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<!DOCTYPE document [
  <!ENTITY project SYSTEM "project.xml">
]>
<document url="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">

    &project;

    <properties>
        <title>JNDI Datasource How-To</title>
    </properties>

<body>

<section name="Table of Contents">
<toc/>
</section>

<section name="Introduction">

<p>JNDI Datasource configuration is covered extensively in the
JNDI-Resources-HOWTO.  However, feedback from <code>tomcat-user</code> has
shown that specifics for individual configurations can be rather tricky.</p>

<p>Here then are some example configurations that have been posted to
tomcat-user for popular databases and some general tips for db usage.</p>

<p>You should be aware that since these notes are derived from configuration
and/or feedback posted to <code>tomcat-user</code> YMMV :-). Please let us
know if you have any other tested configurations that you feel may be of use
to the wider audience, or if you feel we can improve this section in anyway.</p>

<p>
<b>Please note that JNDI resource configuration changed somewhat between
Tomcat 7.x and Tomcat 8.x as they are using different versions of
Apache Commons DBCP library.</b>  You will most likely need to modify older
JNDI resource configurations to match the syntax in the example below in order
to make them work in Tomcat <version-major/>.
See <a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/migration.html">Tomcat Migration Guide</a>
for details.
</p>

<p>
Also, please note that JNDI DataSource configuration in general, and this
tutorial in particular, assumes that you have read and understood the
<a href="config/context.html">Context</a> and
<a href="config/host.html">Host</a> configuration references, including
the section about Automatic Application Deployment in the latter reference.
</p>
</section>

<section name="DriverManager, the service provider mechanism and memory leaks">

<p><code>java.sql.DriverManager</code> supports the
<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.sql/java/sql/DriverManager.html">service
provider</a> mechanism. This feature is that all the available JDBC drivers
that announce themselves by providing a <code>META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver</code>
file are automatically discovered, loaded and registered,
relieving you from the need to load the database driver explicitly before
you create a JDBC connection.
However, the implementation is fundamentally broken in all Java versions for
a servlet container environment. The problem is that
<code>java.sql.DriverManager</code> will scan for the drivers only once.</p>

<p>The <a href="config/listeners.html">JRE Memory Leak Prevention Listener</a>
that is included with Apache Tomcat solves this by triggering the driver scan
during Tomcat startup. This is enabled by default. It means that only
libraries visible to the common class loader and its parents will be scanned for
database drivers. This include drivers in <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code>,
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/lib</code>, the class path and the module path. Drivers
packaged in web applications (in <code>WEB-INF/lib</code>) and in the shared
class loader (where configured) will not be visible and will not be loaded
automatically. If you are considering disabling this feature, note that the scan
would be triggered by the first web application that is using JDBC, leading to
failures when this web application is reloaded and for other web applications
that rely on this feature.
</p>

<p>Thus, the web applications that have database drivers in their
<code>WEB-INF/lib</code> directory cannot rely on the service provider
mechanism and should register the drivers explicitly.</p>

<p>The list of drivers in <code>java.sql.DriverManager</code> is also
a known source of memory leaks. Any Drivers registered
by a web application must be deregistered when the web application stops.
Tomcat will attempt to automatically discover and deregister any
JDBC drivers loaded by the web application class loader when the web
application stops.
However, it is expected that applications do this for themselves via
a <code>ServletContextListener</code>.
</p>

</section>

<section name="Database Connection Pool (DBCP 2) Configurations">

<p>The default database connection pool implementation in Apache Tomcat
relies on the libraries from the
<a href="https://commons.apache.org/">Apache Commons</a> project.
The following libraries are used:
</p>

<ul>
<li>Commons DBCP 2</li>
<li>Commons Pool 2</li>
</ul>

<p>
These libraries are located in a single JAR at
<code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib/tomcat-dbcp.jar</code>. However,
only the classes needed for connection pooling have been included, and the
packages have been renamed to avoid interfering with applications.
</p>

<p>DBCP 2 provides support for JDBC 4.1.</p>

<subsection name="Installation">

<p>See the <a href="https://commons.apache.org/dbcp/configuration.html">
DBCP 2 documentation</a> for a complete list of configuration parameters.
</p>

</subsection>

<subsection name="Preventing database connection pool leaks">

<p>
A database connection pool creates and manages a pool of connections
to a database. Recycling and reusing already existing connections
to a database is more efficient than opening a new connection.
</p>

<p>
There is one problem with connection pooling.  A web application has
to explicitly close ResultSet's, Statement's, and Connection's.
Failure of a web application to close these resources can result in
them never being available again for reuse, a database connection pool "leak".
This can eventually result in your web application database connections failing
if there are no more available connections.</p>

<p>
There is a solution to this problem.  The Apache Commons DBCP 2 can be
configured to track and recover these abandoned database connections.  Not
only can it recover them, but also generate a stack trace for the code
which opened these resources and never closed them.</p>

<p>
To configure a DBCP 2 DataSource so that abandoned database connections are
removed and recycled, add one or both of the following attributes to the
<code>Resource</code> configuration for your DBCP 2 DataSource:
</p>
<source>removeAbandonedOnBorrow=true</source>
<source>removeAbandonedOnMaintenance=true</source>
<p> The default for both of these attributes is <code>false</code>.  Note that
<code>removeAbandonedOnMaintenance</code> has no effect unless pool
maintenance is enabled by setting <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis</code>
to a positive value.  See the
<a href="https://commons.apache.org/dbcp/configuration.html">
DBCP 2 documentation</a> for full documentation on these attributes.
</p>

<p>
Use the <code>removeAbandonedTimeout</code> attribute to set the number
of seconds a database connection has been idle before it is considered abandoned.
</p>

<source>removeAbandonedTimeout="60"</source>

<p>
The default timeout for removing abandoned connections is 300 seconds.
</p>

<p>
The <code>logAbandoned</code> attribute can be set to <code>true</code>
if you want DBCP 2 to log a stack trace of the code which abandoned the
database connection resources.
</p>
<source>logAbandoned="true"</source>
<p>
The default is <code>false</code>.
</p>

</subsection>

<subsection name="MySQL DBCP 2 Example">

<h5>0. Introduction</h5>
<p>Versions of <a href="https://www.mysql.com/products/mysql/index.html">MySQL</a> and JDBC
drivers that have been reported to work:
</p>
<ul>
<li>MySQL 3.23.47, MySQL 3.23.47 using InnoDB,, MySQL 3.23.58,  MySQL 4.0.1alpha</li>
<li><a href="https://www.mysql.com/products/connector-j">Connector/J</a> 3.0.11-stable (the official JDBC Driver)</li>
<li><a href="http://mmmysql.sourceforge.net">mm.mysql</a> 2.0.14 (an old 3rd party JDBC Driver)</li>
</ul>

<p>Before you proceed, don't forget to copy the JDBC Driver's jar into <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code>.</p>

<h5>1. MySQL configuration</h5>
<p>
Ensure that you follow these instructions as variations can cause problems.
</p>

<p>Create a new test user, a new database and a single test table.
Your MySQL user <strong>must</strong> have a password assigned. The driver
will fail if you try to connect with an empty password.
</p>
<source><![CDATA[mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO javauser@localhost
    ->   IDENTIFIED BY 'javadude' WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql> create database javatest;
mysql> use javatest;
mysql> create table testdata (
    ->   id int not null auto_increment primary key,
    ->   foo varchar(25),
    ->   bar int);]]></source>
<blockquote>
<strong>Note:</strong> the above user should be removed once testing is
complete!
</blockquote>

<p>Next insert some test data into the testdata table.
</p>
<source><![CDATA[mysql> insert into testdata values(null, 'hello', 12345);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from testdata;
+----+-------+-------+
| ID | FOO   | BAR   |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | hello | 12345 |
+----+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>]]></source>

<h5>2. Context configuration</h5>
<p>Configure the JNDI DataSource in Tomcat by adding a declaration for your
resource to your <a href="config/context.html">Context</a>.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<source><![CDATA[<Context>

    <!-- maxTotal: Maximum number of database connections in pool. Make sure you
         configure your mysqld max_connections large enough to handle
         all of your db connections. Set to -1 for no limit.
         -->

    <!-- maxIdle: Maximum number of idle database connections to retain in pool.
         Set to -1 for no limit.  See also the DBCP 2 documentation on this
         and the minEvictableIdleTimeMillis configuration parameter.
         -->

    <!-- maxWaitMillis: Maximum time to wait for a database connection to become available
         in ms, in this example 10 seconds. An Exception is thrown if
         this timeout is exceeded.  Set to -1 to wait indefinitely.
         -->

    <!-- username and password: MySQL username and password for database connections  -->

    <!-- driverClassName: Class name for the old mm.mysql JDBC driver is
         org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver - we recommend using Connector/J though.
         Class name for the official MySQL Connector/J driver is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.
         -->

    <!-- url: The JDBC connection url for connecting to your MySQL database.
         -->

  <Resource name="jdbc/TestDB" auth="Container" type="javax.sql.DataSource"
               maxTotal="100" maxIdle="30" maxWaitMillis="10000"
               username="javauser" password="javadude" driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
               url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/javatest"/>

</Context>]]></source>

<h5>3. web.xml configuration</h5>

<p>Now create a <code>WEB-INF/web.xml</code> for this test application.</p>
<source><![CDATA[<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee
                      https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee/web-app_6_1.xsd"
  version="6.1">
  <description>MySQL Test App</description>
  <resource-ref>
      <description>DB Connection</description>
      <res-ref-name>jdbc/TestDB</res-ref-name>
      <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type>
      <res-auth>Container</res-auth>
  </resource-ref>
</web-app>]]></source>

<h5>4. Test code</h5>
<p>Now create a simple <code>test.jsp</code> page for use later.</p>
<source><![CDATA[<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sql" prefix="sql" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>

<sql:query var="rs" dataSource="jdbc/TestDB">
select id, foo, bar from testdata
</sql:query>

<html>
  <head>
    <title>DB Test</title>
  </head>
  <body>

  <h2>Results</h2>

<c:forEach var="row" items="${rs.rows}">
    Foo ${row.foo}<br/>
    Bar ${row.bar}<br/>
</c:forEach>

  </body>
</html>]]></source>

<p>That JSP page makes use of
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index-jsp-135995.html">JSTL</a>'s
SQL and Core taglibs. You can get it from
<a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/taglibs/standard/">Apache Tomcat Taglibs - Standard Tag Library</a>
project &#x2014; just make sure you get a 1.1.x or later release. Once you have
JSTL, copy <code>jstl.jar</code> and <code>standard.jar</code> to your web app's
<code>WEB-INF/lib</code> directory.

</p>

<p>Finally deploy your web app into <code>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps</code> either
as a warfile called <code>DBTest.war</code> or into a sub-directory called
<code>DBTest</code></p>
<p>Once deployed, point a browser at
<code>http://localhost:8080/DBTest/test.jsp</code> to view the fruits of
your hard work.</p>

</subsection>

<subsection name="Oracle 8i, 9i &amp; 10g">
<h5>0.    Introduction</h5>

<p>Oracle requires minimal changes from the MySQL configuration except for the
usual gotchas :-)</p>
<p>Drivers for older Oracle versions may be distributed as *.zip files rather
than *.jar files. Tomcat will only use <code>*.jar</code> files installed in
<code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code>. Therefore <code>classes111.zip</code>
or <code>classes12.zip</code> will need to be renamed with a <code>.jar</code>
extension. Since jarfiles are zipfiles, there is no need to unzip and jar these
files - a simple rename will suffice.</p>

<p>For Oracle 9i onwards you should use <code>oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver</code>
rather than <code>oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</code> as Oracle have stated
that <code>oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</code> is deprecated and support
for this driver class will be discontinued in the next major release.
</p>

<h5>1. Context configuration</h5>
<p>In a similar manner to the mysql config above, you will need to define your
Datasource in your <a href="config/context.html">Context</a>. Here we define a
Datasource called myoracle using the thin driver to connect as user scott,
password tiger to the sid called mysid. (Note: with the thin driver this sid is
not the same as the tnsname). The schema used will be the default schema for the
user scott.</p>

<p>Use of the OCI driver should simply involve a changing thin to oci in the URL string.
</p>
<source><![CDATA[<Resource name="jdbc/myoracle" auth="Container"
              type="javax.sql.DataSource" driverClassName="oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver"
              url="jdbc:oracle:thin:@127.0.0.1:1521:mysid"
              username="scott" password="tiger" maxTotal="20" maxIdle="10"
              maxWaitMillis="-1"/>]]></source>

<h5>2.    web.xml configuration</h5>
<p>You should ensure that you respect the element ordering defined by the DTD when you
create you applications web.xml file.</p>
<source><![CDATA[<resource-ref>
 <description>Oracle Datasource example</description>
 <res-ref-name>jdbc/myoracle</res-ref-name>
 <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type>
 <res-auth>Container</res-auth>
</resource-ref>]]></source>
<h5>3.   Code example</h5>
<p>You can use the same example application as above (assuming you create the required DB
instance, tables etc.) replacing the Datasource code with something like</p>
<source><![CDATA[Context initContext = new InitialContext();
Context envContext  = (Context)initContext.lookup("java:/comp/env");
DataSource ds = (DataSource)envContext.lookup("jdbc/myoracle");
Connection conn = ds.getConnection();
//etc.]]></source>
</subsection>


<subsection name="PostgreSQL">
<h5>0.    Introduction</h5>
<p>PostgreSQL is configured in a similar manner to Oracle.</p>

<h5>1. Required files </h5>
<p>
Copy the Postgres JDBC jar to $CATALINA_HOME/lib. As with Oracle, the
jars need to be in this directory in order for DBCP 2's Classloader to find
them. This has to be done regardless of which configuration step you take next.
</p>

<h5>2. Resource configuration</h5>

<p>
You have two choices here: define a datasource that is shared across all Tomcat
applications, or define a datasource specifically for one application.
</p>

<h6>2a. Shared resource configuration</h6>
<p>
Use this option if you wish to define a datasource that is shared across
multiple Tomcat applications, or if you just prefer defining your datasource
in this file.
</p>
<p><i>This author has not had success here, although others have reported so.
Clarification would be appreciated here.</i></p>

<source><![CDATA[<Resource name="jdbc/postgres" auth="Container"
          type="javax.sql.DataSource" driverClassName="org.postgresql.Driver"
          url="jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/mydb"
          username="myuser" password="mypasswd" maxTotal="20" maxIdle="10" maxWaitMillis="-1"/>]]></source>
<h6>2b. Application-specific resource configuration</h6>

<p>
Use this option if you wish to define a datasource specific to your application,
not visible to other Tomcat applications. This method is less invasive to your
Tomcat installation.
</p>

<p>
Create a resource definition for your <a href="config/context.html">Context</a>.
The Context element should look something like the following.
</p>

<source><![CDATA[<Context>

<Resource name="jdbc/postgres" auth="Container"
          type="javax.sql.DataSource" driverClassName="org.postgresql.Driver"
          url="jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/mydb"
          username="myuser" password="mypasswd" maxTotal="20" maxIdle="10"
maxWaitMillis="-1"/>
</Context>]]></source>

<h5>3. web.xml configuration</h5>
<source><![CDATA[<resource-ref>
 <description>postgreSQL Datasource example</description>
 <res-ref-name>jdbc/postgres</res-ref-name>
 <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type>
 <res-auth>Container</res-auth>
</resource-ref>]]></source>

<h5>4. Accessing the datasource</h5>
<p>
When accessing the datasource programmatically, remember to prepend
<code>java:/comp/env</code> to your JNDI lookup, as in the following snippet of
code. Note also that "jdbc/postgres" can be replaced with any value you prefer, provided
you change it in the above resource definition file as well.
</p>

<source><![CDATA[InitialContext cxt = new InitialContext();
if ( cxt == null ) {
   throw new Exception("Uh oh -- no context!");
}

DataSource ds = (DataSource) cxt.lookup( "java:/comp/env/jdbc/postgres" );

if ( ds == null ) {
   throw new Exception("Data source not found!");
}]]></source>

</subsection>
</section>

<section name="Non-DBCP Solutions">
<p>
These solutions either utilise a single connection to the database (not recommended for anything other
than testing!) or some other pooling technology.
</p>
</section>

<section name="Oracle 8i with OCI client">
<subsection name="Introduction">
<p>Whilst not strictly addressing the creation of a JNDI DataSource using the OCI client, these notes can be combined with the
Oracle and DBCP 2 solution above.</p>
<p>
In order to use OCI driver, you should have an Oracle client installed. You should have installed
Oracle8i(8.1.7) client from cd,  and download the suitable JDBC/OCI
driver(Oracle8i 8.1.7.1 JDBC/OCI Driver) from <a href="http://otn.oracle.com/">otn.oracle.com</a>.
</p>
<p>
After renaming <code>classes12.zip</code> file to <code>classes12.jar</code>
for Tomcat, copy it into <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code>.
You may also have to remove the <code>javax.sql.*</code> classes
from this file depending upon the version of Tomcat and JDK you are using.
</p>
</subsection>

<subsection name="Putting it all together">
<p>
Ensure that you have the <code>ocijdbc8.dll</code> or <code>.so</code> in your <code>$PATH</code> or <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code>
 (possibly in <code>$ORAHOME\bin</code>) and also confirm that the native library can be loaded by a simple test program
using <code>System.loadLibrary("ocijdbc8");</code>
</p>
<p>
You should next create a simple test servlet or JSP that has these
<strong>critical lines</strong>:
</p>
<source><![CDATA[DriverManager.registerDriver(new
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver());
conn =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:oci8:@database","username","password");]]></source>
<p>
where database is of the form <code>host:port:SID</code> Now if you try to access the URL of your
test servlet/JSP and what you get is a
<code>ServletException</code> with a root cause of <code>java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError:get_env_handle</code>.
</p>
<p>
First, the <code>UnsatisfiedLinkError</code> indicates that you have
</p>
<ul>
<li>a mismatch between your JDBC classes file and
your Oracle client version. The giveaway here is the message stating that a needed library file cannot be
found. For example, you may be using a classes12.zip file from Oracle Version 8.1.6 with a Version 8.1.5
Oracle client. The classesXXX.zip file and Oracle client software versions must match.
</li>
<li>A <code>$PATH</code>, <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code> problem.</li>
<li>It has been reported that ignoring the driver you have downloaded from otn and using
the classes12.zip file from the directory <code>$ORAHOME\jdbc\lib</code> will also work.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Next you may experience the error <code>ORA-06401 NETCMN: invalid driver designator</code>
</p>
<p>
The Oracle documentation says : "Cause: The login (connect) string contains an invalid
driver designator. Action: Correct the string and re-submit."

Change the database connect string (of the form <code>host:port:SID</code>) with this one:
<code>(description=(address=(host=myhost)(protocol=tcp)(port=1521))(connect_data=(sid=orcl)))</code>
</p>
<p>
<i>Ed. Hmm, I don't think this is really needed if you sort out your TNSNames - but I'm not an Oracle DBA :-)</i>
</p>
</subsection>
</section>

<section name="Common Problems">
<p>Here are some common problems encountered with a web application which
uses a database and tips for how to solve them.</p>

<subsection name="Intermittent Database Connection Failures">
<p>
Tomcat runs within a JVM.  The JVM periodically performs garbage collection
(GC) to remove java objects which are no longer being used.  When the JVM
performs GC execution of code within Tomcat freezes. If the maximum time
configured for establishment of a database connection is less than the amount
of time garbage collection took you can get a database connection failure.
</p>

<p>To collect data on how long garbage collection is taking add the
<code>-verbose:gc</code> argument to your <code>CATALINA_OPTS</code>
environment variable when starting Tomcat.  When verbose gc is enabled
your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/logs/catalina.out</code> log file will include
data for every garbage collection including how long it took.</p>

<p>When your JVM is tuned correctly 99% of the time a GC will take less
than one second.  The remainder will only take a few seconds.  Rarely,
if ever should a GC take more than 10 seconds.</p>

<p>Make sure that the db connection timeout is set to 10-15 seconds.
For DBCP 2 you set this using the parameter <code>maxWaitMillis</code>.</p>

</subsection>

<subsection name="Random Connection Closed Exceptions">
<p>
These can occur when one request gets a db connection from the connection
pool and closes it twice.  When using a connection pool, closing the
connection just returns it to the pool for reuse by another request,
it doesn't close the connection.  And Tomcat uses multiple threads to
handle concurrent requests. Here is an example of the sequence
of events which could cause this error in Tomcat:
</p>
<pre>
  Request 1 running in Thread 1 gets a db connection.

  Request 1 closes the db connection.

  The JVM switches the running thread to Thread 2

  Request 2 running in Thread 2 gets a db connection
  (the same db connection just closed by Request 1).

  The JVM switches the running thread back to Thread 1

  Request 1 closes the db connection a second time in a finally block.

  The JVM switches the running thread back to Thread 2

  Request 2 Thread 2 tries to use the db connection but fails
  because Request 1 closed it.
</pre>
<p>
Here is an example of properly written code to use a database connection
obtained from a connection pool:
</p>
<source><![CDATA[  Connection conn = null;
  Statement stmt = null;  // Or PreparedStatement if needed
  ResultSet rs = null;
  try {
    conn = ... get connection from connection pool ...
    stmt = conn.createStatement("select ...");
    rs = stmt.executeQuery();
    ... iterate through the result set ...
    rs.close();
    rs = null;
    stmt.close();
    stmt = null;
    conn.close(); // Return to connection pool
    conn = null;  // Make sure we don't close it twice
  } catch (SQLException e) {
    ... deal with errors ...
  } finally {
    // Always make sure result sets and statements are closed,
    // and the connection is returned to the pool
    if (rs != null) {
      try { rs.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { ; }
      rs = null;
    }
    if (stmt != null) {
      try { stmt.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { ; }
      stmt = null;
    }
    if (conn != null) {
      try { conn.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { ; }
      conn = null;
    }
  }]]></source>

</subsection>

<subsection name="Context versus GlobalNamingResources">
<p>
  Please note that although the above instructions place the JNDI declarations in a Context
  element, it is possible and sometimes desirable to place these declarations in the
  <a href="config/globalresources.html">GlobalNamingResources</a> section of the server
  configuration file.  A resource placed in the GlobalNamingResources section will be shared
  among the Contexts of the server.
</p>
</subsection>

<subsection name="JNDI Resource Naming and Realm Interaction">
<p>
  In order to get Realms to work, the realm must refer to the datasource as
  defined in the &lt;GlobalNamingResources&gt; or &lt;Context&gt; section, not a datasource as renamed
  using &lt;ResourceLink&gt;.
</p>
</subsection>

</section>

</body>
</document>
