiresByType</code> directive. See the
         description of that directive for details about the syntax of the
         argument, and the "alternate syntax"
         description as well.
         </p>
      </attribute>
    </attributes>

    <p><i>Sample: exclude response status codes 302, 500 and 503</i></p>

<source><![CDATA[<init-param>
 <param-name>ExpiresExcludedResponseStatusCodes</param-name>
 <param-value>302, 500, 503</param-value>
</init-param>]]></source>

    <p><i>Sample for ExpiresByType initialization parameter</i></p>

         <source><![CDATA[<init-param>
   <param-name>ExpiresByType text/html</param-name>
   <param-value>access plus 1 month 15   days 2 hours</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
   <!-- 2592000 seconds = 30 days -->
   <param-name>ExpiresByType image/gif</param-name>
   <param-value>A2592000</param-value>
</init-param>]]></source>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Troubleshooting">
    <p>
    To troubleshoot, enable logging on the
    <code>org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter</code>.
    </p>
    <p>
    Extract of logging.properties
    </p>

    <source>org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter.level = FINE    </source>
    <p>
    Sample of initialization log message:
    </p>

    <source>Mar 26, 2010 2:01:41 PM org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter init
FINE: Filter initialized with configuration ExpiresFilter[
 excludedResponseStatusCode=[304],
 default=null,
 byType={
    image=ExpiresConfiguration[startingPoint=ACCESS_TIME, duration=[10 MINUTE]],
    text/css=ExpiresConfiguration[startingPoint=ACCESS_TIME, duration=[10 MINUTE]],
    text/javascript=ExpiresConfiguration[startingPoint=ACCESS_TIME, duration=[10 MINUTE]]}]</source>
    <p>
    Sample of per-request log message where <code>ExpiresFilter</code> adds an
    expiration date is below. The message is on one line and is wrapped here
    for better readability.
    </p>

    <source>Mar 26, 2010 2:09:47 PM org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter onBeforeWriteResponseBody
FINE: Request "/tomcat.gif" with response status "200"
 content-type "image/gif", set expiration date 3/26/10 2:19 PM</source>
    <p>
    Sample of per-request log message where <code>ExpiresFilter</code> does not add
    an expiration date:
    </p>

    <source>Mar 26, 2010 2:10:27 PM org.apache.catalina.filters.ExpiresFilter onBeforeWriteResponseBody
FINE: Request "/docs/config/manager.html" with response status "200"
 content-type "text/html", no expiration configured</source>
  </subsection>

</section>

<section name="HTTP Header Security Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>There are a number of HTTP headers that can be added to the response to
    improve the security of the connection. This filter provides a mechanism for
    adding those headers. Note that security related headers with more complex
    requirements, like CORS, are implemented as separate Filters.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the HTTP Header Security Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.HttpHeaderSecurityFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The HTTP Header Security Filter supports the following initialization
    parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="hstsEnabled" required="false">
        <p>Will an HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) header
        (<code>Strict-Transport-Security</code>) be set on the response for
        secure requests. Any HSTS header already present will be replaced. See
        <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797">RFC 6797</a> for further
        details of HSTS. If not specified, the default value of
        <code>true</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="hstsMaxAgeSeconds" required="false">
        <p>The max age value that should be used in the HSTS header. Negative
        values will be treated as zero. If not specified, the default value of
        <code>0</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="hstsIncludeSubDomains" required="false">
        <p>Should the includeSubDomains parameter be included in the HSTS
        header. If not specified, the default value of <code>false</code> will
        be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="hstsPreload" required="false">
        <p>Should the preload parameter be included in the HSTS header. If not
        specified, the default value of <code>false</code> will be used. See
        <a href="https://hstspreload.org/">https://hstspreload.org</a> for
        important information about this parameter.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="antiClickJackingEnabled" required="false">
        <p>Should the anti click-jacking header (<code>X-Frame-Options</code>)
        be set on the response. Any anti click-jacking header already present
        will be replaced. If not specified, the default value of
        <code>true</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="antiClickJackingOption" required="false">
        <p>What value should be used for the anticlick-jacking header? Must be
        one of <code>DENY</code>, <code>SAMEORIGIN</code>,
        <code>ALLOW-FROM </code> (case-insensitive). If not specified, the
        default value of <code>DENY</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="antiClickJackingUri" required="false">
        <p>If ALLOW-FROM is used for <strong>antiClickJackingOption</strong>,
        what URI should be allowed? If not specified, the default value of an
        empty string will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="blockContentTypeSniffingEnabled" required="false">
        <p>Should the header that blocks content type sniffing
        (<code>X-Content-Type-Options</code>) be set on every response. If
        already present, the header will be replaced. If not specified, the
        default value of <code>true</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

</section>


<section name="Rate Limit Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>The <strong>Rate Limit Filter</strong> can help mitigate Denial of Service
    (DoS) and Brute Force attacks by limiting the number of a requests that are
    allowed from a single IP address within a time window (also referred
    to as a time bucket), e.g. 300 Requests per 60 seconds.</p>

    <p>The filter works by incrementing a counter in a time bucket for each IP
    address, and if the counter exceeds the allowed limit then further requests
    from that IP are dropped with a &quot;429 Too many requests&quot; response
    until the bucket time ends and a new bucket starts.</p>

    <p>The RateLimiter implementation can be set via the <code>rateLimitClassName</code>
    init param. The default implementation,
    <code>org.apache.catalina.util.FastRateLimiter</code>, is optimized for
    efficiency and low overhead so it converts some configured values to more
    efficient values. For example, a configuration of a 60 seconds time bucket
    is converted to 65.536 seconds. That allows for very fast bucket calculation
    using bit shift arithmetic. In order to remain true to the user intent, the
    configured number of requests is then multiplied by the same ratio, so a
    configuration of 100 Requests per 60 seconds, has the real values of 109
    Requests per 65 seconds. An alternative implementation,
    <code>org.apache.catalina.util.ExactRateLimiter</code>, is intended to
    provide a less efficient but more accurate control, whose effective duration
    in seconds and number of requests allowed are consist with the configured
    values. You can specify a different class as long as it implements the
    <code>org.apache.catalina.util.RateLimiter</code> interface.</p>

    <p>It is common to set up different restrictions for different URIs.
    For example, a login page or authentication script is typically expected
    to get far less requests than the rest of the application, so you can add
    a filter definition that would allow only 5 requests per 15 seconds and map
    those URIs to it.</p>

    <p>You can set <code>enforce</code> to <code>false</code>
    to disable the termination of requests that exceed the allowed limit. Then
    your application code can inspect the Request Attribute
    <code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RateLimitFilter.Count</code> and decide
    how to handle the request based on other information that it has, e.g. allow
    more requests to certain users based on roles, etc.</p>

    <p><code>exposeHeaders</code> enables the output of the rate limiter
    configuration and state via an HTTP response header as per <a
    href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpapi-ratelimit-headers">RateLimit
    header fields for HTTP (draft)</a>.</p>

    <p><strong>WARNING:</strong> if Tomcat is behind a reverse proxy then you must
    make sure that the Rate Limit Filter sees the client IP address, so if for
    example you are using the <a href="#Remote_IP_Filter">Remote IP Filter</a>,
    then the filter mapping for the Rate Limit Filter must come <em>after</em>
    the mapping of the Remote IP Filter to ensure that each request has its IP
    address resolved before the Rate Limit Filter is applied. Failure to do so
    will count requests from different IPs in the same bucket and will result in
    a self inflicted DoS attack.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Remote Address Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RateLimitFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The <strong>Rate Limit Filter</strong> supports the following
    initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="bucketDuration" required="false">
        <p>The number of seconds in a time bucket. Default is <code>60</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="bucketRequests" required="false">
        <p>The number of requests that are allowed in a time bucket.
        Default is <code>300</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="enforce" required="false">
        <p>Set to false to allow requests through even when they exceed
        the maximum allowed per time window. Your application code can
        still inspect the Request Attribute
        org.apache.catalina.filters.RateLimitFilter.Count to retrieve
        the number of Requests made from that IP within the time window.
        Default is <code>true</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="exposeHeaders" required="false">
        <p>Set to true to expose the configuration and state of the rate limiter
        via an HTTP response header as per <a
        href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpapi-ratelimit-headers">RateLimit
        header fields for HTTP (draft)</a>. Default is <code>false</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="rateLimitClassName" required="false">
        <p>The full class name of an implementation of the RateLimiter
        interface. Default is
        &quot;org.apache.catalina.util.FastRateLimiter&quot;, which is optimized
        for efficiency. If you need exact rate limiting and can accept a small
        decrease in efficiency, you can use
        &quot;org.apache.catalina.util.ExactRateLimiter&quot; instead.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="statusCode" required="false">
        <p>The status code to return when a request is dropped.
        Default is <code>429</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="statusMessage" required="false">
        <p>The status message to return when a request is dropped.
        Default is &quot;Too many requests&quot;.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Example">
    <p>Set the site rate limit to 300 Requests per minute (default):</p>
<source><![CDATA[    <filter>
        <filter-name>RateLimitFilter Global</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RateLimitFilter</filter-class>
    </filter>

    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>RateLimitFilter Global</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>]]></source>

    <p>Set the /auth/* scripts rate limit to 20 Requests per minute:</p>
<source><![CDATA[    <filter>
        <filter-name>RateLimitFilter Login</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RateLimitFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>bucketRequests</param-name>
            <param-value>20</param-value>
        </init-param>
    </filter>

    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>RateLimitFilter Login</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/auth/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>]]></source>

  </subsection>

</section>


<section name="Remote Address Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>The <strong>Remote Address Filter</strong> allows you to compare the
    IP address of the client that submitted this request against one or more
    <em>regular expressions</em>, and either allow the request to continue
    or refuse to process the request from this client. </p>

    <p>The syntax for <em>regular expressions</em> is different than that for
    'standard' wildcard matching. Tomcat uses the <code>java.util.regex</code>
    package. Please consult the Java documentation for details of the
    expressions supported.</p>

    <p><strong>Note:</strong> There is a caveat when using this filter with
    IPv6 addresses. Format of the IP address that this valve is processing
    depends on the API that was used to obtain it. If the address was obtained
    from Java socket using Inet6Address class, its format will be
    <code>x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x</code>. That is, the IP address for localhost
    will be <code>0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1</code> instead of the more widely used
    <code>::1</code>. Consult your access logs for the actual value.</p>

    <p>See also: <a href="#Remote_Host_Filter">Remote Host Filter</a>.</p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Remote Address Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteAddrFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The <strong>Remote Address Filter</strong> supports the following
    initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="allow" required="false">
        <p>A regular expression (using <code>java.util.regex</code>) that the
        remote client&apos;s IP address is compared to.  If this attribute
        is specified, the remote address MUST match for this request to be
        accepted.  If this attribute is not specified, all requests will be
        accepted UNLESS the remote address matches a <code>deny</code>
        pattern.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="deny" required="false">
        <p>A regular expression (using <code>java.util.regex</code>) that the
        remote client's IP address is compared to.  If this attribute
        is specified, the remote address MUST NOT match for this request to be
        accepted.  If this attribute is not specified, request acceptance is
        governed solely by the <code>accept</code> attribute.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="denyStatus" required="false">
        <p>HTTP response status code that is used when rejecting denied
        request. The default value is <code>403</code>. For example,
        it can be set to the value <code>404</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Example">
    <p>To allow access only for the clients connecting from localhost:</p>
<source><![CDATA[    <filter>
      <filter-name>Remote Address Filter</filter-name>
      <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteAddrFilter</filter-class>
      <init-param>
        <param-name>allow</param-name>
        <param-value>127\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+|::1|0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1</param-value>
      </init-param>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
      <filter-name>Remote Address Filter</filter-name>
      <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>]]></source>
  </subsection>

</section>


<section name="Remote Host Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>The <strong>Remote Host Filter</strong> allows you to compare the
    hostname of the client that submitted this request against one or more
    <em>regular expressions</em>, and either allow the request to continue
    or refuse to process the request from this client. </p>

    <p>The syntax for <em>regular expressions</em> is different than that for
    'standard' wildcard matching. Tomcat uses the <code>java.util.regex</code>
    package. Please consult the Java documentation for details of the
    expressions supported.</p>

    <p><strong>Note:</strong> This filter processes the value returned by
    method <code>ServletRequest.getRemoteHost()</code>. To allow the method
    to return proper host names, you have to enable "DNS lookups" feature on
    a <strong>Connector</strong>.</p>

    <p>See also: <a href="#Remote_Address_Filter">Remote Address Filter</a>,
    <a href="http.html">HTTP Connector</a> configuration.</p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Remote Address Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteHostFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The <strong>Remote Host Filter</strong> supports the following
    initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="allow" required="false">
        <p>A regular expression (using <code>java.util.regex</code>) that the
        remote client&apos;s hostname is compared to.  If this attribute
        is specified, the remote hostname MUST match for this request to be
        accepted.  If this attribute is not specified, all requests will be
        accepted UNLESS the remote hostname matches a <code>deny</code>
        pattern.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="deny" required="false">
        <p>A regular expression (using <code>java.util.regex</code>) that the
        remote client's hostname is compared to.  If this attribute
        is specified, the remote hostname MUST NOT match for this request to be
        accepted.  If this attribute is not specified, request acceptance is
        governed solely by the <code>accept</code> attribute.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="denyStatus" required="false">
        <p>HTTP response status code that is used when rejecting denied
        request. The default value is <code>403</code>. For example,
        it can be set to the value <code>404</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

</section>

<section name="Remote CIDR Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>The <strong>Remote CIDR Filter</strong> allows you to compare the
      IP address of the client that submitted this request against one or more
      netmasks following the CIDR notation, and either allow the request to
      continue or refuse to process the request from this client. IPv4 and
      IPv6 are both fully supported.
    </p>

    <p>This filter mimics Apache httpd's <code>Order</code>,
      <code>Allow from</code> and <code>Deny from</code> directives,
      with the following limitations:
    </p>

    <ul>
      <li><code>Order</code> will always be <code>allow, deny</code>;</li>
      <li>dotted quad notations for netmasks are not supported (that is, you
        cannot write <code>192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0</code>, you must write
        <code>192.168.1.0/24</code>;
      </li>
      <li>shortcuts, like <code>10.10.</code>, which is equivalent to
        <code>10.10.0.0/16</code>, are not supported;
      </li>
      <li>as the filter name says, this is a CIDR only filter,
        therefore subdomain notations like <code>.mydomain.com</code> are not
        supported either.
      </li>
    </ul>

    <p>Some more features of this filter are:
    </p>

    <ul>
      <li>if you omit the CIDR prefix, this filter becomes a single IP
      filter;</li>
      <li>unlike the <a href="#Remote_Host_Filter">Remote Host Filter</a>,
      it can handle IPv6 addresses in condensed form (<code>::1</code>,
      <code>fe80::/71</code>, etc).</li>
    </ul>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Remote Address Filter is
      <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteCIDRFilter</code>
      </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The <strong>Remote CIDR Filter</strong> supports the following
      initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="allow" required="false">
        <p>A comma-separated list of IPv4 or IPv6 netmasks or addresses
          that the remote client&apos;s IP address is matched against.
          If this attribute is specified, the remote address MUST match
          for this request to be accepted. If this attribute is not specified,
          all requests will be accepted UNLESS the remote IP is matched by a
          netmask in the <code>deny</code> attribute.
        </p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="deny" required="false">
        <p>A comma-separated list of IPv4 or IPv6 netmasks or addresses
          that the remote client&apos;s IP address is matched against.
          If this attribute is specified, the remote address MUST NOT match
          for this request to be accepted. If this attribute is not specified,
          request acceptance is governed solely by the <code>accept</code>
          attribute.
        </p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Example">
    <p>To allow access only for the clients connecting from localhost and from local network 192.68.0.*:</p>
    <source><![CDATA[      <filter>
        <filter-name>Remote CIDR Filter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteCIDRFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
          <param-name>allow</param-name>
          <param-value>127.0.0.1, ::1, 192.68.0.0/24</param-value>
        </init-param>
      </filter>

      <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>Remote CIDR Filter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
      </filter-mapping>]]></source>
  </subsection>

</section>

<section name="Remote IP Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>Tomcat port of
    <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/mod/mod_remoteip.html">mod_remoteip</a>,
    this filter replaces the apparent client remote IP address and hostname for
    the request with the IP address list presented by a proxy or a load balancer
    via a request headers (e.g. &quot;X-Forwarded-For&quot;).</p>

    <p>Another feature of this filter is to replace the apparent scheme
    (http/https), server port and <code>request.secure</code> with the scheme presented
    by a proxy or a load balancer via a request header
    (e.g. &quot;X-Forwarded-Proto&quot;).</p>

    <p>If used in conjunction with Remote Address/Host filters then this filter
    should be defined first to ensure that the correct client IP address is
    presented to the Remote Address/Host filters.</p>

    <p><strong>Note:</strong> By default this filter has no effect on the
    values that are written into access log. The original values are restored
    when request processing leaves the filter and that always happens earlier
    than access logging. To pass the remote address, remote host, server port
    and protocol values set by this filter to the access log,
    they are put into request attributes. Publishing these values here
    is enabled by default, but <code>AccessLogValve</code> should be explicitly
    configured to use them. See documentation for
    <code>requestAttributesEnabled</code> attribute of
    <code>AccessLogValve</code>.</p>

    <p>The names of request attributes that are set by this filter
    and can be used by access logging are the following:</p>

    <ul>
      <li><code>org.apache.catalina.AccessLog.RemoteAddr</code></li>
      <li><code>org.apache.catalina.AccessLog.RemoteHost</code></li>
      <li><code>org.apache.catalina.AccessLog.Protocol</code></li>
      <li><code>org.apache.catalina.AccessLog.ServerPort</code></li>
      <li><code>org.apache.tomcat.remoteAddr</code></li>
    </ul>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Remote IP Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Basic configuration to handle &#x27;x-forwarded-for&#x27;">
    <p>
    The filter will process the <code>x-forwarded-for</code> http header.
    </p>
    <source><![CDATA[      <filter>
        <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</filter-class>
      </filter>

      <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
        <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
      </filter-mapping>]]></source>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Basic configuration to handle &#x27;x-forwarded-for&#x27; and &#x27;x-forwarded-proto&#x27;">

    <p>
    The filter will process <code>x-forwarded-for</code> and
    <code>x-forwarded-proto</code> http headers. Expected value for the
    <code>x-forwarded-proto</code> header in case of SSL connections is
    <code>https</code> (case insensitive). </p>
    <source><![CDATA[      <filter>
        <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
          <param-name>protocolHeader</param-name>
          <param-value>x-forwarded-proto</param-value>
        </init-param>
      </filter>

      <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
        <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
      </filter-mapping>]]></source>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Advanced configuration with internal proxies">
    <p>RemoteIpFilter configuration: </p>
    <source><![CDATA[     <filter>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</filter-class>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>internalProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>192\.168\.0\.10|192\.168\.0\.11</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-for</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpProxiesHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-by</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>protocolHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-proto</param-value>
       </init-param>
     </filter>

     <filter-mapping>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
       <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
     </filter-mapping>]]></source>
    <p>Request values:</p>
    <table class="defaultTable">
      <tr>
        <th>Property</th>
        <th>Value Before RemoteIpFilter</th>
        <th>Value After RemoteIpFilter</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.remoteAddr </td>
        <td> 192.168.0.10 </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130 </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-for'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130, 192.168.0.10 </td>
        <td> null </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-by'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> null </td>
        <td> null </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-proto'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> https </td>
        <td> https </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.scheme </td>
        <td> http </td>
        <td> https </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.secure </td>
        <td> false </td>
        <td> true </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.serverPort </td>
        <td> 80 </td>
        <td> 443 </td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <p>
    Note : <code>x-forwarded-by</code> header is <code>null</code> because only
    internal proxies has been traversed by the request.
    <code>x-forwarded-for</code> is <code>null</code> because all the proxies are
    trusted or internal.
    </p>
  </subsection>


  <subsection name="Advanced configuration with trusted proxies">
    <p>RemoteIpFilter configuration: </p>
    <source><![CDATA[     <filter>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</filter-class>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>internalProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>192\.168\.0\.10|192\.168\.0\.11</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-for</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpProxiesHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-by</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>trustedProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>proxy1|proxy2</param-value>
       </init-param>
     </filter>

     <filter-mapping>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
       <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
     </filter-mapping>]]></source>
    <p>Request values:</p>
    <table class="defaultTable">
      <tr>
        <th>Property</th>
        <th>Value Before RemoteIpFilter</th>
        <th>Value After RemoteIpFilter</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.remoteAddr </td>
        <td> 192.168.0.10 </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130 </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-for'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130, proxy1, proxy2 </td>
        <td> null </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-by'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> null </td>
        <td> proxy1, proxy2 </td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <p>
    Note : <code>proxy1</code> and <code>proxy2</code> are both trusted proxies that
    come in <code>x-forwarded-for</code> header, they both are migrated in
    <code>x-forwarded-by</code> header. <code>x-forwarded-for</code> is <code>null</code>
    because all the proxies are trusted or internal.
    </p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Advanced configuration with internal and trusted proxies">
    <p>RemoteIpFilter configuration: </p>
    <source><![CDATA[     <filter>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</filter-class>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>internalProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>192\.168\.0\.10|192\.168\.0\.11</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-for</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpProxiesHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-by</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>trustedProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>proxy1|proxy2</param-value>
       </init-param>
     </filter>

     <filter-mapping>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
       <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
     </filter-mapping>]]></source>
    <p>Request values:</p>
    <table class="defaultTable">
      <tr>
        <th>Property</th>
        <th>Value Before RemoteIpFilter</th>
        <th>Value After RemoteIpFilter</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.remoteAddr </td>
        <td> 192.168.0.10 </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130 </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-for'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130, proxy1, proxy2, 192.168.0.10 </td>
        <td> null </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-by'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> null </td>
        <td> proxy1, proxy2 </td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <p>
    Note : <code>proxy1</code> and <code>proxy2</code> are both trusted proxies that
    come in <code>x-forwarded-for</code> header, they both are migrated in
    <code>x-forwarded-by</code> header. As <code>192.168.0.10</code> is an internal
    proxy, it does not appear in <code>x-forwarded-by</code>.
    <code>x-forwarded-for</code> is <code>null</code> because all the proxies are
    trusted or internal.
    </p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Advanced configuration with an untrusted proxy">

    <p>RemoteIpFilter configuration: </p>
    <source><![CDATA[     <filter>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RemoteIpFilter</filter-class>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>internalProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>192\.168\.0\.10|192\.168\.0\.11</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-for</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>remoteIpProxiesHeader</param-name>
         <param-value>x-forwarded-by</param-value>
       </init-param>
       <init-param>
         <param-name>trustedProxies</param-name>
         <param-value>proxy1|proxy2</param-value>
       </init-param>
     </filter>

     <filter-mapping>
       <filter-name>RemoteIpFilter</filter-name>
       <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
       <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
     </filter-mapping>]]></source>
    <p>Request values:</p>
    <table class="defaultTable">
      <tr>
        <th>Property</th>
        <th>Value Before RemoteIpFilter</th>
        <th>Value After RemoteIpFilter</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.remoteAddr </td>
        <td> 192.168.0.10 </td>
        <td> untrusted-proxy </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-for'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130, untrusted-proxy, proxy1 </td>
        <td> 140.211.11.130 </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td> request.header<code>[</code>'x-forwarded-by'<code>]</code> </td>
        <td> null </td>
        <td> proxy1 </td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <p>
    Note : <code>x-forwarded-by</code> holds the trusted proxy <code>proxy1</code>.
    <code>x-forwarded-by</code> holds <code>140.211.11.130</code> because
    <code>untrusted-proxy</code> is not trusted and thus, we cannot trust that
    <code>untrusted-proxy</code> is the actual remote ip.
    <code>request.remoteAddr</code> is <code>untrusted-proxy</code> that is an IP
    verified by <code>proxy1</code>.
    </p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The <strong>Remote IP Filter</strong> supports the
    following initialisation parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="enableLookups" required="false">
        <p>Should a DNS lookup be performed to provide a host name when calling
        <code>ServletRequest#getRemoteHost()</code>. If not specified, the
        default of <code>false</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="remoteIpHeader" required="false">
        <p>Name of the HTTP Header read by this valve that holds the list of
        traversed IP addresses starting from the requesting client. If not
        specified, the default of <code>x-forwarded-for</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="internalProxies" required="false">
        <p>Regular expression (using <code>java.util.regex</code>) that a
        proxy&apos;s IP address must match to be considered an internal proxy.
        Internal proxies that appear in the <strong>remoteIpHeader</strong> will
        be trusted and will not appear in the <strong>proxiesHeader</strong>
        value. If not specified the default value of <code>
        10\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|192\.168\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|169\.254\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|127\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|100\.6[4-9]{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|100\.[7-9]{1}\d{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|100\.1[0-1]{1}\d{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|100\.12[0-7]{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|172\.1[6-9]{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|172\.2[0-9]{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|172\.3[0-1]{1}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}|0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1|::1|fe[89ab]\p{XDigit}:.*|"f[cd]\p{XDigit}{2}+:.*
        </code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="proxiesHeader" required="false">
        <p>Name of the HTTP header created by this valve to hold the list of
        proxies that have been processed in the incoming
        <strong>remoteIpHeader</strong>. If not specified, the default of
        <code>x-forwarded-by</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="requestAttributesEnabled" required="false">
        <p>Set to <code>true</code> to set the request attributes used by
        AccessLog implementations to override the values returned by the
        request for remote address, remote host, server port and protocol.
        Request attributes are also used to enable the forwarded remote address
        to be displayed on the status page of the Manager web application.
        If not set, the default value of <code>true</code> will be used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="trustedProxies" required="false">
        <p>Regular expression (using <code>java.util.regex</code>) that a
        proxy&apos;s IP address must match to be considered an trusted proxy.
        Trusted proxies that appear in the <strong>remoteIpHeader</strong> will
        be trusted and will appear in the <strong>proxiesHeader</strong> value.
        If not specified, no proxies will be trusted.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="protocolHeader" required="false">
        <p>Name of the HTTP Header read by this valve that holds the protocol
        used by the client to connect to the proxy. If not specified, the
        default of <code>X-Forwarded-Proto</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="hostHeader" required="false">
        <p>Name of the HTTP Header read by this valve that holds the host
        used by the client to connect to the proxy. If not specified, the
        default of <code>null</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="portHeader" required="false">
        <p>Name of the HTTP Header read by this valve that holds the port
        used by the client to connect to the proxy. If not specified, the
        default of <code>null</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="protocolHeaderHttpsValue" required="false">
        <p>Value of the <strong>protocolHeader</strong> to indicate that it is
        an HTTPS request. If not specified, the default of <code>https</code> is
        used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="httpServerPort" required="false">
        <p>Value returned by <code>ServletRequest.getServerPort()</code>
        when the <strong>protocolHeader</strong> indicates <code>http</code>
        protocol and no <strong>portHeader</strong> is present. If not
        specified, the default of <code>80</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="httpsServerPort" required="false">
        <p>Value returned by <code>ServletRequest.getServerPort()</code>
        when the <strong>protocolHeader</strong> indicates <code>https</code>
        protocol and no <strong>portHeader</strong> is present. If not
        specified, the default of <code>443</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="changeLocalName" required="false">
        <p>If <code>true</code>, the value returned by
        <code>ServletRequest.getLocalName()</code> and
        <code>ServletRequest.getServerName()</code> is modified by the this
        filter. If not specified, the default of <code>false</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="changeLocalPort" required="false">
        <p>If <code>true</code>, the value returned by
        <code>ServletRequest.getLocalPort()</code> and
        <code>ServletRequest.getServerPort()</code> is modified by the this
        filter. If not specified, the default of <code>false</code> is used.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>


  </subsection>

</section>


<section name="Request Dumper Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>The Request Dumper Filter logs information from the request and response
    objects and is intended to be used for debugging purposes. When using this
    Filter, it is recommended that the
    <code>org.apache.catalina.filter.RequestDumperFilter</code> logger is
    directed to a dedicated file and that the
    <code>org.apache.juli.VerbatimFormatter</code> is used.</p>

    <p><strong>WARNING: Using this filter has side-effects.</strong>  The
    output from this filter includes any parameters included with the request.
    The parameters will be decoded using the default platform encoding. Any
    subsequent calls to <code>request.setCharacterEncoding()</code> within
    the web application will have no effect.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Request Dumper Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.RequestDumperFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The Request Dumper Filter does not support any initialization
    parameters.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Sample Configuration">

    <p>The following entries in a web application's web.xml would enable the
    Request Dumper filter for all requests for that web application. If the
    entries were added to <code>CATALINA_BASE/conf/web.xml</code>, the Request
    Dumper Filter would be enabled for all web applications.</p>
    <source><![CDATA[<filter>
    <filter-name>requestdumper</filter-name>
    <filter-class>
        org.apache.catalina.filters.RequestDumperFilter
    </filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>requestdumper</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>

    <p>The following entries in CATALINA_BASE/conf/logging.properties would
    create a separate log file for the Request Dumper Filter output.</p>
    <source># To this configuration below, 1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler
# also needs to be added to the handlers property near the top of the file
1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = INFO
1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = request-dumper.
1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.encoding = UTF-8
1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.formatter = org.apache.juli.VerbatimFormatter
org.apache.catalina.filters.RequestDumperFilter.level = INFO
org.apache.catalina.filters.RequestDumperFilter.handlers = \
  1request-dumper.org.apache.juli.FileHandler</source>
  </subsection>
</section>

<section name="Session Initializer Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">
    <p>The Session Initializer Filter initializes the <code>jakarta.servlet.http.HttpSession</code>
    before the Request is processed.  This is required for JSR-356 compliant WebSocket implementations,
    if the <code>HttpSession</code> is needed during the HandShake phase.</p>

    <p>The Java API for WebSocket does not mandate that an <code>HttpSession</code> would
    be initialized upon request, and thus <code>jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest</code>'s
    <code>getSession()</code> returns <code>null</code> if the <code>HttpSession</code> was not
    initialized in advance.</p>

    <p>This filter solves that problem by initializing the HttpSession for any <code>HttpServletRequest</code>
    that matches its <code>url-pattern</code>.</p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">
    <p>The filter class name for the Session Initializer Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.SessionInitializerFilter</code></strong>.</p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">
    <p>The Session Initializer Filter does not support any initialization parameters.</p>
  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Sample Configuration">
    <p>The following entries in the Web Application Deployment Descriptor, <strong>web.xml</strong>,
    would enable the Session Initializer Filter for requests that match the given URL pattern
    (in this example, "/ws/*").</p>

    <source><![CDATA[<filter>
    <filter-name>SessionInitializer</filter-name>
    <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.SessionInitializerFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>SessionInitializer</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/ws/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>]]></source>
    </subsection>
</section>

<section name="Set Character Encoding Filter">

  <subsection name="Introduction">

    <p>User agents don&apos;t always include character encoding information in
    requests. Depending on the how the request is processed, usually the
    default encoding of ISO-8859-1 is used. This is not always
    desirable. This filter provides options for setting that encoding or
    forcing it to a particular value. Essentially this filter calls
    <code>ServletRequest.setCharacterEncoding()</code> method.</p>

    <p>Effectively the value set by this filter is used when parsing parameters
    in a POST request, if parameter parsing occurs later than this filter. Thus
    the order of filter mappings is important. Note that the encoding for GET
    requests is not set here, but on a <b>Connector</b>. See
    CharacterEncoding page in the FAQ for details.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Filter Class Name">

    <p>The filter class name for the Set Character Encoding Filter is
    <strong><code>org.apache.catalina.filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</code>
    </strong>.</p>

  </subsection>

  <subsection name="Initialisation parameters">

    <p>The Set Character Encoding Filter supports the following initialization
    parameters:</p>

    <attributes>

      <attribute name="encoding" required="true">
        <p>Name of the character encoding which should be set.</p>
      </attribute>

      <attribute name="ignore" required="false">
        <p>Determines if any character encoding specified by the user agent is
        ignored. If this attribute is <code>true</code>, any value provided by
        the user agent is ignored. If <code>false</code>, the encoding is only
        set if the user agent did not specify an encoding. The default value
        is <code>false</code>.</p>
      </attribute>

    </attributes>

  </subsection>

</section>

</body>

</document>
